Les phospholipases A2 sécrétées (sPLA2) font partie d’une grande famille d’enzymes impliquées dans la synthèse d’écosanoïdes, de chimiokines et dans l’expression de molécules d’adhérence. Ce groupe comprend dix isoformes différentes (sPLA2-IB, -IIA, -IIC, -IID, -IIE, -IIF, -III, -V, -X et XII) dont la majorité sont surexprimées en présence de molécules pro-inflammatoires telles que l’interleukine-1β (IL-1 β) et le lipopolysaccharide bactérien (LPS). La sPLA2-IIA fut longtemps considérée comme la principale sPLA2 associée à l’inflammation. Toutefois, un nombre grandissant d’études suggère l’implication d’autres isoformes dans la réponse inflammatoire. Étant donné la similarité structurelle des différentes isoformes de sPLA2, la majorité des inhibiteurs présentement disponibles sont non spécifiques et bloquent simultanément plus d’une sPLA2. De ce fait, encore peu de choses sont connues quant au rôle précis de chacune des sPLA2 dans la réponse inflammatoire. Ayant accès à des souris génétiquement modifiées n’exprimant pas la sPLA2-V (sPLA2-V-/-), nous avons donc investigué le rôle spécifique de la sPLA2-V dans le recrutement leucocytaire induit par le LPS, ainsi que sa capacité à moduler l’expression de certaines molécules d’adhérence. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé le modèle inflammatoire de la poche d’air sous-cutanée. L’administration de LPS dans la poche d’air de souris contrôles (WT) entraîne un recrutement leucocytaire important. Cet appel de cellules inflammatoires est cependant significativement diminué chez les souris sPLA2-V-/-. De plus, l’expression des molécules d’adhérence VCAM-1 et ICAM-1 est également diminuée chez les souris sPLA2-V-/- comparativement aux souris WT. Nos résultats démontrent donc le rôle important de la sPLA2-V dans le recrutement leucocytaire et l’expression de molécules d’adhérence induits par le LPS, confirmant ainsi l’implication de cette enzyme dans le processus inflammatoire. / Secretory phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) are well known for their contribution in the biosynthesis of inflammatory eicosanoids. These enzymes also participate in the inflammatory process by regulating chemokine production and protein expression of adhesion molecules. The majority of sPLA2 isoforms are up-regulated by proinflammatory stimuli such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which predominantly increases the expression of group V sPLA2 (sPLA2-V). Furthermore, it has recently been shown that sPLA2-V is a critical messenger in the regulation of cell migration during allergic airway responsiveness. Herein, we investigated the effect of sPLA2-V on LPS-mediated leukocyte recruitment and its capacity to modulate adhesion molecule expression. We conducted our study in the murine air pouch model, using sPLA2-V null mice (sPLA2-V-/-) and control wild-type (WT) littermates. We observed that LPS (1 μg/mL)-mediated leukocyte migration in sPLA2-V-/- was attenuated by 52 and 86% after 6 and 12 hours of treatment, respectively, as compared to WT mice. In WT mice, treatment with the cell-permeable sPLA2 inhibitor (12-epi-scalaradial; SLD) reduced LPS-mediated leukocyte recruitment by 67%, but had no additional inhibitory effect in sPLA2-V-/- mice. Protein analyses from the air pouch skin were carried out upon LPS-challenge, and the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 were both significantly reduced in sPLA2-V-/- mice as compared to control WT mice. Together, our data demonstrate the role of sPLA2-V in LPS-induced ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 protein overexpression and leukocyte recruitment, supporting the contribution of sPLA2-V in the development of inflammatory innate immune responses.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser. På omsl. felaktigt " ... daunorobicin ..."

