Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram identificar os principais preditores do nível de consumo de drogas no ciclo vital de moradores de rua da cidade de Bogotá (Estudo I), assim como as possíveis diferenças de consumo entre crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua de Bogotá e de algumas cidades do Brasil (Estudo II). Para cumprir estes objetivos, foram analisas as bases de dados do V Censo de Moradores de Rua de Bogotá, de 2007, assim como os dados do Levantamento Nacional Sobre Uso de Drogas entre Meninos, Meninas e Adolescentes em Situação de Rua do Brasil, realizado no ano de 2003. No Estudo I, foram criados três grupos, segundo três etapas da vida: infância-adolescência, adultez e velhice, usando a base de dados de Bogotá. A amostra do grupo de crianças e adolescentes foi de 486 participantes, 72% homens, com idades entre 8 e 17 anos (M = 14.76; DP = 2.24). A amostra de adultos foi de 6.275 participantes, 88% homens, com idades entre 18 e 59 anos (M = 35.66; DP = 10.78). A amostra de idosos foi de 228 participantes, 92% homens, com idades entre 60 e 92 anos (M = 65.28; DP = 5.39). Foram realizadas análises de regressão múltipla hierárquica para identificar os preditores do nível de consumo de drogas entre 16 variáveis, que incluíam aspectos sociodemográficos, de saúde mental e de vivência na rua. As variáveis preditoras do nível de consumo, incluídas nos modelos da análise de regressão, variaram entre as três etapas da vida. Entretanto, o nível de violência e delinquência cometido enquanto habitante de rua, e o consumo de cigarro, foram as variáveis que tiveram maior capacidade de predição do nível de consumo de drogas dos habitantes de rua, ao longo das três etapas do ciclo vital desta população. Para o Estudo II, foram selecionados dois grupos de meninos, meninas e adolescentes em situação de rua, sendo um grupo de Bogotá e o outro oriundo de 13 cidades capitais do Brasil. Cada grupo contou com 392 participantes (n = 784), com idades entre 10 e 18 anos, 79% homens, sendo que 57% dormiam principalmente na rua. Os casos foram sorteados aleatoriamente das bases de dados disponíveis, pareando a amostra por sexo, idade e local de dormida. Os resultados das comparações demonstraram que a amostra do Brasil teve um maior percentual médio da quantidade de tipos de drogas consumidas durante o último ano, sendo que o consumo de inalantes, de álcool e de cigarro foram superiores quando comparado com Bogotá. Em contrapartida, a amostra de Bogotá teve médias superiores na frequência de consumo de cocaína e seus derivados, e foi vítima de um maior nível de violência, incluindo a violência sexual. Estes resultados foram discutidos especialmente no que se refere à relação entre gênero, violência, delinqüência, contexto social e temporal das amostras, e consumo de drogas. / The purpose of this research was to identify predictors of drug use in the life spam of homeless in Bogotá (Study I) and to compare their consumption, in the segment of childhood and adolescence, with a similar sample of major capital cities of Brazil (Study II). It was analyzed the databases of the Fifth Census of Homeless in Bogota, held in year 2007, as well as the National Survey on Drug Use Among Street Children and Adolescents of Brazil, held in year 2003, to accomplish this goal. For the Study I sample was 6989 participants of the census of homeless in Bogota, 6989 (M = 35.23, SD = 13.05, 87% male). The predictors of drug use varied among the three stages of life, in the regression analysis. However, the level of violence and crime committed as a homeless, and cigarette use level were the variables that had greater predictability of level of drug use in street people of all ages in Bogota. For Study II, two groups of streets children and adolescents from Bogota and 13 capital cities of Brazil (n = 784), aged between 10 and 18, who were randomly selected from the data bases available, matching the sample by sex, age and place where they sleep, were selected. The comparison results indicated that the sample of Brazil had a higher average percentage of number of types of drugs used in the past year, and in this sample the use of inhalants, alcohol and smoking was higher. While the sample of Bogota had a higher average frequency of cocaine use and its derivatives, and they were victims of more violence, including sexual violence. These results were discussed, especially with regard to the relationship among sex, violence, crime and drug use. / Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron identificar los principales predictores de nivel de consumo de drogas en el siclo vital de habitantes de calle de Bogotá (Estudio I), así como las posibles diferencias de consumo entre niños y adolescentes en situación de calle de Bogotá y algunas ciudades de Brasil (Estudio II). Para llevar a cabo estos objetivos se analizó las bases de datos del V Censo de Habitantes de Calle de Bogotá de 2007, así como la del Levantamiento Nacional Sobre Uso de Drogas entre Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes en Situación de Calle de Brasil, realizado en el año de 2003. En el Estudio I se crearon tres grupos según tres etapas de la vida: Infancia-adolescencia, adultez y vejez, usando la base de datos de Bogotá. La muestra