CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Lectinas podem ser definidas como proteÃnas de origem nÃo imune que possuem pelo menos um domÃnio nÃo catalÃtico que se liga reversivelmente de maneira especÃfica a mono ou oligossacarÃdeos. Dentre as lectinas de origem vegetal, as lectinas de leguminosas sÃo as mais estudas, em especial as lectinas pertencentes subtribo Diocleinae. As lectinas da subtribo Diocleinae apresentam um alto grau de similaridade em sua seqÃÃncia primÃria e estrutura tridimensional, mas apresentam diferentes intensidades em suas atividades biolÃgicas em que sÃo aplicadas, como a induÃÃo da produÃÃo de Ãxido nÃtrico. A estrutura da recÃm cristalizada lectina de Canavalia brasiliensis (ConBr) objetiva esclarecer como essas variaÃÃes ocorrem baseado na geometria dos resÃduos que compÃe o domÃnio de reconhecimento à carboidrato (DRC). A lectina de Canavalia brasiliensis foi purificada e cristalizada pelo mÃtodo de difusÃo de vapor a 293 K. Cristais adequados foram obtidos na condiÃÃo contendo 200 mM de cloreto de sÃdio, 100 mM de hepes pH 8.5 e 1.8 M e sulfato de amÃnio. O cristais apresentam um grupo espacial ortorrÃmbico I222, a cela unitÃria tem dimensÃes de a=68.3 Ã, b=73.0 Ã, c=99.5 à e Ãngulos de α = β = γ = 90Â, sendo observado um monÃmero na unidade assimÃtrica e um conteÃdo de 49.5 % de solvente. O refinamento satisfatÃrio apresentou um âRfactorâ e âRfreeâ de respectivamente 20.4% e 25.3%. Foram determinados parÃmetros no potencial de atividade biolÃgica registrada na literatura, onde a lectina de Canavalia maritima (ConM) tem alto potencial de induÃÃo a produÃÃo de Ãxido nÃtrico comparado com a lectina de Canavalia ensiformis (ConA) que tem um baixo potencial de induÃÃo. DiferenÃas significativas foram encontradas entre coordenadas dos resÃduos que compÃe o DRC de lectinas da subtribo Diocleinae, e comparando esses dados com os potenciais de atividade biolÃgica foi estipulado um padrÃo distinto de distancias para lectinas com alto e baixo potencial de induÃÃo. A lectina de Canavalia brasiliensis (ConBr) apresenta um padrÃo de distancias de uma Ãtima indutora de Ãxido nÃtrico como ConM, porÃm apresenta uma atividade inferior que ConA. As distancias da DRC explicam a diferenÃa na atividade, mas a ConBr se mostra um caso excepcional, onde uma avaliaÃÃo do volume do sÃtio mostra um sÃtio extremamente reduzido, o que explica sua discrepÃncia na atividade biolÃgica. / Lectins may be defined as proteins of nonimmune origin that have at least one non-catalytic domain that reversibly binds specifically to mono or oligosaccharides. Among plant lectins, legume lectins are the most studied, in particular those lectins belonging to subtribe Diocleinae. The lectins from subtribe Diocleinae show a high degree of similarity in their primary sequence and three-dimensional structure but have different intensities in their biological activities in which they are applied, such as induction of nitric oxide production. The structure of the newly crystallized lectin from Canavalia brasiliensis (ConBr) aims to clarify how these variations are based on the geometry of the residues that comprise the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD). The lectin from Canavalia brasiliensis was purified and crystallized by vapor diffusion method at 293 K. Suitable crystals were obtained under the condition containing 200 mM sodium chloride, 100 mM HEPES pH 8.5 and 1.8 M ammonium sulfate. The crystals have a space group orthorhombic I222, the unit cell has dimensions a = 68.3 Ã, b = 73.0 Ã, c = 99.5 à and angles α = β = γ = 90  been observed a monomer in the asymmetric unit with a content of 49.5% solvent. The refinement showed a satisfactory "Rfactor" and "Rfree" of respectively 20.4% and 25.3%. Parameters were determined in the potential of biological activity reported in literature, where the lectin from Canavalia maritima (ConM) has high potential for inducing nitric oxide production compared with the lectin from Canavalia ensiformis (ConA), which has a low potential for induction. Significant differences were found between coordinates of the residues that comprise the CRD of lectins from the subtribe Diocleinae, and comparing these data with potential biological activity was provided a distinct pattern of distances to lectins with high and low potential for induction. The lectin from Canavalia brasiliensis (ConBr) shows a pattern of distances for a great inducer of nitric oxide as ConM, but shows a lower activity than ConA. The distances of CRD explain the difference in activity, but ConBr shown an exceptional case where an assessment of the volume of the site shows a very small site, which explains their discrepancy in biological activity.

