O estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil, tem sido uma importante área de estudo de sambaquis desde o século XIX. A visível concentração de sítios com características bastante semelhantes e ativos por centenas de anos tem levado a alguns pesquisadores a sugerir que os sambaquieiros conformariam um sistema social complexo e duradouro, apresentando uma estabilidade econômica, social e política ao longo de sua permanência no litoral. Esta continuidade de mais de 5 milênios sofreu transformações a partir de aproximadamente 2000 anos AP, quando surgem evidências de grupos humanos provavelmente provenientes de regiões interioranas, sendo elas o aparecimento de camadas predominantemente icitilógicas nos estratos mais recentes de alguns sambaquis e a presença de cerâmicas das tradições Itararé/Taquara. A proposta deste projeto foi testar a hipótese de que a continuidade e a estabilidade das ocupações sambaquieiras no litoral sul de Santa Catarina estão refletidas também na estabilidade do perfil do estresse durante todo o período de ocupação dos sítios, desde os sambaquis mais antigos até os sambaquis tardios. Para testar essa hipótese foram selecionadas séries esqueléticas oriundas de dois sambaquis com uma longa duração de ocupação, Cabeçuda e Jabuticabeira II, e o acampamento conchífero Içara. Estas séries foram analisadas segundo a ocorrência de marcadores de estresse fisiológico sistêmicos potencialmente capazes de informar sobre eventos estressores ocorridos durante a infância, entre eles, a anemia. Os dados apontam para mudanças nos padrões de ocorrência de estresse fisiológico nas séries esqueléticas de Cabeçuda e Jabuticabeira II, sinalizando certa variabilidade biocultural entre eles, tanto diacrônica quanto sincrônica, mesmo se em sua essência estrutural tais grupos são semelhantes. No caso de Içara, os dados sugerem que os indivíduos lá sepultados poderiam ter uma relação mais próxima com o litoral do que apenas a prática de acampamentos temporários por alguns meses do ano, conforme postula a literatura. / The state of Santa Catarina, Brazil, has been an important area for the study of sambaquis since the 19th century. The visible concentration of sites with very similar and active characteristics for hundreds of years has led some researchers to suggest that the sambaquieiros did conform a complex and long-lasting social system, presenting an economic, social and political stability throughout their settlement at the coast. This continuity of more than 5 millennia underwent transformations from approximately 2000 years BP, when evidences of human groups appear most likely from the inland regions, such as the appearance of predominantly ichthyological layers in more recent strata of some sambaquis and presence of ceramics associated to the Itararé / Taquara culture. The aim of this project was to test the hypothesis of continuity and stability of sambaquieiro occupations in the southern coast of Santa Catarina. Included in this study is the analysis whether this stability also reflects in the stress profile during the entire period of occupation of the sites, from the older sambaquis to the late sambaquis. To analyze this assumption we selected humans skeletal remains from two sambaquis sites with a long duration of occupation, Cabeçuda and Jabuticabeira II, and the Içara conchiferous camp. These series were analyzed according to the occurrence of systemic physiological stress markers potentially capable of reporting on stressful events during childhood, including anemia. The data suggests a pattern change in the occurrence of physiological stress markers in the skeletal series of Cabeçuda and Jabuticabeira II, signaling a certain biocultural difference between them, both diachronic and synchronic, even though their group structure is similar. In the case of Içara, the data indicates that the individual burials at the coast could have been of cultural origin rather than an advantageous temporary settlement for some months of the year, as the literature postulates.