del grupo de niños y adolescentes fue 486 participantes, 72% hombres, con edades entre 8 – 17 años (M = 14.76, DS = 2.24). La muestra de adultos fue de 6275 participantes, 88% hombres, con edades entre 18 – 59 años, (M = 35.66, DS = 10.78). Y la de ancianos de 228 participantes, 92% hombres, con edades entre 60 – 92 años, (M = 65.28, DS = 5.39). Se realizaron Análisis de Regresión Lineal Múltiple Jerárquica para identificar predictores de nivel de consumo de drogas dentro de 16 variables que incluían aspectos sociodemográficas, de salud mental y de habitabilidad en calle. Las variables predictoras del nivel de consumo, incluidas en los modelos arrojados por los análisis de regresión, variaron entre las tres etapas de la vida. Sin embargo, el nivel de violencia y delincuencia cometida como habitante de calle, y el nivel de consumo de cigarrillo, fueron las variables que tuvieron mayor capacidad de predicción de niveles de consumo de drogas en habitantes de la calle en las tres etapas de esta población. Para el Estudio II, se seleccionaron dos grupos de niños, niñas y adolescentes en situación de calle de Bogotá y 13 de las ciudades capitales de Brasil. Cada grupo contó con 392 participantes (n = 784), con edades entre 10 y 18 años, 79% hombres, siendo que 57% dormían principalmente en la calle. Los casos fueron elegidos aleatoriamente de las bases de datos disponibles, pareando la muestra por sexo, edad y lugar donde duermen. Los resultados de las comparaciones señalaron que la muestra de Brasil tuvo un mayor porcentaje promedio de cantidad de tipos de drogas consumidas durante el último año, y allí el consumo de inhalantes, de alcohol y de cigarrillo fue superior. Mientras que la muestra de Bogotá tuvo promedios superiores en la frecuencia de consumo de cocaína y sus derivados, y fue víctima de un mayor nivel de violencia, incluida la violencia sexual. Estos resultados fueron discutidos, especialmente lo referente a la relación entre género, violencia, delincuencia y consumo de drogas.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-10-14T14:28:28Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_MelancoliaProvocacaoResistencia.pdf: 1009887 bytes, checksum: a0827d691ceb0d5810e578bea0288760 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2014-10-16T16:08:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_MelancoliaProvocacaoResistencia.pdf: 1009887 bytes, checksum: a0827d691ceb0d5810e578bea0288760 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-16T16:08:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_MelancoliaProvocacaoResistencia.pdf: 1009887 bytes, checksum: a0827d691ceb0d5810e578bea0288760 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Temos como principal objetivo nesse estudo analisar, enquanto narrativas de resistência, os romances Tristessa do escritor norte americano Jack Kerouac e Nove Noites do brasileiro Bernardo Carvalho. Partimos da hipótese que ambos constituem narrativas de resistência inerente à escrita (BOSI, 2012), quando a resistência não é tema da obra, mas manifesta-se na construção das personagens e no desenrolar da trama. Neste caso, o elemento utilizado como meio de manifestar a resistência é a melancolia. Pretendeu-se verificar por meio de um estudo de caso, como ambos os romances trabalham representações do sujeito em sua relação com a morte com base em processos melancólicos e como a melancolia se encontra ligada a uma atitude de resistência predominante na escrita. Assim, examina-se a melancolia enquanto patologia (FREUD, 2005) e elemento estético, assim como o processo da narrativa de resistência ao mesclar ética e estética. Para tanto foram considerados os contextos sociais nos quais as narrativas foram escritas, e como estes indicam que cada romance faz uma crítica social a uma força opressora contemporânea a sua publicação. Durante nosso estudo, por meio de análise comparativa, constatamos que temas com a perda, a morte, a ruína, o afastamento melancólico, a marginalização social e a transitoriedade do real são comuns aos dois romances. / The main object in this study is analyze as narrative of resistance, the novels Tristessa by Jack Kerouac and Nove Noites by Bernardo Carvalho. It hypothesized that both form narratives of resistance innate to writing (BOSI, 2012), when the resistance is not the theme of work, but manifested in the construction of the characters and the unfolding of the plot. In this case, the element used as a way to express resistance is melancholy. It intended to verify through a case study, how both novels work representations of the subject in its relation to death based on melancholic process and how melancholy is connected to an attitude of resistance prevalent in writing. Thus, it examines the melancholy as pathology (FREUD, 2005) and aesthetic element, as well as the process of narrative resistance merges ethics and aesthetics. For this, it considered the social contexts in which narratives were written and how they indicate that each novel does a social criticism to an oppressive force at the time of their publication. During this study, through comparative analysis, it certified that themes as the loss, the death, the melancholy remoteness, the social marginalization and the real transience are common to both novels.

