Mid-infrared (IR) lasers (2-12 μm) have found tremendous applications in medical surgeries, spectroscopy, remote sensing, etc. Nowadays, mid-IR emissions are usually generated from semiconductor lasers, gas lasers, and solid-state lasers based on nonlinear wavelength conversion. However, they usually have disadvantages including poor beam quality, low efficiency, and complicated configurations. Mid-IR fiber lasers have the advantages of excellent beam quality, high efficiency, inherent simplicity, compactness, and outstanding heat-dissipating capability, and have attracted significant interest in recent years. In this dissertation, I have studied and investigated Q-switched and mode-locked fiber lasers in the mid-IR wavelength region. My dissertation includes six chapters: In Chapter 1, I review the background of mid-IR lasers and address my motivation on the research of mid-IR fiber lasers; In Chapter 2, I present the experimental results of microsecond and nanosecond Er³⁺-doped and Ho³⁺-doped fiber lasers in the 3 μm wavelength region Q-switched by Fe²⁺:ZnSe and graphene saturable absorbers. In Chapter 3, Q-switched 3 μm laser fiber amplifiers are investigated experimentally and theoretically and their power scaling are discussed. In Chapter 4, a graphene mode-locked Er³⁺-doped fiber lasers at 2.8 μm with a pulse width < 50 ps is presented. In Chapter 5, extending the spectral range of mid-IR fiber lasers by use of nonlinear wavelength conversion is addressed and discussed. I have proposed 10-watt-level 3-5 μm Raman lasers using tellurite fibers as the nonlinear gain medium and pumped by our Er³⁺-doped fiber lasers at 2.8 μm. In the last chapter, the prospect of mid-IR fiber laser is addressed and further research work is discussed.

No description available.

This doctoral thesis deals with design aspects of a reconfigurable frequency synthesizer for flexible radio transceivers in future cognitive multi-radios. The frequency bandwidth to be covered by this multi-radio synthesizer corresponds to the frequency bands of the most diffused wireless communication standards in the frequency band 800 MHz to 6 GHz. Since multi-standard operation is required, the synthesizer must fulfil the most stringent and sometimes conflicting requirements. Given these requirements, a novel approach for multi-mode frequency synthesis has been conceived. A hybrid phase locked loop based frequency synthesizer has been proposed and a novel switching protocol has been presented and validated on an experimental evaluation board. This approach combines fractional-N and integer-N modes of operation with switched loop filter topology. Compared to standard PLL techniques, the hybrid configuration provides a great flexibility in terms of reconfiguration and moreover, it offers relatively low circuit complexity and low power consumption. This architecture provides reconfiguration of the loop bandwidth, frequency resolution, phase noise and settling time performance and hence, it can adapt itself to diverse requirements given by the concerned wireless communication standards. Corresponding analyses, simulations and measurements have been carried out in order to verify the performance and functionality of the proposed solution. A part from the design of the multiband frequency synthesizer, a set of regional measurements of the radio spectrum utilization has been carried out in the framework of this dissertation research. These measurements are based on the energy detection principle and provide a close look at the degree of radio spectrum utilization in different regions, namely in the city of Brno in the Czech Republic and in the city of Paris and one of its suburbs in France. The goal of the experimental measurement campaign has been to estimate the degree of radio spectrum usage in a particular environment and to point out the fact that a new approach for radio spectrum management is inevitable