A tuberculose é uma doença crônica granulomatosa caracterizada por um déficit de imunidade antígeno específica do hospedeiro, cuja resposta imune é ativamente regulada por citocinas. No Brasil há mais de 50 milhões de habitantes infectados pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis. O objetivo foi avaliar a linfoproliferação e a produção de citocinas por células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMC) estimuladas por quatro diferentes antígenos do M. tuberculosis, um complexo, o antígeno sonicado, e três purificados, ESAT-6, antígeno 85B e antígeno HBHA, eventuais candidatos à vacina anti-tuberculose. Para avaliação da produção de IFN-g e IL-10 foram utilizados dois métodos: Elispot e Elisa à partir de sobrenadante de cultura de PBMC. Para essas avaliações, os pacientes com tuberculose ativa (TB-A) foram comparados a dois subgrupos de indivíduos controles. O primeiro subgrupo foi constituído por indivíduos saudáveis PPD+ e o segundo por indivíduos curados de um episódio de tuberculose (TB-C). Nossos resultados de linfoproliferação e de Elisa revelaram diminuição da resposta linfoproliferativa e da produção de IFN-g dos pacientes em comparação com os indivíduos PPD+, enquanto os indivíduos TB-C apresentaram em geral resultados intermediários. Observou-se também que as respostas à PHA não diferiam significativamente entre os grupos, ressaltando a natureza antígeno específica da hiporreatividade na tuberculose. Adicionalmente, verificamos maior reatividade ao antígeno complexo, sonicado, que aos antígenos purificados, e entre estes, a reatividade foi maior para ESAT-6 e 85B que para HBHA, A resposta ao HBHA pode ter sido eventualmente subestimada por razões técnicas, como utilização de dose sub-ótima ou perda da atividade biológica. Em relação ao Elispot para IFN-g, não pudemos observar diferenças entre os grupos, tanto quando se considerou o número total de spots, como quando se contou apenas spots com diâmetro > 65 mm, apresentando portanto uma sensibilidade aparentemente menor comparado aos outros 2 métodos. A comparação entre os métodos revelou pouca correlação entre seus resultados, que pode ser eventualmente explicado pela diferente contribuição das populações celulares (T CD4+ e T CD8+) para cada uma das provas munológicas. Finalmente, a análise da produção de IL-10 medida por Elisa no sobrenadante de cultura e por spots de IL10, também não revelou diferenças entre os grupos. Convém notar que o Elisa detectou baixas concentrações de IL-10 nos sobrenadantes, porém o Elispot demonstrou número elevado de spots e boa correlação entre as resposta aos antígenos. Em conclusão, nossos resultados sugerem que métodos \'clássicos\', e já estabelecidos, como linfoproliferação e Elisa, persistem válidos para se avaliar a imunidade celular, e que em nossas condições laboratoriais, a técnica de Elispot não representou, até o momento, uma melhora na qualidade da avaliação imunológica. / Tuberculosis is a chronic granulomatous disease characterized by a deficit of the antigen-specific immunity of the host, whose immune response is actively regulated by cytokines. In Brazil there are 50 million people infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the lymphoproliferative response e the IFN-g response by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) indiced with 4 different antigens isolated from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a complex, crude, the sonicate antigen, and 3 other, purified ones, Esat-6, 85B, and HBHA, the last 3 eventual candidates to the design of a vaccine against tuberculosis. We used 2 methods to evaluate the IFN-g and IL-10 productions, namely Elispot and Elisa of supernatant of PBMC cultures. We studied a group of active tuberculosis patients (TB-A), and compared them with controls individuals comprising 2 groups, one made of healthy PPD+ individuals and the second one of individuals who have been cured from an episode of tuberculosis in the past (TB-C). Our results of lymphoproliferation and Elisa revealed decrease in the lymphoproliferative and IFN-g responses by patients\' PBMC as compared to the PPD+ group, with the TB-C group in general presenting intermediate results. We also observed that the responses to the mitogen PHA were not statisically different among the groups, denoting the antigen-specific nature of the immune deficit in tuberculosis. In addition, we verified that stronger reactivity to the complex antigen than with the purified antigens, and, among the latter, the reactivity was stronger with Esat-6 and 85B as compared to HBHA, Reactivity to HBHA may have been understimated due to technical reasons, such as loss of .the biological activity of the molecule or use of a sub-optimal dose. By using the Elispot for IFN-g we were not able to detect differences among the groups, even when we counted all spots formed or spots with more than > 65 mm in diameter. Thus our Elispot for IFN-g apparently showed lower sensitivity than the other 2 methods. Furthermore, comparisons between the methods revealed low correlation between their results, a finding that may be explained by the differning contribution of different subpopulations (T CD4+ and T CD8+) to each of the results. Finally, analysis of the production of IL-10 as measured by Elisa in the culture supernatants as well as by Elispot revealed no differences among the groups. It is noteworthy that the levels of IL-10 detected by Elisa were low, but the Elispot revealed high number of spots and a good correlation between the antigen responses. In conclusion, we may say that our well standardized \'classical\' methods Elisa and lymphoproliferation persist useful to evaluate cellular immunity responses, and that the Elispot technique, up to now and in our laboratorial conditions, did not represent an improvement in the quality of the immunological evaluation.