<p>Övervikt och fetma anses vara ett globalt folkhälsoproblem, vars omfattning tycks ha ökat de senaste årtiondena. Förklaringen till det anses ofta vara en västerländsk livsstil bestående av kaloririk kost och bristande fysisk aktivitet. Att lyckas med en livsstilsförändring tycks därmed viktigt, men svårt. Syftet med studien var att identifiera framgångsfaktorer som bidragit till initierande och vidmakthållande av en livsstilsförändring. Enskilda intervjuer, med tre kvinnor och tre män, genomfördes därför med individer som vidmakthållit en livsstilsförändring i minst två år. Studien visade att gemensamma framgångsfaktorer för initiering och vidmakthållande var en vändpunkt som resulterat i motiv och mål, samt omgivande förutsättningar. Specifikt för initieringen var bestämdhet viktigt, medan vidmakthållandet gynnades av strategier och upplevd belöning. Respondenterna hade överlag många gemensamma framgångsfaktorer, och inga tydliga skillnader mellan könen kunde urskiljas.</p>

<p>Syftet med studien var att beskriva fyrtioåringars reflektioner kring hälsosamtalet och eventuella livsstilsförändringar upp till åtta månader efter hälsosamtalet. Studien hade en kvalitativ ansats med beskrivande design. Totalt deltog tio fyrtioåringar. Data samlades in via semistrukturerade intervjuer och materialet analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet redovisas utifrån fyra kategorier: <em>att samtala om sig själv, att leva som förut, att komma till insikt </em>och<em> att genomföra en livsstilsförändring.</em> Resultatet visade att fyrtioåringarna i stort upplevde sitt deltagande i hälsosamtalet som positivt och ansåg att det var ett bra samtal. Deltagarna beskrev att de blev bra bemötta, distriktssköterskans bemötande gav en trygghet under hälsosamtalet. Tryggheten gjorde att deltagarna kände sig fria att samtala om sin hälsa. Flera av deltagarna berättade att de inte lärde sig något nytt under hälsosamtalet men trots detta ansågs hälsosamtalet vara en tankeställare om individens framtida hälsa. Samtalet satte igång tankarna men gav inga större förändringar i livsstil. Resultatet visade att flera av deltagarna inte hade genomfört livsstilsförändringar och några beskrev att det behövs mer uppföljning efter hälsosamtalet för att skapa en livsstilsförändring på lång sikt. Slutsatsen är att fyrtioåringar i stort är positiva till sitt deltagande i hälsosamtal men att det är svårt att genomföra en livsstilsförändring.</p>

<p>The aim of this study was to identify what kind of masculinity is shown in 54 articles of the Swedish lifestyle magazine Magazine Café of 1993 and 2008, and in which way this masculinity may be different from eachother.</p><p>The study included four magazine issues of each year with analysis focus on main articles and abolishment of reviews and press items.  The method was semiotic analysis with focus on manly characteristics and stereotypes. </p><p>The result showed that the normative man pictured in Magazine Café in 1993 was a man’s-man interested in manly characteristic business as sports, outdoor adventures and women. Fifteen years later not much has changed. The manly characteristics are the same but they have been complemented with a man-by-man accepted and homosexually inspired vain.</p>

<p>The purpose of this essay is to examine how young members of Free Churches relate to issues connected with lifestyle and identity, based on the changed conditions for the self in late modernity. More specifically, I want to examine how they deal with the increased degree of detraditionalisation and institutional individualization in late modernity.</p><p>My research-question is:</p><p>How do young members of Free Churches relate to issues connected with lifestyle and identity, with the increased degree of personal freedom and institutional individualization in late modernity as a starting point?</p><p>The empiric part of the essay is carried out by qualitative in-depth interviews with five young members of Free Churches. These semi-structured interviews are focused on a number of different areas of the changed conditions for the self in late modernity.</p><p>My theoretical perspective has been constructed from the theories of Anthony Giddens, Zygmunt Bauman, Ulrich Beck and Elisabeth Beck-Gernsheim. From these theories a focus on certain relevant areas of the condition of the self in late modernity, has developed. These are work, consumption, marriage, love, sexuality, body and health.</p><p>The general way of relating to issues of lifestyle and identity that I could interpret from my interview-respondents’ answers was that they exercised a form of opposition against the dominant way of life in late modernity, in issues that can be connected to detraditionalisation. Examples of such issues are those related to marriage and sexuality. But they relate more according to the dominant late modern way of life, in issues that can be connected to the institutional individualization, such as issues of work, consumption and body.</p>