Este trabalho de tese apresenta uma investigação sobre os sistemas, processos e leis de Educação Superior Universitária adotados nos países formuladores do projeto de criação do Mercado Comum do Sul MERCOSUL, Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai, signatários do Tratado de Assunção, firmado em 26 de março de 1991, procurando identificar (i) em que medida esses sistemas, leis e processos, isto é, as distintas estruturas, abarcam a possibilidade integradora entre esses países e, por extensão, os demais países da América Latina e (ii) se aspectos culturais e os interesses dos atores em campo educacional dos países constituintes do MERCOSUL apontam perspectivas de um processo de integração que favoreça a consolidação dos objetivos do bloco no campo educacional. Mediante (i) estudo em uma perspectiva histórico-cultural, (ii) investigação comparada de leis magnas, leis referentes ao Ensino Superior universitário, instrumentos legais do Setor Educacional do MERCOSUL e (iii) aplicação de questionário via web para análise de percepções dos atores da Educação Superior Universitária no tocante a ser o Setor Educacional do MERCOSUL um marco na integração, identifica-se que, em especial no Brasil, é maior o nível de desconhecimento do tema, por parte de professores e dirigentes de cursos e que a percepção acerca de ser o Setor Educacional do MERCOSUL um marco é a menor também neste país em comparação à Argentina, Uruguai e Paraguai; bem como se constata que os respondentes não demonstram identificar o impacto do Setor Educacional do MERCOSUL em ações como reconhecimento de títulos ou mudanças nas formas das leis, embora haja diferença significativa quanto ao reconhecimento do MERCOSUL como um órgão que cumpre o que se propôs, ao se comparar as respostas do grupo I - Argentina, Paraguai e Uruguai, com maior índice de respostas favoráveis, e os do grupo II Brasil. Conclui-se, ademais, que não obstante os esforços de integração expressos nos instrumentos legais, acordos e políticas públicas mais recentes, aspectos estruturais, culturais e os interesses dos atores em campo educacional dos países constituintes do MERCOSUL apontam mais entraves do que avanços nas perspectivas de um processo de integração por meio da Educação Superior universitária entre Argentina, Brasil, Paraguai e Uruguai. Possíveis caminhos para pavimentar essa integração e acelerá-la podem ser: (i) o reforço à criação de agências de acreditação em cada país envolvido, que respeitem as peculiaridades locais, mas tenham, também, foco no caráter transfronteira que a integração exige e favoreça a redução de assimetrias; (ii) o maior envolvimento dos atores do campo educacional - corpo gestor e docente das Instituições de Ensino Superior - na construção e aplicação dos acordos de integração do Setor Educacional do MERCOSUL que se mostram, especialmente no Brasil, pouco conhecidos. / This thesis presents an investigation into the Higher University Education systems, processes, laws, adopted in the countries that have formulated the creation project of the Southern Common Market MERCOSUR. They are Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay, which have signed the Treaty of Asuncion on March 26, 1991. It aims to identify (i) to what extent these systems, laws, processes, ie the different structures embrace the possibility of integration among those countries and, by extension, with other Latin American countries and (ii) if the cultural aspects and interests of the actors in the MERCOSUR countries educational field indicate perspectives of an integration process that might favor the consolidation of the block objectives in the educational field. By means of (i) study in a cultural-historical perspective, (ii) comparative research of Laws Magnas, laws concerning Higher University Education, MERCOSUR Educational Sector legal instruments, and (iii) a web questionnaire to analyze the perceptions of the Higher University Education actors, as for being the Educational Sector of MERCOSUR a landmark in its integration, it is possible to identify that, especially in Brazil, the level of ignorance of such subject is higher, either by teachers and also course leaders. Also the perception of being the Educational Sector of MERCOSUR a landmark is lower in this country, when compared to Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. Likewise it is clear that the respondents do not seem to identify the impact of the Educational Sector of MERCOSUR on actions such as the recognition of titles or changes in forms of laws, although there are significant differences as for the acknowledgement of MERCOSUR as a body that fulfills what it set, when comparing the responses of group I - Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, with a higher rate of favorable responses, and group II - Brazil. Therefore, the conclusion is despite the efforts for integration expressed in the legal instruments, agreements and recent public policies, the structural and cultural aspects, as well as the interests of the actors in the educational field of the MERCOSUR countries indicate more barriers than advancements in the prospects of an integration process through the Higher University Education among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. The possible ways to pave this integration and accelerate it may be: (i) to strengthen the creation of agencies to promote accreditation in each of the involved countries, which should respect the local peculiarities, but also focus on the cross-border character required by the integration, and favor the reduction of asymmetries, (ii) a greater involvement of stakeholders in the educational field - the managers and teachers of the Higher Education Institutions in the construction and application of the integration agreements of the MERCOSUR Educational Sector that are little known, especially in Brazil.