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4782.pdf: 15356873 bytes, checksum: 5c9a50ab5fc45152beb8cb72b03dcfec (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-11 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / The purpose of the present study was to examine the acute effects of resistance training (RT) on CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes apoptosis (annexin V+) and migration (CX3CR1). Twelve subjects performed two RT sessions (3 sets of 9 exercises) with 1 min (Hyper-1) and 3 min (Hyper-3) of rest-interval length between sets and exercises. CD4+ and CD8+ cells count displayed no change following Hyper-1 and Hyper-3 (p > 0.05). There was an increase in the percentage of CD4+ positive for annexin V+ and CX3CR1+ immediately after and 24 h post Hyper-1 (p < 0.05). Percentage of CD4+ positive for annexin V+ increased 2 and 24 h post Hyper- 3, and decreased after CX3CR1+ for the same time-points (p < 0.05). There was an increase in CD8+ positive for annexin V+ and CX3CR1+ immediately after, 2 and 24 h post Hyper-1 and Hyper-3 (p < 0.05), while no differences were found between Hyper-1 and Hyper-3 (p > 0.05). Acute RT increase the apoptosis and migration of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes even 24 h after exercise, with minimal effects of restinterval length. / O objetivo dos pesquisadores do presente estudo foi examinar os efeitos agudos do Exercício Resistido (ER) sobre a apoptose (Anexina V+) e a migração (CX3CR1) de linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+. 12 sujeitos adultos realizaram duas sessões de ER (3 séries em 9 exercícios) com 1 minuto (Hiper-1) e 3 minutos (Hiper-3) de intervalo entre as séries e exercícios. Não foi observada alteração significativa na contagem celular de linfócitos CD4+ e CD8+ após os protocolos Hiper-1 e Hiper-3 (p > 0,05). Foi observado aumento no percentual de linfócitos T CD4+ positivos para anexina V+ e CX3CR1 imediatamente após e 24 horas após Hiper-1 (p < 0,05). A porcentagem de linfócitos T CD4+ positivos para anexina V+ aumentou 2 e 24 horas após Hiper-3 e diminuiu para CX3CR1 nos mesmos momentos (p < 0,05). Houve aumento nos linfócitos T CD8+ positivos para anexina V+ e CX3CR1+ imediatamente e 24 horas após os protocolos Hiper-1 e Hiper-3 (p < 0,05), enquanto que não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre Hiper-1 e Hiper-3 (p > 0,05). O ER aumenta marcadores celulares de apoptose e migração em linfócitos T CD4+ e CD8+ mesmo 24 horas após uma sessão aguda de exercício, com mínimo efeito da duração do intervalo de descanso entre as séries e exercícios.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:03:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VanessaOS.pdf: 1126102 bytes, checksum: dba464c890585c6be32a3fd2dc600a81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-12 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Sulfated Polysaccharides with unique chemical structures and important biological activities has been found in a diversity of sea invertebrates. For that, to exist a huger interest on the biotechnology field in the research theses sulfated compounds isolated from sea organisms. Despite the privileged brazilian position for these compounds attainment, there are still a few scientific informations about the isolated substances and their biological activities. A head the displayed, the present work has for objectives, to evaluate the pharmacological properties of the glycosaminoglycans isolated from the sea shrimp Litopenaeus schimitti on homeostasis, blood coagulation, leukocytes migration and platelet/leukocyte adhesion. For this, yhe glycosaminoglycans were extracted from crustacean tissues by proteolysis, fractionation with acetone and later submitted to pharmacological assays. The crustacean tissues showed compounds heparin-like, with anticoagulant activity of 45 IU/mg and 90 IU/mg, respectively. These molecules showed low residual hemorrhagic effects in the tested concentration (100 ?g/mL), when compared to unfractionated commercial heparin (UFH). Another dermatan sulfate-like compound, predominately constituted for disulfated disaccharides, was isolated from crustacean abdomen. This compound showed an efficient effect on leukocytes migration inhibition, in the concentration of 15 ?g/mL, reducing the cellular infiltration in 65% when compared to the controlled animals. In this same concentration, the DS reduced in 60% the protein concentration of the peritoneal exudates. In the concentration, this compound of 0.5 mg/mL, it was capable to reduce in 40% platelet/leukocytes adhesion. Our data demonstrate that these sulfated polysaccharides isolated from the shrimp L. schimitti will can be used as bioactive compounds, appearing as active principles for pharmacological development, anticoagulants and inflammatory response regulators / Polissacar?deos sulfatados com caracter?sticas estruturais distintas e importantes atividades biol?gicas t?m sido encontrados em uma diversidade de invertebrados marinhos. Por isso existe um grande interesse no campo da biotecnologia na pesquisa destes compostos sulfatados isolados de organismos aqu?ticos. No entanto, apesar da posi??o privilegiada do Brasil para a obten??o destes compostos, ainda s?o poucas as informa??es cient?ficas sobre as subst?ncias isoladas e suas atividades biol?gicas. Diante do exposto, este presente trabalho teve por objetivos avaliar os potenciais farmacol?gicos dos glicosaminoglicanos (GAGs) isolados do camar?o marinho Litopenaeus schimitti, sobre a hemostasia, coagula??o sang??nea, migra??o leucocit?ria e ades?o celular. Para isso os GAGs foram extra?dos dos tecidos do crust?ceo mediante prote?lise, fracionamento com acetona e posteriormente submetidos aos ensaios farmacol?gicos. Os tecidos do crust?ceo, abd?men e cefalot?rax, apresentaram compostos semelhantes ? heparina (heparin?ides) com atividade anticoagulante de 45 UI/mg e 90 UI/mg, respectivamente. Estas mol?culas apresentaram baixo efeito hemorr?gico residual na concentra??o