Bakgrund: Hjärtinfarkt drabbar människor över hela världen och kan leda till döden. Efter hjärtinfarkten påbörjar individerna sin återhämtningsperiod. Då ska individerna påbörja sina livsstilsförändringar samtidigt som de måste hantera den krissituation de plötsligt hamnat i. Syfte: Att beskriva individers upplevelser av det dagliga livet efter en hjärtinfarkt. Metod: En litteraturbaserad studie med tolv kvalitativa artiklar. Resultat: Individernas vardag förändrades drastiskt efter hjärtinfarkten och alla hinder var inte lika lätta att överkomma. Ur analysen framträdde tre teman; Ny verklighet att förhålla sig till, En andra chans samt Hjälp till återhämtning, med åtta underteman. Slutsats: Hjärtinfarkt är en sjukdom som drabbar hela individen. Individerna behöver arbeta med både fysiska och psykiska aspekter av sitt välmående under återhämtningsperioden. Sjuksköterskan är ett stöd under sjukhustiden som hjälper patienten att återgå till hemmet och sitt vardagliga liv. Dock måste sjukvården ta sitt ansvar på större allvar när det kommer till informationsbehovet hos de individer som drabbats av hjärtinfarkt. / Background: Myocardial infarction affects people all over the world and can result in death. After the myocardial infarction the individuals initiate their recovery. The individuals have to cope with lifestyle changes and at the same time dealing with the crisis that they are in. Aim: To describe individual's experiences of the daily life after a myocardial infarction. Method: A literature based study including twelve qualitative articles. Results: The individuals daily life drasticly changed after the myocardial infarction and all obstacles were not as easy to overcome.Three themes emerged from the analysis; New reality to relate to, A second chance and Help to rocery, with eight subthemes. Conclusion: Myocardial infarction is a disease that affects the whole individual. The individuals need to work with physical as well as psychic aspects of their well-being during the recovery. The nurse is a support during the hospital stay that helps the patient return to the home and their daily life. However the health care needs to take responsibility for the need of information that the individuals require more seriously.

The purpose of this study was to determine if there was a significant difference in weight loss, body fat, waist circumference, or diet quality among participants taking calcium or placebo supplements in a lifestyle intervention program. Three participants ages 52-55 completed the 14 week program. Two participants took 1,000 milligrams calcium while one participant took a placebo. Changes in diet were analyzed by Nutribase IV and self perception. Anthropometrics were analyzed by analysis of variance, alpha level 0.05. There was significant decrease in weight and waist circumference for the calcium group and decrease in bioelectrical impedance for the placebo group; however, due to small sampling size, results are inconclusive. There was no significant difference between groups in skinfold, diet, or quality of life.

Background Over the long term, unhealthy lifestyles can lead to many health problems, especially type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the present study was to determine associations between lifestyle factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and diet) and T2D in American adults (aged ≥20 years) in a nationally representative sample. Methods Data for 12 987 American adults participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005–2014 were evaluated. Weighted multiple logistic regression models were used to examine associations between the four lifestyle factors and T2D after adjusting for demographics and socioeconomic status (SES). Prevalence trends for T2D were examined using Cochran–Armitage tests. Results There was a significant increasing prevalence trend for T2D among American adults. Smokers and individuals consuming >12 alcoholic drinks in the past year were less likely to report having T2D than non-smokers (odds ratio [OR] 0.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.35–0.48) and those consuming Conclusion All four lifestyle factors were significantly associated with T2D among American adults. The findings of the present study provide useful information for healthcare providers that may help them promote specific lifestyle modifications.

abstract: 随着中国经济过去30多年的高速发展，出现了一大批的高收入人群，他们更注重生活的品质，如追求自然、简约、低调的休闲生活方式，更看重健康生活、自身的身心修养，和提高自身修养的内涵式生活，以及注重子女的内涵气质教育。 同时，具有很强烈地获得心理认同的需求，参加各种以消费和交往为媒介和主体活动的社群或“社交圈子”，在心理和情感上自我获得与其在财富、生活方式以及生活品位等诸方面都类似的群体间的身份认同感和归属感；更看着与其社会阶层相匹配的身份地位、社交人脉、兴趣爱好等。 因此，从运营的角度来看，如何增加上述这些高净值人群对高净值社群的归属感，进而提高其对高净值社群的忠诚度，是高净值社群进一步可持续经营和发展的基石。本研究以上海嘉庭俱乐部为例，在对问卷调查的基础上，通过实证研究，探讨影响高净值社群归属感与忠诚度的关键因素，高净值社群中会员的归属感与忠诚度的关系，会员生活型态的差异使得归属感与忠诚度的影响关系呈现显著的不同。 实证研究表明，“时尚流行”会员较为理性，其更注重休闲风尚；而“优雅休闲与享受尊荣”的会员则偏感性，其相当注重心灵感受与宁静舒适的感觉，强调全家共享以及纯封闭式的会员享受，能够更多地认识到与个人品味和品位相同的人，如对生活品质的追求、价值观、子女教育等；内心更开放、所接受教育程度更高的家庭，在嘉庭会感受到的归属感意识更高、其忠诚度也更高。 / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2019