A historiografia recente da arquitetura experimenta um interesse renovado na obra e pensamento corbu- sianos, principalmente por conta do cinquentenário da sua morte. Entre outras experiências, salientam-se exposições em reconhecidos centros culturais, bem como debates, dissertações e teses produzidas na América e na Espanha. Vários dos seus autores, vindos da América Latina, têm focado na influência dos mestres modernos na arquitetura dos seus países ou na circulação das ideias desses entre arquitetos locais. Esta tese contribui à criação de um contra-relato para a arquitetura latino-americana, questionando a historiografia eurocêntrica, voltada para a produção de Le Corbusier nessa região. Baseada em fontes primárias como planos, cartas e rascunhos, a tese propõe a reconstrução da história do ateliê parisiense do franco-suíço - no n. 35 da Rue de Sèvres - mediante seus colaboradores latino-americanos, que trabal- haram ali durante três períodos diferentes, particularmente desde 1947, atingindo diferentes hierarquias. A chegada massiva de desenhistas e estagiários ao escritório de arquitetura mais importante em nível global evidenciou o caráter universal desse e viabilizou conexões entre eles, em um momento crucial na configuração política e cultural do território latino-americano. Os colaboradores também se alimentaram com experiências paralelas ao interior das correntes intelectuais que envolveram a França do Pós-guerra e que impeliram o progressivo afastamento crítico de Le Corbusier. Como resultado desse processo, esses colaboradores teriam concebido arquitetura consistente e de destaque ao retornarem para seus países. / Recent historiography of architecture lives a renewed interest in Corbusian thinking and works, mainly due to the 50th anniversary of his death. Between other experiences, we highlight exhibits in prominent cultural centers, as well as debates, thesis and dissertations from American and Spanish universities. Several of their graduates come from Latin America and focus on the influence of Modern Masters in their own countries or on the circulation of modern ideas between local architects. This dissertation contributes to the creation of a counter-narrative for Modern Latin American architecture, inquiring Euro-centered histo- riography, turned to Le Corbusier\'s production in that region. Predominantly based on primary sources as plans, letters and sketches, we propose the reconstruction of the history of this French-Swiss architect\'s Parisian studio -at 35, Rue de Sèvres- across its Latin American interns, working in three different periods, especially since 1947, and concerning different hierarchies of employees. The massive arrival of drafts- men and trainees to the most relevant architectural bureau globally, evidenced its universal character and generated connections between them, in a hard moment of cultural and political configuration of Latin American Territory. They also fed with parallel experiences inside the intellectual flow that involved the Postwar France and supported the progressive and critical estrangement from Le Corbusier. As a result of that process, those collaborators would conceived remarkable and consistent architecture when they went back to their countries.

The present study examined how acculturation, mental health problems, and parenting stress are associated with two dimensions of father involvement longitudinally for Latino and Chinese immigrant fathers using a nationally representative sample of young children and their resident fathers from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B). After controlling for a variety of individual and demographic characteristics and previous levels of father involvement, results from multiple group structural equation modeling revealed that immigrant fathers' English proficiency is negatively associated with care-taking involvement at 2 years, but positively associated with care-taking involvement at 4 years. Interestingly, mothers' English proficiency is also positively associated with fathers' care-taking involvement at 2 years. In addition, fathers' US citizenship is positively associated with care-taking involvement at 2 years. Finally, mothers' US citizenship is negatively associated with fathers' literacy or language involvement at 2 years. In contrast with the hypotheses, no significant differences between Latino and Chinese immigrant fathers were found. Findings suggest that some dimensions of acculturation affect different dimensions of father involvement across different groups of immigrants, and the impacts may remain significant even four years after the child birth.