de 100 ?g/mL, quando comparada com a heparina comercial n?o fracionada (HNF). Um outro composto semelhante ao dermatam sulfato (DS), constitu?do predominantemente por dissacar?deos dissulfatados foi isolado do abd?men do crust?ceo. Este composto apresentou, na concentra??o de 15 ?g/?L, uma inibi??o significativa (P<0.01) da migra??o leucocit?ria, reduzindo a infiltra??o celular em 65% quando comparado com os animais controle. Nessa mesma concentra??o o DS reduziu em 60% a concentra??o de prote?nas do lavado peritonial. As an?lises qualitativas da composi??o celular do exudato peritonial foram similares ao encontrado para os animais controles em todas as concentra??es testadas. Na concentra??o de 0,5 mg/mL foi capaz de reduzir em 40% a ades?o das plaquetas aos leuc?citos. Os dados obtidos demonstram que estes polissacar?deos sulfatados isolados do camar?o L.schimitti podem vir a ser utilizados como compostos bioativos, podendo surgir como princ?pios ativos para o desenvolvimento de f?rmacos, anticoagulantes e moduladores da resposta inflamat?ria

Malgré la mise en oeuvre de la leucoréduction systématique, les transfusions plaquettaires restent génératrices de réactions post-transfusionnelles (encore appelées « Effets Indésirables Receveur, EIR »). Nous savons que les plaquettes sanguines relarguent des molécules proinflammatoires (e.g. CD40 ligand soluble ou sCD40L) durant leur préparation et stockage et leurs taux augmentés sont associées aux EIR. Le travail de cette thèse vise à mieux comprendre les mécanismes de survenue des EIR post transfusion plaquettaire, dans le contexte de l’inflammation. La première partie de nos travaux n’a pas retrouvé de polymorphismes génétiques du gène CD40LG qui pourraient modifier l’affinité du couple Récepteur/Ligand, en cas d’EIR. Dans un second temps, une caractérisation haplotypique de CD40LG n’a pas non plus permis de retrouver d’association avec l’apparition d’EIR. Nous avons ensuite tenté d’identifier des marqueurs génétiques de surexpression de sCD40L (et par conséquence, d’EIR). Pour cela, nous avons étendu l’investigation à douze polymorphismes de CD40LG mais aussi des marqueurs génétiques connus comme indépendamment liés à l’expression de sCD40L : au niveau de son récepteur CD40 et d’ITGA2. Ont été retrouvés associés à une modification significative de sécrétion de sCD40L, d’une part le polymorphisme rs126643 (ITGA2), un haplotype étendu de CD40LG et aussi un haplotype interchromosomique (CD40LG–CD40–ITGA2). Toutefois, ces haplotypes n’ont pas pu être retrouvés associés à l’apparition d’EIR. Nous avons également montré que lors du stockage de concentrés plaquettaires (CP) non leucoréduits, les « modificateurs de réponse biologique » (BRM) leucocytaires diffèrent d’une part, dominent et influencent d’autre part les BRM d’origine plaquettaire. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à un autre BRM individualisé dans les produits transfusés : l’ADN mitochondrial, classé comme un signal de danger endogène (ou DAMP) et nous avons retrouvé une augmentation significative de ceux-ci dans les CP ayant induit un EIR. Nous avons alors entrepris une étude protéomique (LC-MS/MS) et transcriptomique (RNA-seq) sur des CP ayant induit ou non un EIR. L’enrichissement des protéines et gènes différentiellement exprimés présente principalement un rôle dans l’activation plaquettaire, la coagulation, l’apoptose et la dégranulation qui représentent des processus en liaison étroite. Le transcriptome plaquettaire a confirmé l’étiologie apoptique par la mise en évidence de la dérégulation calcique mitochondriale. De plus, l’obtention de l’enrichissement de sa voie intrinsèque permet d’expliquer l’abondance des ADNmt retrouvés précédemment dans les CP associés aux EIR. Par ailleurs, l’état d’activation et la dégranulation des plaquettes expliquent l’abondance des BRM retrouvés en cas d’EIR. Ainsi, nous avons identifié de nouveaux marqueurs inflammatoires hautement exprimés dans le groupe EIR. Après validation de ces résultats par des études complémentaires, ces marqueurs pourraient être proposés comme cibles de prévention d’EIR en modifiant, par exemple la préparation des CP / Despite the implementation of systematic leucoreduction, platelet transfusions are still generating transfusion reactions (also called "Adverse Events or AEs"). We know that platelets release proinflammatory molecules during preparation and storage of platelet components (PCs) notably the soluble CD40 ligand or sCD40L and high levels are associated with AEs. In this thesis, we aimed to understand the mechanisms of occurrence of inflammatory platelet transfusion reactions. In the first part, we investigated the genetic polymorphisms of CD40LG. We failed to identify a significant association with AEs but we identified genetic markers of sCD40L overexpression: a CD40LG haplotype and also an interchromosomal haplotype (CD40LG-CD40-ITGA2). However, these haplotypes have not been found to be associated with AEs. In the second part, we showed that, during storage of non leucoreduced PCs, leukocyte-derived "biological response modifiers" (BRMs) dominate and influence the platelet-derived BRMs. Then, we found increased levels of another individualized BRM in PCs involved in AEs: mitochondrial DNA, classified as an endogenous danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP). In the last part, we performed an integrated proteomic and transcriptomic study by LC-MS/MS and RNA-seq, respectively, to better understand the pathophysiology of AEs in a case-control approach. The biological enrichment of differentially expressed genes revealed a significant association with platelet activation, apoptosis and inflammatory mechanisms which may be involved in platelet transfusion reactions. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence of AEs and could give paths to prevent them

