Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O estudo partiu do diálogo entre as políticas públicas de meio ambiente e o referencial teórico crítico da educação e da justiça ambiental. Ancorada na filosofia da práxis, uma categoria central do materialismo-histórico, busca ir além dos aspectos teóricos. A pesquisa tem o objetivo de contribuir para o entendimento e melhoria dos processos complexos e contraditórios de implementação da educação ambiental como condicionante de licença de operação e produção da indústria de petróleo e gás no Brasil. Tais projetos mitigatórios são conduzidos e monitorados pelo órgão ambiental, mas devem ser implementados e executados pelos próprios empreendedores que causam os impactos socioambientais nas localidades. Em contrapartida, projetos de educação ambiental crítica e participativa, desenvolvidos compulsoriamente no licenciamento offshore, estão voltados para os grupos socioambientais impactados. Preconizam o fortalecimento e a integração desses grupos diante do Estado e do próprio empresariado e devem estimular participação em processos decisórios da gestão ambiental local. A tese a ser demonstrada é a de que, neste campo de disputas pelo uso e gestão do território, os PEAs em sua práxis educativa e enquanto política pública no âmbito do licenciamento, constitui-se em um instrumento em potencial na construção de cidadania política. Na busca por investigar a efetividade desses PEAs, implementados na maior bacia petrolífera do país, a bacia de campos, a pesquisa faz primeiramente um estudo documental e posteriormente um estudo empírico com os atores sociais participantes dos projetos. A pesquisa documental revelou que existiam cinco PEAs desenvolvidos entre os anos de 2010 e 2012: o Projeto Pólen e o NEA-BC (Petrobras); o PEA ObservAção (PetroRio, antiga HRT); o PEA FOCO (Statoil) e o QUIPEA (Shell). A pesquisa empírica foi feita nos municípios de São Francisco de Itabapoana, São João da Barra, Armação dos Búzios e Cabo frio, contemplados com 80% dos projetos desenvolvidos na região e percorreu 17 localidades dos municípios e foram realizadas 52 entrevistas. Esta etapa da pesquisa traz as motivações acerca dos projetos, opiniões sobre o processo formativo, as transformações práticas vividas pelos atores a partir das vivências nos projetos e aspectos da participação desses atores sociais dentro e fora dos PEAs. 70% dos entrevistados trazem as crenças nos projetos devido às: propostas, objetivos e metodologias (discussões participativas, encontros de comunidades) e à equipe de executores (com os quais os atores têm uma relação de afeto e admiração); 28% abarcam as descrenças: lentidão e subjetividade dos resultados; o não entendimento acerca da origem dos projetos (mitigatórios, compesatórios, etc); conflito nas relações entre os quilombolas e os empresários; gastos com os projetos e não com a comunidade. Outras categorias surgem: remuneração/contratação; Obtenção de uma sede para o projeto; a excelência no processo formativo (onde alguns métodos devem ser repensados); a interação e a articulação entre os projetos. O estudo também revelou que os participantes passaram a participar de instâncias da gestão pública de seus territórios. As questões são apontadas para que esses projetos possam ser aperfeiçoados, mesmo diante de todas as contradições, tensões e conflitos que isso impõe em uma sociedade desigual, reduzindo a natureza, a mercadoria e a relações precificadas. / This study originated from the dialogue between public environmental policies and the critical theoretical education and environmental justice references. Anchored on the praxis philosophy, a central category of historical materialism, aimed to go beyond the theoretical aspects. The research also aimed to contribute to the understanding and improvement of the complex and contradictory processes regarding the implementation of environmental educational programs, which are one of the demands to obtain the environmental license required for oil and gas exploitation in Brazil. Mitigating projects such as the one cited above, are conducted and monitored by the environmental agency, and must be implemented and executed by the companies whose activies cause social and environmental impacts on identified social groups. On the other hand, the participatory environmental education projects, compulsorily developed for licensing offshore focused on the impacted social groups. They stimulate, as one goal, the strengthening and integration of these groups on the State and the business itself and should encourage participation in decision-making on the local environmental management level. The thesis to be demonstrated is that on this field of contest for the territory usage and its management, the PEAs in their educational praxis and as a