<p>Bakgrund: Hjärt-kärlsjukdom är en av våra vanligaste folksjukdomar iSverige och majoriteten av dessa kan, med hjälp av vården, förebyggasgenom livsstilförändringar. Trots en medvetenhet hos individen om attdennas vanor är ohälsosamma är förändringarna svåra att genomföra. Syfte:Syftet var att undersöka vilka omständigheter som försvårarlivsstilsförändringar hos personer med, eller med ökad risk att utveckla,hjärt-kärlsjukdom. Metod: Studien gjordes som en allmän litteraturstudieför att sammanställa aktuell forskning inom området. Sökningar gjordes idatabaserna cinahl, PubMed och PsycINFO och resulterade i 10 kvalitativaartiklar. Resultat: De fem huvudkategorierna i studien var: bristandeinformation från vårdpersonal, fysiska och praktiska hinder, upplevda kravfrån omgivningen och deltagarna själva, bristande stöd från vårdpersonaloch närstående, konflikt mellan förnuft och känsla. Hindrande faktorer förlivsstilsförändringar visade sig vara information som inte var anpassad efterindividernas levnadsförhållanden och förutsättningar, att individen kändebristande kontroll över den egna hälsan och sjukdomsutvecklingen samt attprioriteringen för livsstilsförändringar minskade när tiden gick ochsymtomen avklingade. Diskussion: Vid arbetet med livsstilsförändringar ärdet viktigt att vårdpersonal utgår från individen och gör denna delaktig iförändringsarbetet. Genom att erbjuda ett långsiktigt stöd där informationkontinuerligt fylls på, förtydligas och upprepas samt att frågor kan besvaraskan förmågan att genomföra livsstilförändringar öka.</p> / <p>Background: Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common nationaldiseases in Sweden and the majority of cases can be prevented by lifestylechanges. Despite the fact that patients frequently demonstrate a high degreeof awareness with regards to the effect that negative lifestyle habits mayhave on their health it is often difficult to implement the required changes.Purpose: The aim was to investigate the circumstances which makelifestyle changes difficult for individuals with cardiovascular disease andthose at risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Method: The study wasconducted with view to gathering and evaluating literature on researchrelating to the subject. Searches were made in the databases Cinahl, PubMedand PsycINFO and resulted in 10 qualitative articles. Result: The five maincategories in this study were: lack of information from health professionals,physical and practical barriers, perceived demands from their socialenvironment as well as demands participants have on themselves, lack ofsupport from health professionals and conflict between reason and emotions.Hindering factors for lifestyle changes proved to be information that was notadjusted to participants’ living conditions and circumstances, thatindividuals felt lack of control over their own health and diseasedevelopment and lower prioritization of lifestyle changes as time went andthe symptoms faded away. Discussion: When supporting lifestyle changes,it is important that health professionals in their treatment closely involve theindividual and that the individual’s personal needs are taken intoconsideration. The chance of successfully implementing preventive lifestylechanges greatly increases if information is updated, clarified, repeated andany questions arising are answered.</p>