A doação de plaquetas por aférese é um procedimento automatizado que permite a obtenção deste hemocomponente em grande quantidade e com ato grau de pureza; deste processo obtém-se um subproduto chamado Câmara de Leucorredução (CLR) que é descartado ao final da doação. São permitidas até 24 doações/ano; porém as possíveis consequências de doações frequentes para esses doadores são pouco investigadas. Assim, foram identificados e quantificados os leucócitos de doadores de plaquetas frequentes e de 1ª vez. Também foi avaliada a viabilidade do uso das células mononucleares da CLR para pesquisas. Observou-se mais células na CLR que no sangue e que a frequência das populações é similar. O estado de ativação e a capacidade funcional (proliferação e produção de citocinas) foram similares entre CLR e sangue, assim como a taxa de apoptose espontânea. Entre doadores frequentes e de primeira vez não houve diferença no número de leucócitos, sugerindo que doações recorrentes não alteraram as populações leucocitárias. / Plateletpheresis is an automatized procedure to obtain high purity platelet for transfusions. From this procedure its possible to obtain a byproduct: The Leukoreduction system chamber (LRSC), which is discarded at the end of donation process. This type of donation allows 24 donation/year, but the consequences of frequent donations are poorly investigated. Therefore, we identified and quantified leukocytes of frequent and first time platelet donor. Also, was evaluated the viability, for research, of mononuclear cells recovery from LRSC. The total number of mononuclear cells was higher in LRSC than in peripheral blood samples, but the frequencies were similar in all the samples. Activation state and functional capacity (measured by cell proliferation and cytokine production) were similar in both, blood and LRSC mononuclear cells, as well as spontaneous apoptosis. Among frequent (6 or more donations in 1 year) and first time donor, there was no difference in the leukocyte total number, suggesting that frequent donation do not modify these cells.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:07:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Julia de Miranda Moraes.pdf: 1781008 bytes, checksum: 240b1d82cc44d5f20591020197abd396 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-03-03 / The Curraleiro cattle are extremely docile and resistant to infectious diseases and parasites. They may be used in exploration of low-quality pastures, without great investments, when other breeds could show a low productivity or even survival difficulties. This genetic potential runs risk to extinction due to its replace by more productive breeds. The Curraleiro cattle resistence to illness is popularly known and many works has been published about it, although its immunologic system physiology is completely unknown. Such features are plausible reasons for the preservation of this potentially genetic resource. So, the mean aim of this study was to establish an immunological profile by marking and quantification of T and B lymphocytes in Curraleiro breed with immunocytochemistry. Thus, it was used 116 bovines, male and female, with different ages from two farms situated at Goiás State, Brazil. The animals were allotted in groups according to age, sex and origin. Blood samples were collected and processed in accordance with immunocytochemistry standard technique using lymphoid markers species-specific, anti-CD3 (MM1A BoCD3) and anti-LB (LCTB16A clone B-B14), for T and B lymphocytes counting, respectively. All procedures were accomplished at Veterinary School, Federal University of Goiás, Brazil. The data were submitted to descriptive statistics and then to Kruskall Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The results showed decreased levels of leukocytes, lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes along the age advance. Absolute values of leukocytes, lymphocytes and T lymphocytes were higher in males than females. None of the evaluated parameters were affected by differences of the management carried out at two farms. / O gado Curraleiro é extremamente dócil, resistente às doenças e parasitas, que pode ser utilizado, sem grandes investimentos na exploração de pastagens naturais de baixa qualidade onde outras raças teriam baixa produtividade ou até mesmo dificuldades de sobrevivência. Todo esse potencial genético encontra-se em sério risco de extinção, uma vez que esses animais vêm sendo substituídos por outros com maior produtividade. A resistência do Curraleiro às enfermidades é popularmente conhecida e divulgada, porém desconhece-se por completo a fisiologia do sistema imunológico desses animais. Estas características são notáveis justificativas para conservar este recurso genético potencialmente importante. Assim, este estudo teve por objetivo traçar um perfil imunológico, através de marcação imunocitoquímica e quantificação de linfócitos T e B em bovinos da raça Curraleiro. Para tal, foram utilizados 116 animais entre machos e fêmeas, de diferentes faixas etárias, provenientes de duas propriedades de criação de gado Curraleiro do Estado de Goiás, sendo alocados em grupos conforme a faixa etária, sexo e origem. As amostras de sangue foram colhidas e processadas de acordo com o padrão da técnica de imunocitoquímica e posteriormente utilizados os marcadores linfóides espécieespecíficos, anti-CD3 (MM1A BoCD3) e anti-LB (LCTB16A clone B-B14), para a quantificação de linfócitos T e linfócitos B, respectivamente. Todo procedimento foi realizado na Escola de Veterinária da UFG. Inicialmente os dados foram submetidos à estatística descritiva e posteriormente ao teste de Kruskall Wallis e Mann-Whitney. Com o avançar da idade, diminuíram-se os níveis de leucócitos, linfócitos, linfócitos T e linfócitos B. Os valores absolutos de leucócitos, linfócitos e linfócitos T foram maiores nos machos em relação às fêmeas. Nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados sofreu influência em relação à diferença de qualidade de manejo nas duas propriedades.