A heterogeneidade intratumoral é um fenômeno extremamente importante para entender a progressão tumoral e a resposta à intervenção terapêutica. A galectina-3 pertence à família das lectinas, possuem a função de reconhecimento e ligação à ?-galactosídeos ramificados de glicolipídeos e glicoproteínas, e está envolvida em processos fisiológicos e patológicos como o câncer. Nesse trabalho, a heterogeneidade intratumoral em relação à expressão de galectina-3 foi observada em amostras de diferentes lesões melanocíticas de pacientes. Além disso, o inóculo de células de melanoma murino negativas para galectina-3 em animais gal3-/- gerou tumores constituídos por uma fração de células tumorais que passaram a expressar de novo galectina-3, sugerindo que pressões do microambiente tumoral modulam a expressão dessa lectina em melanomas. A acidose extracelular atuou como regulador negativo de galectina-3 in vitro, diminuindo a expressão dessa lectina tanto em células de melanoma murino e humano quanto em melanócito murino. Entretanto, a hipóxia, seja pela exposição aguda ou intermitente, não alterou a expressão in vitro de galectina-3 em células de melanoma humano. Por fim, tumores originados pelo inóculo de células tumorais positivas e negativas para galectina-3 (mimetizando tumores heterogêneos) obtiveram a maior taxa de crescimento tumoral comparados aos tumores constituídos por uma única população de células, seja positiva ou negativa para galectina-3. Portanto, foram apresentadas evidências de que a heterogeneidade intratumoral em relação à galectina-3 parece estar envolvida com o sucesso evolutivo do melanoma e que a acidose é indicada como uma das pressões microambientais que contribuem para o estabelecimento e manutenção da fração de células tumorais negativas para galectina-3 dentro da massa tumoral / The intratumoral heterogeneity observed in human tumors is extremely important to understand tumor progression and its therapeutic response. Galectin-3 belongs to animal lectin family and it is a ?-galactosidase binding protein which is involved in physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. In this work, an intratumor heterogeneous galectin-3 expression was observed in tissue sessions containing different human melanocytic lesions. Moreover, negative galectin-3 murine cells injected into gal3-/- mice were able to generate tumors composed of a positive galectin-3 cell fraction, suggesting that selective forces in tumor microenvironment modulate galectin-3 expression in melanoma. Extracellular acidosis acts as a negative regulator to galectin-3 in vitro, decreasing its expression in murine and human melanoma cells and even in murine melanocytes. However, intermittent or acute hypoxia exposure did not alter galectin-3 expression in human melanoma cells in vitro. In addition, tumors originated from a mixture of positive and negative galectin-3 cells (mimicking heterogeneous tumors) showed higher growth rate compared to those derived from only galectin-3 positive or negative cells. Therefore, we showed evidences that galectin-3 intratumoral heterogeneity seems to be involved with the evolutionary success of melanoma and that acidosis may be the microenvironmental pressure responsible for the establishment and maintenance of galectin-3 negative cell fraction into the tumor bulk

Orientadores: Maria Ligia Rodrigues Macedo, Tomomasa Yano / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T00:07:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ventura_ClaudioAngelo_D.pdf: 5407567 bytes, checksum: 8408eb98403ba9f693c16020c7c85169 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Lectinas constituem uma classe de proteínas ou glicoproteínas que são capazes de ligar-se, reversivelmente e seletivamente, a carboidratos sem causar transformação química. Estudos têm mostrado que a ligação de lectinas a carboidratos de superficie celular de células normais e malignas leva a vários efeitos biológicos tais como proliferação celular e apoptose. Neste trabalho, nós investigamos os efeitos citotóxicos induzidos por TEL (uma lectina, isolada de sementes de