public policy in the licensing scope, can be stated as a potential tool for the citizenship policy construction. With the purpose of investigating the effectiveness of PEAs, implemented in the largest oil basin of the country, the Campos basin, the first step of the present investigation was an extensive survey on documents and the second step was an empirical approach with selected social actors participating in the the projects. The documents survey revealed that there were five PEAs developed between 2010 and 2012 in Campos basin: the Pollen Project and the NEA-BC (Petrobras); PEA OBA (PetroRio); PEA FOCO (Statoil) and the QUIPEA (Shell). The empirical research has been done in the municipalities of San Francisco de Itabapoana, São João da Barra, Buzios and Cabo Frio, awarded 80% of the projects developed in the region. The field research included 17 locations in the municipalities were 52 interviews were conducted. 70% of respondents cited they believed in the projects due to the proposal itself, the objectives and the methodologies, including participatory discussions, community meetings and the team of performers, with which, the actors demonstrated a relationship of affection and admiration. About 28% approached the disbelief due to slow and subjectivity of results; lack of understanding about the nature of the projects (mitigation, compensation nature, etc); conflicts in relations between social actors (Maroons) and entrepreneurs; spending resources on the projects and not on the communitys needs. Other categories were rised: remuneration / contracting; headquarters needed for the project; excellence in the informative/training process; the interaction and coordination between the projects. The study also confirmed that participants increased their participation within the public administration bodies on their territories. The issues are highlighted as a contribution for the improvement of these projects improvement, regardless all the contradictions, tensions and conflicts imposed by an unequal society, reducing the goods and the nature priced relationships.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A ocupaÃÃo do litoral de Fortaleza, ao longo das duas Ãltimas dÃcadas, apresentou como principal vetor o turismo. Como conseqÃÃncia houve acelerada ocupaÃÃo dessas Ãreas, com a edificaÃÃo de empreendimentos, alÃm da realizaÃÃo de obras com o objetivo de melhor adequar o litoral para as demandas do setor turÃstico, como exemplo o aterro hidrÃulico da praia de Iracema, causando impactos negativos no ecossistema costeiro, como a interferÃncia na dinÃmica das marÃs e a descaracterizaÃÃo da paisagem costeira. Pelo tÃtulo âO licenciamento ambiental e as intervenÃÃes do Poder PÃblico na zona costeira de Fortaleza-CE: consideraÃÃes sobre o aterro hidrÃulico da praia de Iracemaâ, a presente pesquisa tem como finalidade demonstrar a importÃncia do instrumento de licenciamento ambiental para realizaÃÃo de obras pÃblicas, alÃm das privadas, e, conseqÃentemente, a obtenÃÃo de um melhor uso e ocupaÃÃo da orla marÃtima de Fortaleza. A ausÃncia de uma adequada ordenaÃÃo do uso e ocupaÃÃo do solo urbano-litorÃneo tende a maximizar o problema da utilizaÃÃo exacerbada â e, conseqÃentemente, danos - dos recursos ambientais. Por essa razÃo, orientando-se pelo ideal da sustentabilidade nas zonas costeiras das cidades, Ã fundamental que o Poder PÃblico zele pelas normas vigentes e faÃa uso de instrumentos preventivos, como a realizaÃÃo de estudos prÃvios de impactos ambientais e o licenciamento ambiental, onde todos estejam efetivamente integrados e voltados para a manutenÃÃo da qualidade de vida. / The occupation of the costal area in Fortaleza along the last two decades has had touristic trade as the main segment. As a consequence there has been the fast occupation of this area by enterprise buildings besides other construction work aiming to make the coastal area more suitable for the demands of the touristic trade. As an example we mention the praia de Iracema hydraulic embankment (aterro hidrÃulico) that has caused negative impact on the coastal ecosystem such as interference on the dynamic of the tides as well as damage on the characteristics of the coastal landscape. According to the title âEnvironmental licensing and interventions of the Public Power on the coastal area of Fortaleza â CearÃ: considerations on the praia de Iracema hydraulic embankmentâ this research work aims to show the importance of environmental licensing as a means to control the accomplishment of public as well as private construction work and consequently the better occupation of the coastal area along Fortaleza. The lack of an adequate ordering in the use and occupation of the coastal urban area along Fortaleza tends to maximize the problem of its exaggerated