Ventilação mecânica (MV) com pressão positiva no final da expiração (PEEP) melhora a oxigenação sanguínea e oferta de oxigênio aos tecidos no tratamento da insuficiência respiratória aguda. No entanto, a pressão intratorácica elevada pode alterar o fluxo sanguíneo no mesentério que pode contribuir para complicações gastrointestinais durante a VM. Investigamos os efeitos da PEEP sobre as interações leucócito-endotélio durante a VM em ratos com pulmões normais e sem administração de fluido (Fase I) e os efeitos do volume corrente baixo (LTV) e pentoxifilina (PTX) sobre a microcirculação mesentérica (Fase II). O protocolo e resultados da Fase I são os seguintes: 44 ratos Wistar machos (~240g) foram anestesiados com pentobarbital (I.P., 50mg.kg-1) e com isoflurane inalatório (1.5-2%) após instrumentação, e aleatoriamente divididos em (1) INTACTO (somente anestesia), (2) PEEP0 (PEEP=0 cmH2O), (3) PEEP5 (PEEP=5 cmH2O), e (4) PEEP10 (PEEP=10 cmH2O). Os grupos PEEP foram submetidos à traqueostomia e VM com volume corrente de 10 ml.kg-1, frequência respiratória de 70 rpm e fração inspirada de oxigênio de 1. Após 2-h de VM, realizamos laparotomia mediana e avaliamos as interações leucócito-endotélio por meio de microscopia intravital e inflamação pumonar por meios histológicos. Não observamos alterações significantes na pressão sanguínea arterial média (PAM) entre os grupos ao longo do estudo. A pressão traqueal do grupo PEEP5 foi menor comparada com os grupos PEEP0 e PEEP10 (11, 15, e 16 cmH2O, respectivamente; p<0.05). Após 2-h de VM, não houve diferenças significantes entre os grupos INTACTO, PEEP0 e PEEP5 no número de leucócitos rollers (118±9, 127±14 e 147±26 células/10minutos, respectivamente), aderidos (3±1, 3±1 e 4±2 células/100m de comprimento de vênula, respectivamente), e migrados (2±1, 2±1 e 2±1 células/5,000m2, respectivamente) no mesentério. No entanto, PEEP10 aumentaram (p<0.05) o número de leucócitos rollers (188±15 células/10minutos), aderidos (8±1 células/100m de vênula) e migrados (12±1 células/5,000 m2). Observamos inflamação pulmonar nos grupos PEEP0 e PEEP10. O protocolo e resultados da Fase II são os seguintes: 57 ratos Wistar machos (~253g) foram anestesiados com pentobarbital (I.P., 50 mg.kg-1), submetidos a traqueostomia, anestesia inalatória com isoflurane (1.5-2%), VM com PEEP de 10 cmH2O, fração inspirada de oxigênio de 0,21, e aleatoriamente divididos em (1) LTV (7 ml.kg-1), (2) volume corrente elevado (HTV, 10 ml.kg-1), e (3) PTX (HTV+ PTX, 25 mg.kg-1). Nós registramos a PAM, mecânica respiratória e gases sanguíneos arteriais no basal e após 2-h de VM. Realizamos laparotomia mediana e avaliamos as interações leucócito-endotélio no mesentério, fluxo de artéria mesentérica (FAM), mecânica respiratória e inflamação pulmonar. Não observamos diferenças entre os grupos no basal e após 2-h em PAM (113±15 vs 109± 6 mmHg). Após 2-h de VM, o FAM foi similar em todos os grupos (12.4±2.6 ml.min-1). A pressão traqueal foi menor no grupo LTV (11.2±1.6 cmH2O) comparada com HTV (14.7±1.1 cmH2O) e PTX (14.1±2.4 cmH2O). Em todos os grupos a VM aumentou a elastância pulmonar (~22%, p<0.05) e diminuiu a resistência de vias aéreas (~10%, p<0.05). LTV e PTX apresentaram valores similares de leucócitos aderidos (5±2 e 6±4 células/100m de vênula, respectivamente), e migrados (1±1 e 2±1 células/5,000m2, respectivamente). Contrariamente, HTV aumentou o número de aderidos (14±4 leucócitos/100m de vênula, p<0.05) e migrados (9±3 células/5,000m2, p<0.05) no mesentério. O grupo HTV apresentou infiltrado neutrofílico e edema pulmonar. Em conclusão, nosso estudo mostrou que a pressão intratorácica elevada é prejudicial para a microcirculação mesentérica e pulmões no modelo experimental de ratos com pulmões normais e pressão sanguínea sistêmica estável, LTV previne alterações microcirculatórias e pulmonares, e a administração precoce de PTX atenua as interações leucócito-endotélio no mesentério e inflamação pulmonar durante a VM. Esses achados