Talisia esculenta, a qual preferencialmente liga-se a resíduos de manose) sobre linhagens de células tumorais e não-tumorais. Células Vero (rim de macaco verde afiicano) e Rela (carcinoma cervical humano) tratadas com TEL exibiram perda da integridade da membrana plasmática, retração celular, condensação da cromatina, fragmentação nuclear e formação de corpos apoptóticos. Além disso, células Vero e Rela tratadas com TEL também revelaram uma drástica desorganização do citoesqueleto de actina. A Fragmentação intemuc1eossomal do DNA foi detectada pelo método de TUNEL e eletroforese em gel de agarose. Os efeitos citotóxicos induzidos por TEL foram progressivos e mostraram que as alterações morfológicas e os danos ao DNA ocorreram após a perda da integridade da membrana. Adicionalmente, TEL inibiu significantemente a proliferação das células Rela de maneira dependente da concentração. Nós também mostramos através de microscopia de tluorescência que TEL é intemalizada nas células Vero dentro de pequenas vesículas que depois se acumulam da região perinuclear; nas células Rela, a intemalização não foi observada. Foi estabelecido que a atividade das caspases-3 e -9 aumentaram nas células Vero e Rela de uma maneira dependente do tempo. Em contraste com as células Vero, a atividade da caspase-3 precedeu a ativação da caspase9 nas células Rela. Os efeitos citotóxicos e a intemalização de TEL foram bloqueados pela mano se, sugerindo que a ligação de TEL ao carboidrato específico na superficie celular é um pré-requisito para esses processos. Os resultados mostraram que a morte celular induzida por TEL nas células Vero e Rela seguiu uma série de eventos que culminou em um modo apoptótico de morte celular. Finalmente, uma vez que as células Rela foram altamente sensíveis a citotoxicidade induzida pela lectina, TEL merece futuras investigações porque suas propriedades podem ser uma ferramenta útil na terapia contra câncer cervical humano / Abstract: Lectins constitute a class of proteins or glycoproteins which are capable of binding carbohydrates selectively and reversibly without causing their chemical transformation. Studies have shown that lectin binding to cell surface carbohydrates of normal and malignants cells triggers various biological effects such as cellular proliferation and apoptosis. In this work, we investigate the cytotoxic effects induced by TEL (a lectin, isolated from Talisia esculenta seeds, which binds preferentially to mannose residues), on tumoral and non-tumoral cell lines. TEL- treated Vero (African green monkey kidney) and Hela (human cervical carcinoma) cells exhibited loss of plasma membrane integrity, cellular retraction, chromatin condensation, nuclear fragmentation and formation of apoptotic bodies. Furthermore, TEL-treated Vero and Hela cells also revealed a drastic disorganization of the actin cytoeskeleton. Internucleossomal DNA fragmentation was detected by TUNEL method. and agarose gel electrophoresis. TEL-induced cytotoxic effects were progressive and showed that the morphological alterations and DNA damage occurred after the loss of membrane integrity. Additionally, TEL significantly inhibited the proliferation of Hela cells in a concentration- dependent manner. We also show through of fluorescence microspy that TEL is internalized in Vero cells into small visicles that further coalesce in the perinuclear region; in Hela cells, TEL internalization was not observed. It was established that caspase-3 and -9 activity increased in Vero and Hela cells after TEL treatment in a time- dependent manner. In contrast to Vero cells, caspase- 3 activity preceded the activation of caspase-9 in Hela cells. The cytotoxic effects and the internalization of TEL was blocked by manose, suggesting that the binding of TELto specific carbohydrate on the cell-surface is a prerequisite for these processes. The results showed that TEL- induced cell death in Vero and HeLa cells followed by down stream events leading to apoptotic mode of cell death. Finally, since Hela cells were highly sensitive to lectin-induced cytotoxicity, TEL merits further investigation