use thus causing damage to the environmental resources. It is crucial the development of preventive public policies aiming a better ordering and planning of the use of the coastal urban space allowing the preservation of natural resources and giving more guarantee to the sustainability of the economical activities, mainly tourism. For all these reasons and having in mind the ideal of sustainability of the coastal areas of the cities it is fundamental that the Public Power take good care of the established law and make use of preventive instruments such as the previous study of environmental impactand environmental licensing where all parts be effectively integrated and aiming the maintenance of good living conditions.

A Bacia hidrográfica do Rio Formoso, Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul, sofreu um acelerado processo de alteração nas suas margens, decorrente da expansão das práticas turísticas, iniciadas a partir de 1990, quando os donos de terras do seu entorno começaram a desmembrar suas propriedades em pequenos módulos a serem vendidos aos interessados em desenvolver atividades turísticas. Estudar as implicações dessas atividades junto aos novos empreendimentos localizados na faixa contínua do Rio Formoso, no período de 1996 a 2008, e levantar dados referentes ao Licenciamento Ambiental e às ações desenvolvidas pelo empresariado e pelas instituições públicas são os objetivos desta tese. As informações obtidas poderão vir a ser relevantes subsídios para o poder público, para a orientação e fiscalização do desenvolvimento turístico sustentável da região, sendo também fundamentais para a tomada de decisão por parte dos empreendedores que investem neste segmento. A pesquisa é exploratória, qualitativa e descritiva, baseando-se na análise de dados secundários - bibliográficos, legislação ambiental e cartográficos- e primários, obtidos por meio de questionários e entrevistas, como técnicas de investigação. A partir das observações feitas nas propriedades pesquisadas, verificou-se que o município de Bonito, principalmente às margens do Rio Formoso, a partir 1990, sofreu intervenções em áreas de APP (Áreas de Preservação Permanente), para implementação da atividade turística, sem licença ambiental, em desacordo com a legislação. Os órgãos competentes tomaram providências para equacionar o problema, incentivando o licenciamento ambiental, obtendo adesão dos proprietários de empreendimentos de turismo. Os moldes de gestão turística e ambiental observados em Bonito indicam a presença orquestrada dos poderes público e privado que estimulam a diversificação da economia local, trazendo, sim, benefícios socioambientais. Também ficou bem claro que a sociedade local pode ter uma nova relação com a natureza por meio da atividade turística, procurando passar por um processo de apropriação do espaço menos predador, mais conservacionista e inclusivo. / The Formoso River watershed in Bonito, Mato Grosso do Sul State, has gone through an accelerated changing process over its banks, due to expansion of tourism practices. This process has happened since 1990, when the landowners around divided their properties into smaller farms to be sold for those who wanted to set up activities related to tourism. The objectives of this thesis was to study the implications of tourism activities in connection to new developments situated along the Formoso River over the period from 1996 to 2008, and to present data related to environmental licensing process of enterprises and public institutions. The information obtained can be an important support for the public segment, to the orientation and supervision of the sustainable development of tourism in the region, besides being a determinant factor for the decision-making of enterprises. This exploratory, qualitative and descriptive research is based on analysis of secondary data - bibliographical, environmental law and cartographic data- and primary data obtained from questionnaires and interviews. Through observations of surveyed properties, it was verified, in Bonito and along Formoso River, the intervention in permanent preservation areas for implementation of tourism activities, with no environmental permit, at odd with current legislation Bodies in charge of this problem have taken steps to solve it by encouraging owners to legalize their areas of service. The features of tourism and environmental management in Bonito show a good relation between public and private sectors that motivates the diversification of the local economy, thereby bringing social and environmental benefits. It also came out very clearly that local society can get a new good relation with nature through tourism practices, seeking a less destructive land appropriation, with a more conservationist and inclusive approach.