Acculturation research has gained interest due to the increasing levels of immigration to the United States. The population of interest for this study was the Latino immigrant population in the United States, as they represent the largest and fastest growing minority in the country. One challenge Latino immigrants can face during the acculturation process is a phenomenon described as nonreciprocal language. This phenomenon is present when first generation parents speak in their native language of Spanish and their children, who are second-generation immigrants, speak in the host culture language of English. The purpose of this study was to focus on the role of nonreciprocal language in the mother-child relationship between first generation Latino immigrant mothers and their second-generation children. A qualitative, ethnographic study was used to investigate 10 participants, including first generation Latino immigrant mothers and their second-generation children in Charlotte, North Carolina. Findings from this content analysis study include mothers' and children's experiences with nonreciprocal language and their acculturation categories, which led to recommendations for new strategies for ESL education and the need to develop programs to help parents raise bilingual children. This information can benefit advocates, policymakers, and other stakeholders involved in programs that are focused on helping children be more proficient in their parents' language or helping parents become more proficient in English. Information from this study can also allow immigrant parents to make informed decisions about their language use and the possible impact on their relationships.

High dropout rates for minority students require additional educational research to understand and implement changes that will increase graduation rates. The purpose of this nonexperimental study was to examine factors that may be associated with graduation for Latino male students. Guided by Tinto's work, which holds that students remain in school when they feel academically or socially connected to an institution, this study addressed the impact of social factors, academic factors, and small learning communities (SLCs) on graduation rates. The research study used archival data and bivariate logistic regression to analyze the data for Latino male participants (n = 208) at an urban southern California high school. Results indicated that grade-point average (GPA), the number of suspensions, and Advancement Via Individual Determination (AVID) may be significant factors associated with graduation rates of the Latino male students. Implications for social change include an increase in support for programs such as AVID, a greater number of tutoring and mentoring programs to help students increase their GPA, and school policies that address discipline without increasing the number of suspensions. Students benefit most from obtaining a high school diploma. Graduation can assist students to have more opportunities in their own lives. Increasing student-graduation rates increases self-reliance and the ability for students to contribute to their own communities.

For birthing parents, the quality of care falls flat in the United States relative to other developed countries as rates of pregnancy-related deaths (PRD) continue to rise. California has in recent years made extraordinary progress in decreasing birthing parent mortality across the board. Yet, health disparities remain between race/ethnicities as Black birthing parents die at three to four times the rate of white birthing parents. In comparison to white Americans marginalized ethnic/racial groups in the United States have less access to quality care, experience and receive lower quality of health care and have less access to quality care, with few exceptions. Intersecting factors such as education, socioeconomic status and acculturation are investigated. Implicit bias, or racism is often overlooked within the medical professions that has real implications on the above-mentioned sociological factors and in turn birthing mortality rates. Institutional and grassroot methods to bring attention to these factors should be referenced for a more intentional approach to solving this social problem historically engrained in our medical institutions.

This qualitative study examines the challenges that community health workers or Promotores face when implementing their programs to produce better outcomes in the Latino community. Data collection was derived from five local promotores with an adequate knowledge base of expertise in promotores programs. Study themes focused on how promotores implement their programs, the challenges they face and providing professional and personal insight on working with the Latino community. Present day research emphasizes that promotores or the community health worker model approaches have been promoted as a strategy to address health disparities experienced by Latino communities in the U.S. These programs have been implemented in an effort to improve the health of Latino families and bring awareness to public health issues. However, not much is known about the challenges that they face when implementing these interventions. Study results indicated five emerging themes pertaining to the challenges that promotores face when implementing their programs and include: mental health stigma, recruitment, funding barriers, and lack of evaluation. Finally, suggestions for further research on promotores and the Latino community are discussed.

Latinos are the second largest ethnic group after Whites in the education system, yet there is still a large gap between Whites’ and Latino’s graduation rates. Research indicates that parental involvement in children’s education plays a significant role in children’s academic success. For this reason, this study aims to understand Latino parents’ perspectives on their participation in their child’s school. More specifically, how often Latino parents receive invitations from the school and whether or not they respond to these invitations. The research design for this study is exploratory and qualitative and uses one-on-one interviews with Latino parents. The central themes the emerged from this study were effective communication from the school to parents, a lack of structure for reciprocal communication, parents’ welcoming attitudes of school invitations and “being present/involved” as the major responsibility parents identified for themselves for ensuring a successful school experience for their children. The results of this study have major implications for social work practice in that it allows schools to better understand how to involve Latino parents in the school setting. This study also proposes that school social workers educate school staff and Latino parents about the importance of Latino parental school involvement.