due to its properties can be a useful tool in therapy against human cervical cancer / Doutorado / Bioquimica / Doutor em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Lectins are proteins or glycoproteins that recognize free or conjugated carbohydrates, reversibly binding to them. Lectins participate in several events of the immune system of plants and animals and assisting in the process of cell adhesion and recognition. Schinus terebinthifolius belongs to the family Anacardiaceae, which is resistant to various types of insect injury. This work aimed at the isolation and characterization of a new lectin from the shell of S. terebinthifolius (SteBL). The bark extract (20%, w/v) was prepared in 0.15 M NaCl solution for 16 h at 4°C. The extract was treated with ammonium sulfate in different concentrations (0-20%, 20-40%, 40-60% and 60-80%). The hemagglutinating activity (HA) of the fractions were evaluated with rabbit erythrocyte suspension 2.5% (m/v). Subsequently, the supernatant fraction – FS 40%, which presented the highest specific activity, was subjected to chitin matrix affinity chromatography, where about 125 μg of protein was applied on a chitin column equilibrated with 0.15 M NaCl. showed HA were eluted with 1.0 M acetic acid. The chromatographic profile of the chitin column showed an active protein peak (SHA: 65536) after elution with 1.0 M acetic acid (0.0625 mg protein). Then the partially isolated SteBL was characterized as the effect of temperature (30-100 ° C), pH (3-10), divalent cations (Ca2+, Mn2+ and Zn2+) on. The same preparation was also evaluated on polyacrylamide gel (10% w/v) under denaturing conditions in the presence and absence of 2-Mercaptoethanol. N-acetylglucosamine and lactose carbohydrates showed inhibition, expressing a reduction of about 75% and 99%. , SteBL HA was partially isolated and showed a thermal stability over a wide temperature range with a maximum activity at 50 ° C (SHA: 131.072) and pH 5 (SHA: 131.072) and ionindependent. In order to completely isolate SteBL, a new extract from the bark of the mastic was prepared in 50 mM Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.0 (20%, w/v), where it was filtered on activated charcoal and subjected to chitin matrix affinity chromatography followed by anion exchange chromatography (DEAE-Sepharose), where it was possible to isolate a peptide of about 24 kDa. / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As lectinas são proteínas ou glicoproteínas que reconhecem carboidratos livres ou conjugados, ligando-se reversivelmente a eles. Lectinas possuem diversas funções e aplicações biotecnológicas tais como atividade antimicrobiana, inseticida, imunomoduladora, cicatrizante, antitumoral, dentre outras. Schinus terebinthifolius (Aroeira-da-praia) pertence à família Anacardiaceae, apresenta resistência contra vários tipos de lesões causadas por insetos. Esse trabalho teve como objetivo o isolamento e a caracterização de uma nova lectina da casca de S. terebinthifolius (SteBL). O extrato da casca (20%, p/v) foi preparado em solução de NaCl 0,15 M por 16 h a 4 ºC. O extrato foi tratado com sulfato de amônio em diferentes concentrações (0-20%, 20-40%, 40-60% e 60-80%). A atividade hemaglutinante (AH) das frações foram avaliadas com suspensão de eritrócitos de coelho 2,5% (m/v). Posteriormente, a fração sobrenadante - FS40%, que apresentou maior atividade específica, foi submetida a cromatografia de afinidade em matriz de quitina, onde foi aplicado cerca de 125 μg de proteína numa coluna de quitina equilibrada com NaCl 0,15 M. As amostras que apresentaram AH foram eluídas com ácido acético 1,0 M. O perfil cromatográfico da coluna de quitina mostrou um pico de proteína ativo (AHE: 65.536) após eluição com ácido acético 1,0 M (0,0625 mg de proteína). Em seguida a SteBL parcialmente isolada foi caracterizada quanto ao efeito da temperatura (30-100°C), pH (3-10), cátions divalentes (Ca2+, Mn2+ e Zn2+) na AH. Também a mesma preparação foi avaliada em gel de poliacrilamida (10% (p/v) em condições desnaturantes na presença e ausência de 2-Mercaptoetanol. Os carboidratos