No Brasil, os EIAS/RIMAS são o principal instrumento para a análise de viabilidade ambiental dos empreendimentos potencialmente causadores de significativo impacto ambiental, sendo também peça indispensável ao processo licenciamento ambiental. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo central a abordagem geomorfológica adotada em EIAs de usina hidrelétricas no período entre 1993 a 2014. Foram analisados 13 registros de EIAs elaborados para usinas hidrelétricas cujo licenciamento ocorre em nível federal, analisando informações como escala de abordagem, escola teórica, procedimento metodológico, etc. Todos estes dados foram analisados quali e quantitativamente, sendo que os resultados apresentados permitem verificar o aprimoramento técnico contínuo na abordagem geomorfológica nestes estudos ambientais. Os resultados da pesquisa também proporcionaram a elaboração de recomendações visando à elaboração de futuros estudos de impactos ambientais. / In Brazil, the Environmental Impact Statements (EISs) are the main instrument for environmental feasibility analysis of enterprises, which can cause significant environmental impact, and is also indispensable part of environmental licensing process. This research is based on the geomorphological approach adopted in EIAs (Estudos de Impacto Ambiental, or Environmental Impact Studies, in free translation) applied for hydroelectric power plants, in the period of 1993-2014. We have analyzed 13 EIAs designed to hydroelectric power plant which licensing occurs at the federal level, analyzing information such as scale approach , theoretical school, content, assignment of technical staff , etc. All these data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, and the results allow verify the continuous technical improvement in the geomorphological approach of these environmental studies. The results have also provided the elaboration of recommendations for the development of future environmental impacts studies.

Primary care physician (PCP) shortages have been a barrier to accessing care for millions of Americans, particularly those living in areas facing the worst shortages - primary care health professional shortage areas (HPSAs). Increased use of nurse practitioners (NPs) has been proposed as a solution to the shortages as NPs can effectively substitute for PCPs. However, this proposal has been hampered by regulatory restrictions on NP scope-of-practice (SOP) that exist in many states. While some states permit NPs to practice and prescribe medications independent of physicians (NP independence), others require extensive physician supervision that limit NPs ability to provide care and substitute for PCPs. Despite the limitations that restrictive regulations pose to improving access to primary care, research evidence of their effect on access in primary care HPSAs is limited. This dissertation fills this gap in the literature. Using individual-level data from the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys (1996-2015) and a difference-in-differences approach, I exploit variation in NP independence across states and over time to evaluate the impact of NP independence on access to primary care in HPSAs Further, I examined for heterogeneity in the effect of NP independence between HPSAs and non-HPSAs as well as effect heterogeneity in HPSAs based on individual (age, insurance status, and insurance type) and health system characteristics (availability of primary care facilities and NP Medicaid reimbursement rate) I find that NP independence led to a 5% increase in the number of individuals with a primary care provider and a 2% increase in the use of non-physicians (relative to physicians) as the primary care provider in HPSAs. However, non-HPSAs experienced no significant changes in access to care. Further, I find evidence of heterogeneity in the effect of NP independence in HPSAs for all three individual characteristics but find no significant effect heterogeneity for any of the health system characteristics. Non-elderly individuals experienced greater improvements in access following NP independence compared to their elderly counterparts, and while both insured and uninsured individuals experienced improvements in access to care, uninsured individuals benefitted more from NP independence. Further, I find evidence of greater improvements in access to care among Medicaid beneficiaries relative to their privately insured and Medicare counterparts. These findings imply that removing regulatory restrictions on NP SOP could be an effective policy strategy for mitigating the effects of PCP shortages and improving access to care in HPSAs. Further, they demonstrate that NP independence could be a viable tool for addressing access to care issues in two traditionally underserved populations – the uninsured and Medicaid beneficiaries. Beyond addressing access issues, NP independence could also mitigate rising health care costs. The finding of increased use of lower-cost non-physicians rather than their more costly physician counterparts after NP independence indicates that this policy change could also bring about cost savings for society.