<p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Förändringar i vår livsstil har lett till att diabetes typ 2 har blivit en global epidemi. Att försöka förändra beteendet och motivera patienter med diabetes typ 2 till egenvård är en central del av diabetesvården. <strong>Syfte: </strong>Beskriva olika tillvägagångssätt för sjuksköterskan att motivera patienter med diabetes typ 2 till livsstilsförändringar. <strong>Metod:</strong> En litteraturstudie baserad på 13 artiklar har gjorts. Artiklarna hittades via databaserna CINAHL och PubMed samt via manuell sökning varpå de analyserades och kvalitetsgranskades. <strong>Resultat:</strong> Patienter med diabetes typ 2 kan motiveras till livsstilförändringar genom individuell utbildning, gruppbaserad utbildning samt genom användning av motiverande samtal (MI). Vid individuell utbildning är det viktigt med ett personligt anpassat samtal. MI gjorde att patienterna förändrade sitt beteende men däremot påvisades ingen effekt på HbA1c, det långsiktiga blodsockret. Vid gruppbaserad utbildning höjdes motivationen genom stödet från gruppmedlemmarna vilket resulterade i goda livsstilsval. <strong>Slutsats:</strong> Gruppbaserad utbildning bör användas av sjuksköterskan som motivation för patienter med diabetes typ 2 till livsstilförändringar. Även individuell utbildning kan användas om fokus ligger på personligt anpassat samtal, men däremot behövs mer forskning på MI.</p> / <p><strong>Background: </strong>Changes in our lifestyle have resulted in a global epidemic of the type 2 diabetes. Essential issues for the diabetes care are to try to change the behaviour as well as motivate patients with type 2 diabetes. <strong>Aim: </strong>To describe different approaches for nurses to motivate patients with type 2 diabetes to lifestyle changes. <strong>Method: </strong>A literature review based on 13 articles, found through the database CINAHL and PubMed and through manual search, has been analyzed and quality assessed. <strong>Results: </strong>Patients with type 2 diabetes can be motivated to lifestyle changes through individual education, group education as well as through motivational interviewing (MI). In the individual education it’s important to have a personal adapted conversation. MI resulted in changes in the patients’ behaviour, but no effects have been shown on HbA1c, which is the long-term blood glucose level. Results show that the motivation increased in the group education, due to the support from other group members, and which resulted in good choices of lifestyle. <strong>Conclusion: </strong>Group education should be adopted by nurses as a method to work with motivation of patients with type 2 diabetes in order to lifestyle changes. Individual education can as well be used if the focus lies on personal adapted conversations, but however, more research is needed on the method MI.</p>

<p>Hypertoni relaterat till livsstilsfaktorer är ett ökande problem i Sverige och enligt gällande riktlinjer ska förändringar i livsstilen kopplat till dessa faktorer vara prioriterat i behandlingen av hypertoni. Distriktssköterskans arbete med dessa patienter innefattar att kontrollera blodtrycket och i samband med detta ge råd angående livsstilsförändringar som kan sänka detta. Syftet med studien var att beskriva samtalet med patienten med nyupptäckt essentiell hypertoni såsom det erfars av distriktssköterskan. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och datamaterial samlades in med kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer som genomfördes med sju distriktssköterskor.. Analysen av datamaterialet gjordes med hjälp av manifest och latent innehållsanalys och resulterade i följande tre huvudkategorier: alternera mellan olika funktioner, skapa tillit i patientrelationen och anpassa samtalet till patientens behov. Resultatet visade att distriktssköterskorna i samtalet med patienten med hypertoni strävade efter att skapa en tillitsfull relation och i denna erbjuda livsstilsrelaterad omvårdnad.  Distriktssköterskan alternerade i samtalet mellan olika funktioner såsom att fungera som en katalysator och att framföra budskap. Hon arbetade för att se patientens behov. Ibland uppstod dilemman då distriktssköterskan fick prioritera mellan de ämnen som ansågs viktiga för livsstilsförändringar men som kunde anses kränkande för patienten och därmed riskera att skada relationen. Konklusionen av det framkomna resultatet var att samtalet och därmed omvårdnaden av patienten med hypertoni skiljde sig beroende på vilken distriktssköterska denne kom till.</p> / <p>Hypertension related to lifestyle factors is an increasing problem in Sweden and according to current guidelines should changes in lifestyle associated with these factors be highly prioritized in the treatment of hypertension. District nurse's work with patients with the diagnosis of hypertension includes checking blood pressure and giving advice in lifestyle changes that can reduce the blood pressure. The purpose of this study was to describe the conversation with the patient with newly discovered essential hypertension as it was experienced by the district nurse. The study has a qualitative approach and was conducted with qualitative, semi-structured interviews with seven district nurses. The analysis of the collected data material was done with a content analysis including both the manifest and latent content and resulted in three main categories; alternate between different functions, create confidence in the relationship with the patient and adapt the conversation to the patients needs. The results showed that the district nurses in the conversation with the patient with hypertension were striving to create a trusting relationship and in this relationship provide lifestyle-related healthcare to the patient. In the conversation the district nurse alternated between various functions such as acting as a catalyst and express messages. She tried to ensure the patient's needs. Sometimes dilemmas arose when the district nurse had to prioritise between topics which were important for lifestyle changes, but could be considered as offensive to the patient. Thereby she prevented negative effects that could impact on the relationship. The conclusion of the result was that the conversation and thus the care of patients with hypertension differed depending on which district nurse the patient came to.</p>