Sociala medier kan användas som ett effektivt verktyg för att engagera människor, bygga sociala nätverk och influera människors beslut, dock efterfrågas forskning om hur sociala medier främjar engagemang då det finns en begränsad förståelse om detta. För att öka förståelsen kring detta utfördes en undersökning om hur medlemmar engagerar sig i grupper på sociala medieplattformar som syftar till att skapa hållbara livsstilar. Kontexten som användes för att undersöka detta var facebookgrupper där medlemmarna har tillämpat eller är intresserade av att tillämpa en vegansk eller vegetarisk livsstil. Att reducera sin animaliekonsumtion kan vara en hållbar livsstil eftersom hållningen och produktionen av animaliska livsmedel är en av de främsta orsakerna till de allvarligaste miljöproblemen i både lokal och global skala. Studien genomfördes med en kvalitativ forskningsansats där en netnografisk studie utfördes i den valda kontexten. Resultatet från den netnografiska studien analyserades med hjälp av en tematisk analys. Utifrån analysen identifierades olika sätt medlemmar engagerar sig i grupper på sociala medieplattformar med syftet att skapa hållbara livsstilar. / Social media can be used as an effective tool for engaging people, building social networks and influencing people's decisions, however, research is requested regarding how social media promotes engagement as there is a limited understanding of this. In order to increase this understanding, a study was conducted on how members engage in groups on social media platforms with the goal to create sustainable lifestyles. The context in which this was investigated was facebook groups where members have committed to, or interested in a vegan or vegetarian lifestyle. Reducing the consumption of animal products can be a sustainable lifestyle because the consumption and production of animal foods is one of the main causes of the most serious environmental problems on both a local and global scale. The study was conducted with a qualitative research approach in which a netnographic study was performed in the chosen context. The results of the netnographic study were analyzed using a thematic analysis. Based on the analysis, various ways were identified regarding how members engage in groups on social media platforms with the aim of creating sustainable lifestyles.

It is widely accepted that cognitive abilities decline with normal aging. At the same time it is also recognized that there is variability in the magnitude and rate of decline among aging individuals. A similar phenomenon exists for dementia, where individuals with similar neuropathologic burden present with varying degrees of cognitive impairment. Of importance is determining what factors account for this variability, and whether individuals can modify these factors in order to preserve their cognitive abilities with aging or delay the onset of dementia. The purpose of this dissertation was to examine three potentially modifiable lifestyle factors' association with age-related differences/change in cognitive performance and risk for dementia by conducting three separate studies. The first study examined the association between engagement in lifestyle activities and concurrent cognitive speed performance. The second study examined whether there are differential associations between social resource factors and change in cognitive performance. The final study estimated the risk of late-life dementia in Swedish twins as a function of fruit and vegetable consumption in midlife. Taken together, the results of these studies provide evidence that individuals may be able to protect themselves against age-related cognitive decline or dementia by modifying their lifestyle. Specifically, individuals may benefit their cognitive speed performance by engaging in more cognitively demanding activities. Declines in episodic memory performance may be alleviated by being more satisfied with social support, and declines in general cognitive performance and speed and attention in young-old adults may be attenuated by having a larger social network of friends. Finally, the risk of all types of dementia and Alzheimer's disease may be reduced by consuming a moderate amount of fruits and vegetables in the diet, especially for females, those with self-reported angina, and those who consumed alcohol in midlife. These findings contribute to the literature on potential strategies to maintain cognitive health with aging and serve as groundwork for future intervention studies.