In the United States, 397,000 children received foster care services in 2012. Some states successfully achieved permanent homes for children with diagnosed disabilities who exited care while others were less successful. Using change theory and social ecological theory as the foundations, the purpose of this study was to determine the impact that diagnosed disabilities had on permanent home placements among Pennsylvania's foster care children who were discharged and were between ages of 0 to 6 years in 2012. Hernandez's and Hodges's theory of change was used to evaluate the 1982 standards that license foster care agencies, while Stokol's ecological theory provided the framework to assess whether there were measurable increases in child welfare outcomes for permanent placements among children with diagnosed disabilities. Following a retrospective, nonexperimental, quantitative design, data were acquired from a purposive sample of 344 archived foster care files across the state. These data were analyzed using bivariate correlation procedures to evaluate the strength of the relationship between medically diagnosed conditions and permanent placement. The findings indicated a statistically significant association between medically diagnosed conditions and permanent placements (p=0.01). Additionally, length of stay in care was also found to be statistically associated with permanent placement (p=0.019). The theoretical constructs evaluation with a theory of change found the 1982 standards were outdated to authorize the licensing of foster care agencies; the social ecological theory identified evidence for change to achieve the intended goal. Findings of this study may provide guidance to policymakers in term of improving standards related to oversight and licensing foster care agencies in order to better support permanent placement of children with disabilities.

<p>For many years pharmaceutical patents and their impact on prices have been at the centre of the international debate over insufficient access to lifesaving HIV/AIDS medicines in developing countries. The conflict has largely revolved around the implementation of an intellectual property system in the developing world, subsequent the adaptation of the TRIPS Agreement, which has made a 20 year pharmaceutical patent protection mandatory for these countries and consequently contributed to high drug prices for patented medicines as well as limited the use of generic drugs.</p><p>Developing countries, where patents are already in place, have sought to reduce high drug prices by making use of compulsory licensing, a safeguarding practice allowing the production or importation of a generic medicine without the consent of the patent holder. Compulsory licences are allowed under the TRIPS Agreement, but disagreements about the conditions, under which compulsory licences are available for ‘essential medicines’, have restricted their use. A definition of the extent to which compulsory licensees can export generic drugs to developing countries unable to manufacture their own has been missing, but on 30 August 2003 the WTO announced that it had resolved this problem by lifting the TRIPS Agreement’s restrictions on exports and permitting exports of drugs produced under a compulsory license as an exception to a patent right. The main question is whether the compulsory licensing system as prescribed in the recent Decision is an ample means of improving access to patented AIDS medicines in the developing world.</p><p>By means of legal and economic reasoning this master thesis argues that the 30 August Decision on lifting TRIPS’ restrictions on exports of patented pharmaceuticals produced under compulsory licences provides complex and uncertain rules, rendering an unreliable employment of compulsory licensing. It is desirable that further recommendations are given on which generic producing companies should be awarded compulsory licences and also on which premises. In reality, the debate about compulsory licensing is part of a much wider structural problem in development policy. The solution to the inaccessibility problem requires a mix of courses of action with a functioning compulsory licensing system included. However, disagreements such as how necessary funding should be divided equitably between developed countries could protract the reaching of a pragmatic solution.</p>