N-acetilglucosamina e lactose apresentaram inibição, expressando uma redução de cerca de 75 % e 99,97% respectivamente da HA da SteBL parcialmente isolada. A SteBL parcialmente purificada apresentou estabilidade térmica em uma ampla faixa de temperatura com uma atividade máxima a 50 ° C (AHE: 131.072) e pH 5 (AHE: 131.072) e íonindependente. Com a finalidade de isolar totalmente a SteBL, um novo extrato da casca da aroeira foi preparado em solução tampão Tris-HCl 50 Mm pH 8,0, onde o mesmo foi filtrado em carvão ativado e submetido a cromatografia por afinidade em matriz de quitina seguida por cromatografia de troca aniônica – DEAE-Sepharose, onde foi possível o isolamento de um peptídeo de cerca de 24 kDa.

My diploma thesis deals with the optimization and verification of conditions for separation of proteins, which are contained in the twigs of elder (Sambucus nigra L.) using the technique RP-HPLC. The measurements were made with the use of a HPLC system with a UV-VIS detector. Column Zorbax 300SB-C18 300 4,6 x 250 mm and particles the size of 5 microns were used. The theoretical part describes the attributes and usage of elder and especially its proteins. The basic characteristic of the used HPLC technique is introduced. The possibilities of how to identify proteins are described. The practical part demonstrates the individual steps of optimization of the HPLC method applied to the mixture of standard proteins. The application of this method in the real sample is also reported. The final part of the diploma thesis is focused on the comparison of analysed samples taken in different seasons.

Les lectines sont des protéines ubiquitaires qui se lient spécifiquement et de manière réversible aux sucres sans les modifier. Elles peuvent déchiffrer le glycocode : les informations stockées dans les sucres à la surface d'une cellule. Les lectines sont impliquées dans de nombreux processus biologiques tels que la cohésion cellulaire, le développement, la signalisation cellulaire, la défense ou les infections microbiennes. Elles peuvent présenter des propriétés exploitables, par exemple antiprolifératives, antivirales ou antitumorales et sont des outils recherchés en glycobiologie. Le règne fongique a suscité un large intérêt ces dernières années, car il est une source prometteuse et largement inexplorée pour les lectines ayant de nouvelles spécificités et/ou activités. Les données structurales sont encore limitées pour les lectines fongiques et ce projet vise notamment à combler cette lacune en étudiant deux familles de lectines reconnaissant des marqueurs glycosidiques associés aux cancers. Via une approche multidisciplinaire, l'interaction de ces lectines avec leur ligand au niveau atomique a été disséquée et des modifications ont été réalisées pour les rendre plus spécifiques pour un motif particulier. Les lectines recombinantes sauvages ou mutées ont été exprimées dans Escherichia coli puis purifiées par des méthodes chromatographiques classiques. La spécificité et l'affinité ont été déterminées par différentes techniques telles que l'hémagglutination, les puces à sucre et la microcalorimétrie de titration. La caractérisation structurale a été effectuée par cristallographie aux rayons X et a permis de définir les déterminants de la protéine et du ligand indispensables à l'interaction et d'aider à la conception et à l'évaluation structurale de mutants. Enfin, des analyses sur cellules et tissus cancéreux ont confirmé leur potentiel en tant qu’outils de marquage, ce qui permet d’envisager leur utilisation pour des applications biomédicales ou biotechnologiques. / Lectins are ubiquitous proteins which bind specifically and reversibly carbohydrates without modifying them. They can decipher the glycocode: information stored in carbohydrates found at the surface of any cell. Lectins are involved in many biological processes such as cell cohesion, development, cell signaling, defense or microbial infections. They can present exploitable properties such as antiproliferative, antiviral or antitumor and are interesting tools in glycobiology. The fungal kingdom has