podem ter relevância na compreensão das complicações induzidas pela VM e prognóstico. / Mechanical ventilation (MV) with positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) improves blood oxygenation and tissue oxygen delivery during treatment of acute respiratory failure. However, high intrathoracic pressure may alter blood flow at mesentery, which may contribute to gastrointestinal complications during MV. We investigated the effects of PEEP on mesenteric leukocyte-endothelial interactions during MV in rats with normal lungs and without fluid administration (Phase I) and the effects of low-tidal volume (LTV) and pentoxifylline (PTX) on mesenteric microcirculation (Phase II). The protocol and results of Phase I are the following: 44 male Wistar rats (~240g) were anesthetized with pentobarbital (I.P., 50mg.kg-1) and inhaled isoflurane (1.5-2%) after instrumentation, and randomly divided in (1)NAIVE (only anesthesia), (2) PEEP0 (PEEP=0 cm H2O), (3) PEEP5 (PEEP=5 cmH2O), and (4) PEEP10 (PEEP=10 cmH2O). PEEP groups were submitted to tracheostomy and MV with tidal volume of 10 ml.kg-1, respiratory rate of 70 rpm and inspired oxygen fraction of 1. After 2-hrs of MV, we performed a median laparotomy and evaluated leukocyte-endothelial interactions at the mesentery and lung inflammation by histology. We did not observe significant changes mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) among groups throughout the study. Tracheal pressure in PEEP5 was lower compared with PEEP0 and PEEP10 groups (11, 15, and 16 cmH2O, respectively; p<0.05). After 2-hrs of MV, there were no differences among NAIVE, PEEP0 e PEEP5 groups in the number of rollers (118±9, 127±14 and 147±26 cells/10 minutes, respectively), adherent leukocytes (3±1, 3±1 and 4±2 cells/100 m venule, respectively), and migrated leukocytes (2±1, 2±1 and 2±1 cells/5,000 m2, respectively) at the mesentery. However, PEEP10 increased (p<0.05) the number of rolling (188±15 cells/10min), adherent (8±1 cells/100 m) and migrated leukocytes (12±1 cells/5,000 m2). We observed lung inflammation in PEEP0 and PEEP10 groups. The protocol and results of Phase II are the following: 57 male Wistar rats (~253g) were anesthetized with pentobarbital (I.P.,50 mg.kg-1), submitted to tracheostomy, inhaled anesthesia with isoflurane (1.5-2%), MV with PEEP of 10 cmH2O, inspired oxygen fraction of 0.21, and randomly divided in (1) LTV (7 ml.kg-1), (2) High-tidal volume (HTV, 10 ml.kg-1), and (3) PTX (HTV+ PTX, 25 mg.kg-1). We registered MABP, respiratory mechanics and arterial blood gases at baseline and after 2-hrs of MV. We performed a median laparotomy and evaluated leukocyte-endothelial interactions, mesenteric artery flow (MAF), respiratory mechanics and lung inflammation. We did not observe significant differences among groups at baseline and after 2-hrs in MABP (113±15 vs 109± 6 mmHg). After 2-hrs, MAF was similar in all groups (12.4±2.6 ml.min-1). Tracheal pressure was lower in LTV (11.2±1.6 cmH2O) compared with HTV (14.7±1.1 cmH2O) and PTX (14.1±2.4 cmH2O). In all groups MV increased pulmonary elastance (22%, p<0.05) and decreased airway resistance (10%, p<0.05). LTV and PTX presented similar values of adherent (5±2 and 6±4 cells/100m venule, respectively), and migrated leukocytes (1±1 and 2±1 cells/5,000m2, respectively). On the contrary, HTV increased the number of adherent (14±4 leukocytes/100m venule, p<0.05) and migrated leukocytes (9±3 cells/5,000m2, p<0.05) in the mesentery. HTV presented lung neutrophil infiltration and edema. In conclusion, our study showed that high intrathoracic pressure is harmful to mesenteric microcirculation and lungs in the experimental model of rats with normal lungs and stable systemic blood pressure, LTV prevents microcirculatory and pulmonary alterations, and early administration of PTX attenuates leukocyte-endothelial interactions at the mesentery and lung inflammation during MV. These findings may have relevance for complications MV-induced and outcome.