<p>Förhållandet när en elitishockeyspelare kontrakteras av en svensk ishockeyklubb regleras av tre olika avtal. I uppsatsen görs en inledande utredning och granskning av dessa avtal som är skräddarsydda för att användas som grund för att besvara de två nedan angivna frågeställningarna.</p><p>Avtalen granskas först utifrån ett arbetsrättsligt perspektiv där vi undersöker ishockeyspelarens rättsliga ställning och fastställer om spelaren kontrakteras av sin klubb i egenskap av arbetstagare eller om han är att anse som självständig uppdragstagare samt undersöker vilka konsekvenser detta får i form av tillämpligheten av svensk arbetsrättslagstiftning. Avtalen undersöks sedan ur ett avtalsrättsligt perspektiv med fokus riktat på hur långt de grundläggande principerna om avtalsfrihet och avtalsbundenhet kan sträcka sig samt vilken inbördes ställning och förhandlingsposition avtalsparterna har vid avtalsskrivandet. Vi undersöker vidare hur ett ingånget avtal kan fullgöras samt på vilket sätt avtal kan begränsas i syfte att skydda en avtalspart i underlägsen ställning från att drabbas av oskäliga avtalsvillkor. Rättsläget är utifrån denna problemställning oklart vad gäller spelaravtal inom svensk elitishockey.</p><p>Inom ramen för de två frågeställningar som vi vill besvara gäller den första frågeställningen vid den situationen att en svensk ishockeyspelare som står i ett avtalsförhållande med en svensk ishockeyklubb väljer att lämna klubben för spel i NHL. Enligt nuvarande regler inom professionell ishockey bryts det befintliga spelaravtalet med den svenska klubben. Vi har uppmärksammat att intresse finns inom svensk ishockey för en avtalskonstruktion som innebär att ett spelaravtal som brutits av ovanstående orsak skall kunna återupptas vid den tidpunkt ishockeyspelaren avslutar sitt spelaravtal med sin NHL - klubb och återvänder för spel i Sverige. Vi undersöker möjligheterna till detta mot bakgrund av vår inledande utredning och kommer fram till att en sådan avtalskonstruktion är möjlig att skapa genom en klausul i spelaravtalet, som innebär att ett brutet spelaravtal kan återupptas.</p><p>Den andra frågeställningen gäller den klausul som förekommer i svenska ishockeyspelaravtal enligt vilken ishockeyspelare avtalar bort sin reklamrätt till klubben. Ordalydelsen av klausulen som behandlar spelarens reklamrätt i spelaravtalet är enligt vår mening, i förhållande till de betydande ekonomiska värden den kan komma att innebära både för spelaren och klubben, inte tillräckligt specifik. Skulle en konfliktsituation uppstå riskeras klausulen lämnas fri för tolkning. Uppsatsen klarlägger i vilken omfattning spelaren överlåter sin reklamrätt till klubben med hänsyn främst tagen till svensk immaterialrättslig lagstiftning och även med hänsyn till vår inledande utredning. Vi visar på de ekonomiska konsekvenser detta har för spelaren och klubben och vilka intresseavvägningar som kan komma ifråga vid formulerandet av en mer omfattande och specifik klausul.</p><p>Efter en kompletterande diskussion med sakkunniga företrädare för spelare respektive klubb angående dessa två frågeställningar, kommer vi fram till förslag på hur de två klausulerna skulle kunna formuleras i ett spelaravtal.</p>