<p><p>The concept of emotional branding has not received much attention from the academic community. Emotional branding is a powerful and advantageous instrument. It links brand to the customers, makes customers identify themselves with the brand, adapts brand to customers’ way of life, and makes brand more reliable in customers´ eyes. Simply defined, emotional branding is about fulfilment of peoples’ needs.</p><p>This dissertation explores and analyses factors, which explain the concept emotional branding. After having reviewed the literature in the area of branding and emotions, the authors of the dissertation create an explanatory model. This model consists of four factors: Trust, Personality, Lifestyle, and Relationship. Four propositions are formulated in order to test the model. The suggested theory was tested in a laboratory experiment with a Multi-method qualitative study. The conclusion of the research conducted is that emotional branding, indeed, can be explained by four factors; Trust, Lifestyle, Personality, and Relationship.</p></p>

<p>Länsförsäkringar in Värmland, Sweden, had during the year 2003 a total level of 6.1 percent of people on the sick-list, which was higher than average in the business (4,5%) and for salaried employees in the private sector (3,3%). The average age of those put on sick-list was 47 years, whish is four years higher than the average for the whole LF-group. The cost for the total amount of people being on sick-list at LF-company (6,1%) was estimated to 1 500 kkr, according to a calculation model coming from Försäkringskassan. For every percent the sick level could be reduced, the company would save 239 kkr. To map out the state of health of each and every collaborator in LF, the company offered all employees to make a health profile at the company's health service, Clarahälsan AB. This health control was accomplished during May 2004 to August 2004, and almost every employee participated (99%). The purpose of this study was to find out if the stress and lifestyle handling course at Clarahälsan AB, which was offered those considered in need for it after the health control,could influence the motivation of the participants to change lifestyle in order to prevent long time sick leave. A quantitative method was used to evaluate goals for life style changes after accomplishment of the course by quastionnaire. Three women and six men participated in the study. The result shows that six out of seven (two drop-outs) had been influenced in a positive way towards a chang in lifestyle including exercise, stress management, sleep and work situation. All seven had a postive change considering food habits.</p>

<p>This research is investigated a relationship between life values and attitude towards advertising, which included life value appeals. A survey is used a self administrated questionnaire of a quantitative research method, which is asked about people’s life values based on Kahle scale of eight items and their attitudes about advertising posters are created ourselves. Sample was chosen from students and workers in Umea. University, offices and shopping mall techniques used to collect the data.</p><p> </p><p>Theoretical review has shown that the link between advertising appeals and consumer behavior factors’ life value and lifestyle being addressed before scholars, such as Belch, Polay, and Kahle so on. The review also included influencer factors and types of advertising appeals, and life values and lifestyle activities.</p><p> </p><p>This research’s empirical findings have established the correlation between ranking of eight life values and ranking of eight advertising posters with the values. In addition, the posters are compared by gender and lifestyles activities.  Our findings confirmed two out of three hypotheses. Confirmed first hypothesis is that consumer life value is reflected their choice of advertising posters with the value. Next, choice of the value and the poster is not different by gender. Unconfirmed hypothesis is lifestyle activities relative the choice of the posters.</p><p> </p><p>The research’s results have highlighted practical implications for advertisers and marketers, so that they can understand consumer behavior towards advertising. Especially in today’s world of booming advertisement industry, as such they are able to make more efficient their advertising, not to overdo nor underestimate its effects on customers.</p>