attracted wide interest in the recent years since it is a promising and largely unexplored source for lectins for novel specificity and activities. Structural data are still limited for fungal lectins and this project aims to fill this gap of knowledge whilst studying new lectins specific for two glycosidic cancer markers. Via a multidisciplinary approach, we dissected the interaction of those lectins with their ligand at the atomic level or modified them to optimized their specificity or affinity. Recombinant wild-type and mutated lectins were expressed in Escherichia coli and then purified by classical chromatography methods. The specificity and affinity were determined by different techniques such as hemagglutination, glycan arrays, and microcalorimetry. Finally, structural characterization was performed by X‐ray crystallography in order to localize the sugar binding site, to obtain the specific protein and ligand determinants necessary for the interaction and to help for the design and structural evaluation of mutants. Finally, analysis on cancer cells and tissues confirmed their potential as labelling tools thereafter for biomedical or biotechnological applications.

L'interaction des glycosphingolipides de la membrane plasmique avec les protéines de liaison aux glucides (lectines) est d'une importance vitale pour l'infection de la cellule hôte par divers virus et bactéries. Dans ce travail, nous avons exploré l’interaction des lectines LecA de la bactérie P. aeruginosa et de la sous-unité B de la toxine Shiga (StxB) de S. dysenteriae avec son récepteur à membrane plasmatique, le globotriaosylcéramide (Gb3). De plus, nous avons étudié l'interaction de la bactérie complète P. aeruginosa avec Gb3. Afin de déchiffrer l'interaction lectine-Gb3 en l'absence d'autres composants cellulaires, nous avons utilisé les systèmes de membrane artificielle - vésicules unilamellaires géantes (GUV) et bicouches lipidiques supportées (SLB). Nous avons observé la liaison de la lectine en utilisant différents modes de microscopie à fluorescence (confocal, TIRF, etc.). Nous examinons la liaison des deux lectines aux domaines membranaires de différents ordres et compositions. Nous avons constaté que StxB préfère des domaines membranaires plus ordonnés alors que LecA est moins préférentiel. De plus, les deux lectines induisent la réorganisation des domaines membranaires: StxB stabilise les domaines ordonnés, les réduit et induit la formation des nouveaux domaines ordonnés. D'autre part, LecA ainsi que la bactérie P. aeruginosa induisent la dissolution des domaines ordonnés. Nous pensons que ces processus de réorganisation membranaire sont cruciaux pour l’infection bactérienne. / The interaction of plasma membrane glycosphingolipids with the carbohydrate binding proteins (lectins) is of vital importance for the infection of the host cell by various viruses and bacteria. In this work, we explored the interaction of the lectins LecA from the bacterium P. aeruginosa and B subunit of Shiga toxin (StxB) from S. dysenteriae with its plasma membrane receptor globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). Moreover, we studied the interaction of the complete bacterium P. aeruginosa with Gb3. In order to decipher the lectin-Gb3 interaction in absence of other cellular components we employed the artificial membrane systems – Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and Supported lipid bilayers (SLBs). We observed the lectin binding using different modes of fluorescence microscopy (confocal, TIRF, etc…). We examine the binding of both lectins to the membrane domains of different ordere and composition. We found that StxB prefers more ordered membrane domains whereas LecA is less preferential. Moreover, both lectins induce the reorganization of the membrane domains: StxB stabilizes ordered domains, shrinks them and induces the formation of the novel ordered domains. On the other hand LecA, as well as the bacterium P. aeruginosa induce the dissolution of the ordered domains. We believe, these membrane reorganization processes are crucial for the bacterial infection.