Förhållandet när en elitishockeyspelare kontrakteras av en svensk ishockeyklubb regleras av tre olika avtal. I uppsatsen görs en inledande utredning och granskning av dessa avtal som är skräddarsydda för att användas som grund för att besvara de två nedan angivna frågeställningarna. Avtalen granskas först utifrån ett arbetsrättsligt perspektiv där vi undersöker ishockeyspelarens rättsliga ställning och fastställer om spelaren kontrakteras av sin klubb i egenskap av arbetstagare eller om han är att anse som självständig uppdragstagare samt undersöker vilka konsekvenser detta får i form av tillämpligheten av svensk arbetsrättslagstiftning. Avtalen undersöks sedan ur ett avtalsrättsligt perspektiv med fokus riktat på hur långt de grundläggande principerna om avtalsfrihet och avtalsbundenhet kan sträcka sig samt vilken inbördes ställning och förhandlingsposition avtalsparterna har vid avtalsskrivandet. Vi undersöker vidare hur ett ingånget avtal kan fullgöras samt på vilket sätt avtal kan begränsas i syfte att skydda en avtalspart i underlägsen ställning från att drabbas av oskäliga avtalsvillkor. Rättsläget är utifrån denna problemställning oklart vad gäller spelaravtal inom svensk elitishockey. Inom ramen för de två frågeställningar som vi vill besvara gäller den första frågeställningen vid den situationen att en svensk ishockeyspelare som står i ett avtalsförhållande med en svensk ishockeyklubb väljer att lämna klubben för spel i NHL. Enligt nuvarande regler inom professionell ishockey bryts det befintliga spelaravtalet med den svenska klubben. Vi har uppmärksammat att intresse finns inom svensk ishockey för en avtalskonstruktion som innebär att ett spelaravtal som brutits av ovanstående orsak skall kunna återupptas vid den tidpunkt ishockeyspelaren avslutar sitt spelaravtal med sin NHL - klubb och återvänder för spel i Sverige. Vi undersöker möjligheterna till detta mot bakgrund av vår inledande utredning och kommer fram till att en sådan avtalskonstruktion är möjlig att skapa genom en klausul i spelaravtalet, som innebär att ett brutet spelaravtal kan återupptas. Den andra frågeställningen gäller den klausul som förekommer i svenska ishockeyspelaravtal enligt vilken ishockeyspelare avtalar bort sin reklamrätt till klubben. Ordalydelsen av klausulen som behandlar spelarens reklamrätt i spelaravtalet är enligt vår mening, i förhållande till de betydande ekonomiska värden den kan komma att innebära både för spelaren och klubben, inte tillräckligt specifik. Skulle en konfliktsituation uppstå riskeras klausulen lämnas fri för tolkning. Uppsatsen klarlägger i vilken omfattning spelaren överlåter sin reklamrätt till klubben med hänsyn främst tagen till svensk immaterialrättslig lagstiftning och även med hänsyn till vår inledande utredning. Vi visar på de ekonomiska konsekvenser detta har för spelaren och klubben och vilka intresseavvägningar som kan komma ifråga vid formulerandet av en mer omfattande och specifik klausul. Efter en kompletterande diskussion med sakkunniga företrädare för spelare respektive klubb angående dessa två frågeställningar, kommer vi fram till förslag på hur de två klausulerna skulle kunna formuleras i ett spelaravtal.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate consumer’s attitude towards licensed products in relation to the parent brand, with respect to perceived quality, likelihood to buy and associations’ transferability. Background: Brand licensing has become one of an increasingly popular ways of stretching a brand into new product categories to reach more consumers in new markets. Despite the fact that brand licensing is less risky than building a brand from scratch, the odds that licensed products will fail are still high. That is why, it is interesting to investigate consumers’ attitudes towards brand licensing in fast moving consumer goods sector and see how perceived quality, likelihood to buy and transferability of parent brand associations will impact the licensing strategy. Method: The authors will use quantitative approach; data will be gathered using self-administered questionnaires. Furthermore, the data will be analysed using SPSS, namely by employing Spearman’s correlation. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that perceived quality, likelihood to buy and associations of the parent brand have a positive impact on the licensed products only if there is a high degree of perceived fit between the two product categories. Consumers welcome new licensed product that is in the related product category, however, the consumers appear to be sceptical to the product that is outside of the core market of the parent brand.