Identifying depressive symptoms in community-dwelling elders has been problematic, due to a lack of resources and training for health clinicians. Previous researchers have indicated that older adults who engage in physical activities can prevent, or mitigate depression, but no model has included this variable in conjunction with factors such as lifestyle or sociodemographic characteristics. In this study, a predictive design was used with a regression analysis. The purpose of this quantitative study was to investigate the relationship between depressive symptoms and the different factors identified in the literature as significant contributors to its prevalence among older community-dwelling adults. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, Beck's cognitive model of depression, and the learned helplessness model were used as the theoretical foundations to determine whether lifestyle activities, perceived social support, sociodemographic variables, and comorbidities can predict depressive symptoms. The sample consisted of 156 older adults who were 60 years of age and older and living in Northern Louisiana. Pearson correlation analysis and multiple regression analyses were used to investigate whether (a) daily lifestyle activities, (b) community setting (rural or urban), (c) gender, (d) perceived social support, (e) marital status, and (f) comorbidities can predict depressive symptoms. The 2 primary predictors of depression among older adults were low activity levels and low perceived social support. Positive social implications include improving counselors' and mental health practitioners' knowledge of the ways to lessen the depressive symptoms experienced by the elderly population.

Bakgrund: Diabetes mellitus typ 2 är en sjukdom där antalet individer med sjukdomen ständigt ökar. Allt fler tonåringar drabbas av sjukdomen oftast till följd av övervikt med inslag av hereditet och etnicitet. Orsaker till diabetes typ 2 är förknippat med riskfaktorer i relation till ohälsosamma levnadsvanor.Syfte: Syftet med studien är att beskriva tonåringars upplevelser av diabetes typ 2.Metod: Metoden är en kvalitativ litteraturöversikt med 7 vetenskapliga artiklar.Resultat: I resultatet framgår det att tonåringar med diabetes typ 2 upplever svårigheter med anpassningen till nya vanor efter sjukdomsdebuten. Livsstilsförändringar genomförs i form av ändrade kost- och motionsvanor vilket påverkas av hinder eller möjligheter. Tonåringarna upplever oförståelse från vården och önskar bättre stöd från vårdpersonal. De upplever rädsla och oro över att berätta om sjukdomen för vännerna. Behovet av stöd från både vänner och familj är betydelsefullt. Konklusion: Tonåringar med diabetes typ 2 kämpar med att upprätthålla en god livsstil som krävs för att hålla sjukdomen under kontroll. Rädslan för att vara annorlunda speglar svårigheterna tonåringarna upplever. Tonåringarna behöver stöd och uppmuntran för att upprätthålla hälsosamma vanor samt ett gott välbefinnande. / Background: Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease where the number of individuals with the condition is constantly increasing. Adolescents are affected by the disease as a result of being overweight with featuring elements of heredity and ethnicity. Reasons for diabetes type 2 are associated with risk factors regarding unhealthy living habits.Aim: The purpose is to describe adolescents’ experiences of living with diabetes type 2.Method: The method is a qualitative literature review including 7 scientific articles.Results: Adolescents with diabetes type 2 find it difficult to adapt to new habits after the onset of illness. Lifestyle changes are implemented in the form of changed diet- and exercise habits, which are affected by various obstacles or opportunities. The adolescents experience a lack of understanding from health care professionals and wish for more support. Adolescents experience fear and concern about telling their friends about the illness. The need for support from both friends and family is significant.Conclusion: Adolescents with diabetes type 2 struggle to maintain a healthy lifestyle that is required to keep the illness under control. The fear of being different reflects the difficulties the adolescents’ experience. Adolescents need support and encouragement to maintain healthy habits as well as their well-being.

The thesis focuses on the issue of informing young women about lifestyle changes during pregnancy. The main goal is to find out how informed young women are about lifestyle changes during pregnancy. The presented work consists of two parts - theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part, there are described the possibilities of finding pregnancy and the overall development of the mother and child throughout the pregnancy. It builds on the care of a pregnant woman, where the importance of a counseling center for pregnant women, all the examinations a pregnant woman is expecting and details of a pregnancy card and its importance are discussed. Following is a section about appropriate nutrition and sports for a pregnant woman and about risk factors in pregnancy. The final part of the theoretical part of the thesis deals with the financial situation during pregnancy and after childbirth and the change in the psyche of a woman during pregnancy. All theoretical knowledge is based on available literary sources. The practical part of the thesis, there is described the preparation, implementation and results of interviews. The practical part investigates how informed young women are about lifestyle changes during pregnancy. The first part consists of interviews with young mothers who became pregnant...