Purpose: Lectins play an important role in many biological processes. The aim of this work was to analyse mainly the expression of endogenic lectins, such as galectins and plant lectin, e.g. Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA), and their glycoligands in the tear fluid, human corneal and conjunctival epithelium in physiological and disease conditions. Further, we studied the human natural antibody against Galα1,3Gal-R, which is mainly responsible for hyperacute rejection of xenografts transplants. We tried to investigate its localization in human corneal epithelium, lacrimal gland and tears. Material and Methods: Human tissue (lacrimal gland, tear fluid, conjunctiva, cornea, epidermis, keratinocyte and cultured corneal epithelium), as well as porcine tissue (cornea, liver and epidermis) were examined. Endogenous galectins (galectins-1, -3 and -7) were detected using immunohistochemistry methods. Binding sites for galectins, as well as binding sites for plant lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, were localized by lectin histochemistry. Reverse lectin histochemistry was used for the study of binding reactivity of endogenous lectins using labelled (neo)glycoligands. Employing biotinylated natural human IgG anti -galactosides, as well as anti -galactosides, we detected reactive epitopes in human...

Zymosan is a particulate yeast preparation that elicits high levels of IL-2 and IL-10 from dendritic cells (DC) and engages multiple innate receptors, including the Syk-coupled receptor dectin-1 and the MyD88-coupled receptor TLR2. Here, we show that induction of IL-2 and IL-10 by zymosan requires activation of ERK MAP kinase in murine DC. Surprisingly, ERK activation in response to zymosan is completely blocked in Syk-deficient DC and unaffected by MyD88 deficiency. Conversely, ERK activation in response to the TLR2 agonist Pam3Cys is completely MyD88 dependent and unaffected by Syk deficiency. The inability of TLR2 ligands in zymosan to couple to ERK may explain the Syk dependence of the IL-2 and IL-10 response in DC and emphasises the importance of Syk-coupled pattern recognition receptors such as dectin-1 in the detection of yeasts. Furthermore, the lack of receptor compensation observed here suggests that responses induced by complex innate stimuli cannot always be predicted by the signalling pathways downstream of individual receptors.

Le cancer représente la second cause de décès au monde. Le développement de traitements innovants contre le cancer repose aujourd’hui sur l’identification de biomarqueurs des tumeurs et le développement de produits thérapeutiques capables de reconnaitre ces marqueurs de façon spécifique. Ces produits thérapeutiques de nouvelles générations ont le potentiel d’éliminer spécifiquement les cellules tumorales et donc de réduire les effets secondaires des traitements ainsi que les risques de rechute. Malheureusement, un certain nombre de patients ne peuvent bénéficier de ces traitements, du fait de l’absence de biomarqueurs connus à la surface de leur tumeur. Ce projet a ainsi pour ambition de développer de nouvelles thérapies ciblées en exploitant une nouvelle classe de biomarqueurs et ainsi de venir enrichir l’arsenal thérapeutique disponible pour le traitement des cancers. / Cancer is the second cause of death worldwide. Recent advance in cancer treatments involved the identification of cancer biomarkers and the development of efficient therapeutic products able to specifically recognize them. This new class of products has the ability to specifically target tumor cells, with the major advantages to decrease or abolish treatments side effects and relapses of the disease. Unfortunately, a certain number of patients do not respond to those treatments lacking the expression of those biomarkers on their tumor. This project aims at developing new targeted therapies by exploiting a new class of cancer biomarkers, which would potentially extend the therapeutics options against cancer.