Abstract Sepsis is a common problem in the intensive care unit (ICU) still having a high mortality and causing high costs to health care system. Currently, there is no marker to distinguish sepsis from other causes of systemic inflammation. Leukocyte surface molecules have been proposed as markers of sepsis. The most promising markers have been neutrophil CD64 and CD11b on monocytes and neutrophils and HLA-DR on monocytes. In this thesis, leukocyte surface molecules were investigated using quantitative flow cytometry in critically ill patients with sepsis, non-septic ICU controls, and healthy volunteers. The surface molecules of interest were neutrophil CD11b and CD64, monocyte CD11b, CD14, CD40, CD64, CD80, HLA-DR, and lymphocyte CD69. First, a special emphasize was indicated in methodological aspects of the quantitative flow cytometry. Then, the surface molecule kinetics was investigated in different types of critically ill patients. Finally, the diagnostic performance of the molecules was determined and compared to that of traditionally used sepsis markers. Furthermore, an example of multiple marker analysis was introduced as a diagnostic tool. The optimal circumstances for leukocyte surface molecule analysis were +4&#176;C temperature throughout the collection and preparation of the samples using tubes containing acid citrate dextrose (ACD) as an anticoagulant, followed by flow cytometry within 6 hours from sampling. Monocyte CD11b and CD40, neutrophil CD11b and CD64, and CD69 on CD4+ T cells and natural killer (NK) cells separated sepsis from non-septic ICU controls and healthy volunteers, neutrophil CD64, having the best area under curve. Procalcitonin (PCT) was second best marker. Monocyte CD40 and NK CD69 may predict positive blood culture detection, whereas CD11b may predict early mortality. In multiple marker analysis, combination of positive neutrophil CD64, C-reactive protein (CRP) and PCT increased post-test probability for sepsis. In conclusion, pre-analytical and analytical factors have effects on results of leukocyte surface molecule analysis. Leukocyte surface molecules may improve sepsis diagnostics in ICU setting. Neutrophil CD64 was the most promising marker. Combination of CD64, CRP and PCT increased the detection of sepsis in ICU. / Tiivistelmä Sepsis on yleinen tehohoidon ongelma, johon liittyy korkea kuolleisuus ja suuret hoidolliset kustannukset. Toistaiseksi ei ole laboratoriomerkkiainetta, joka erottaisi sepsistä sairastavat muista kriittisesti sairaista, joilla on yleistynyt tulehdusvaste. Valkosolujen pintamolekyylien käyttöä sepsiksen laboratoriomerkkiaineena on tutkittu. Lupaavimmat näistä molekyyleistä ovat olleet neutrofiilien CD64, monosyyttien ja neutrofiilien CD11b ja monosyyttien HLA-DR. Tässä väitöskirjassa tutkittiin valkosolujen pintamolekyylejä kriittisesti sairailla sepsistä sairastavilla potilailla, niillä tehohoitopotilailla, joilla ei ollut sepsistä, ja terveillä vapaaehtoisilla virtaussytometriaa käyttäen. Mielenkiinnon kohteina olivat neutrofiilien CD11b ja CD64, monosyyttien CD11b, CD14, CD40, CD64, CD80 ja HLA-DR, sekä lymfosyyttien CD69. Ensimmäiseksi tutkittiin kvantitatiivista virtaussytometriaa menetelmänä. Sen jälkeen pintamolekyylien kinetiikkaa tutkittiin eri potilasryhmillä. Lopuksi määritettiin pintamolekyylien diagnostinen tehokkuus ja sitä verrattiin perinteisempiin sepsiksen diagnostiikassa käytettyihin laboratoriomerkkiaineisiin. Lisäksi selvitettiin usean merkkiaineen mallin diagnostista osuvuutta. Parhaat olosuhteet virtaussytometrialle olivat: +4 &#176;C:n lämpötila näytteenoton ja -käsittelyn aikana, näytteiden ottaminen putkiin, joissa on antikoagulanttina hapan sitraatti-dekstroosi (ACD) ja näytteiden analysointi kuuden tunnin kuluessa näytteenotosta. Monosyyttien CD11b ja CD40, neutrofiilien CD11b ja CD64 sekä CD4+ T-solujen ja NK-solujen CD69 erottivat sepsistä sairastavat tehohoitoverrokeista ja terveistä. Neutrofiilien CD64:llä oli paras erottelukyky. Prokalsitoniini (PCT) oli toiseksi paras merkkiaine. Monosyyttien CD40 ja NK-solujen CD69 voivat parantaa positiivisen veriviljelylöydöksen havaitsemista, kun taas CD11b voi ennustaa varhaista potilaan menehtymistä. Usean merkkiaineen mallissa neutrofiilien CD64 paransi C-reaktiivisen proteiinin (CRP) ja PCT:n tehoa sepsiksen diagnostiikassa. Loppupäätelmänä on, että valkosolujen pintamolekyylien analysointivaiheen eri muuttujilla on vaikutusta virtaussytometriatuloksiin. Valkosolujen pintamolekyylien käyttö voi parantaa sepsiksen diagnostiikkaa teho-osastolla. Neutrofiilien CD64 oli lupaavin merkkiaine. Neutrofiilien CD64:n, CRP:n ja PCT:n yhdistelmä paransi sepsiksen diagnostiikkaa teho-osastolla.