As the volume of data processed by computers and telecommunication devices rapidly increases, high speed serial link has been challenged to maximize its I/O bandwidth with limited resources of channels and semiconductor devices. This trend requires designers’ relentless effort for innovations. The innovations are required not only at system level but also at sub-system and circuit level. This dissertation discusses two important topics regarding high speed serial links: Clock and Data Recovery (CDR) and Current Mode Logic (CML). This dissertation proposes a mixed-mode adaptive loop gain Bang-Bang CDR. The proposed CDR enhances jitter performances even if jitter spectrum information is limited a priori. By exploiting the inherent hard-nonlinearity of the Bang-Bang Phase Detector (BBPD), the CDR loop gain is adaptively adjusted based on a posteriori jitter spectrum estimation. Maximizing advantages of analog and digital implementations, the proposed mixed-mode technique achieves PVT insensitive and power efficient loop gain adaptation for high speed applications even in limited ft technologies. A modified CML D-latch improves CDR input sensitivity and BBPD performance. A folded-cascode-based Charge Pump (CP) is proposed to minimize CP latency. The effectiveness of the proposed techniques was experimentally demonstrated by various jitter performance tests. This dissertation also presents a process-variation-resilient CML. A typical CML requires over-design to meet the specification over the wide range of process parameter variations. To address this issue, the proposed CML employs a time-reference-based adaptive biasing chain with replica load. It adjusts a variable load resistor to simultaneously regulate time-constant, voltage swing, level-shifting and DC gain. The performance of the high speed building blocks such as Bang-Bang Phase Detectors, frequency dividers and PRBS generators can be more accurately regulated with the proposed CML approach. The prototype is fabricated to experimentally compare the process-variation-induced performance degradation between the conventional and the proposed CML. Compared to the conventional CML, the proposed architecture significantly reduces the performance degradation on divider self-oscillation frequency, PRBS generator speed and PRBS output jitters over the process-variation with only <3% additional power dissipation.

This thesis puts focus on the technological challenges for Wavelength Division Multiplexed Passive Optical Network (WDM-PON) implementation, and presents novel semiconductor optical devices for deployment at the optical network unit (ONU). The first-ever reported L-band Reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) is presented based on InP-base material. A theoretical model is developed to estimate the optical gain and the saturation power of this device compared to a conventional SOA. Experiments on this device design show long-range telecom wavelength operation, with polarization-independent gain of greater than 20 dB, and low saturation output power of 0 dBm suitable for PON applications. Next, the effect of the amplified spontaneous emission noise of RSOA devices on WDM-PON system is investigated. It is shown through theoretical modeling and simulations that the RSOA noise combined with receiver noise statistics increase probability of error, and induce considerable power penalties to the WDM-PON system. By improving the coupling efficiencies, and by distributing more current flow to the input of these devices, steps can be taken to improve device noise characteristics. Further, in spectrally-spliced WDM-PONs deploying RSOAs, the effect of AWG filter shape on system performance is investigated. Simulation modeling and experiments show that deployment of Flat-band AWGs is critical for reducing the probability of error caused by AWG spectral shape filtering. Flat-band athermal AWGs in comparison to Gaussin-shape counterparts satisfy the maximum acceptable error probability requirements, and reduce the power penalty associated with filtering effect. In addition, detuning between two AWG center wavelengths impose further power penalties to the WDM-PON system. In the last section of this thesis, motivated by RSOA device system limitations, a novel injection-locked Fabry-Perot (IL-FP) device is presented which consists of a gain section monolithically integrated with a phase section. The gain section provides locking of one FP mode to a seed source wavelength, while the phase modulator allows for adjusting the wavelength of the internal modes by tuning bias current to maintain mode-locking. This device counters any mode drifts caused by temperature variations, and allows for cooler-less operation over a wide range of currents. The devices and the performance metrics subsequently allow for a hybrid integration platform on a silicon substrate and integrate many functionalities like reflective modulator with thin film dielectric filter and receiver on a single chip for deployment at the user-end of future-proof low cost WDM-PONs.

Thesis (M.App.Sc.) - Carleton University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-95). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.

Στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διπλωματικής εργασίας μελετήθηκαν οι βασικές αρχές λειτουργίας και θορύβου στα Phase Locked Loops. Στη συνέχεια σχεδιάστηκε το σχηματικό και το layout ενός PLL μικτού σήματος στο λογισμικό σχεδίασης ολοκληρωμένων κυκλωμάτων, Cadence IC5141. Το κύκλωμα αυτό λειτουργεί σαν συνθέτης συχνοτήτων στην περιοχή των 5GHz, από μία συχνότητα αναφοράς 50MHz, έχει θόρυβο φάσης περίπου 88dBc στο 1MHz από το φορέα και μέση κατανάλωση λιγότερο από 30mW. / Analysis of basic operation principles and noise performance of Phase Locked Loops. Design of a PLL (schematic and layout) in Cadence IC5141.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-10-17T17:02:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 janisonrodriguesdecarvalho.pdf: 972575 bytes, checksum: 5fe994a5a38fc60a5d01453d58003d1c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-10-25T12:02:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 janisonrodriguesdecarvalho.pdf: 972575 bytes, checksum: 5fe994a5a38fc60a5d01453d58003d1c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-25T12:02:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 janisonrodriguesdecarvalho.pdf: 972575 bytes, checksum: 5fe994a5a38fc60a5d01453d58003d1c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-15 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação apresenta uma abordagem sobre a estimação de parâmetros de harmônicos/inter-harmônicos de sinais elétricos no cenário de freqüência variante. Como resultados, são obtidas duas novas metodologias, adequadas para o processamento de tais sinais. A primeira estrutura é baseada no erro de fase da Transformada Discreta de Fourier (DFT – Discrete Fourier Transform) para sinais com desvio de freqüência. Ela faz uso de filtros digitais para eliminação das oscilações dos resultados da DFT e estimação do desvio da freqüência do sinal. Com as equações de resposta em freqüência do filtro DFT são então realizadas as correções de amplitude e fase. A segunda estrutura, principal foco desta dissertação, é obtida com a associação de bancos de filtros e processamento multitaxa com ferramentas de estimação de parâmetros, neste caso os Phase-Locked Loop (PLL). Nesta estrutura, o banco de filtros é responsável pela decomposição do sinal analisado separando as componentes harmônicas. A utilização de dispositivos de diminuição de taxa, os downsamplers, possibilita que os PLLs possam realizar as estimações trabalhando com freqüência inferior à freqüência do estágio de filtragem. Para os harmônicos de alta ordem os parâmetros reais são obtidos, inclusive, a partir de sinais sub-amostrados, resultantes do processo de redução de taxa. A análise dos resultados obtidos com estas estruturas é realizada, sendo realizadas comparações com o desempenho do algoritmo tradicional STFT (Short-Time Fourier Transform), da DFT recursiva e de uma estrutura baseada em PLL encontrada na literatura. Com o intuito de implementação em tempo real em plataformas DSP (Digital Signal Processors) é realizado também o levantamento do esforço computacional aproximado, com comparações com os métodos já citados. / This dissertation discusses parameter estimation of harmonics/inter-harmonics of electrical signals under time-varying conditions. Two new suitable approaches for processing this kind of signals are proposed. The first one is based on phase error of DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) result, occurring due to the frequency deviation of input signal. This method makes use of digital filters to prevent oscillations of DFT results, estimating the frequency with a simple linear equation. Magnitude and phase response of DFT filter are then used to provide correct estimations of amplitude and phase. The second one, the central focus of this work, is obtained from the association of a digital analysis filter bank and multirate processing with an estimation tool: the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL). The filter bank is responsible for decomposition of the analyzed signal, separating it in its harmonic components. Down-sampler devices follow the filter stage, resulting in an estimation stage working with reduced sampling rate. For high-order harmonics, parameters are estimated from signals obtained by undersampling operation. Simulations results are presented, comparing performance of proposed methods with performances of traditional STFT (ShortTime Fourier Transform) algorithm, DFT Recursive algorithm and PLL-based single rate structure found in literature. With the aim in a DSP-based platform implementation, approximated counts show the number of arithmetic operations of each method, pointing out the methods more suitable for this purpose.

[pt] Trata-se de um sistema capaz de sintetizar sinais musicais através da geração e do processamento de espectros de freqüência que podem ocupar qualquer região da faixa de audição humana. Para obtenção de componentes espectrais passíveis de controle em amplitude e em fase, descreve-se um gerador de série de Fourier concebido a partir de multiplicadores de freqüência que utilizam redes de fase presa. Com este gerador é possível ainda a produção de espectros cujas componentes não se relacionam harmonicamente. O processamento espectral consta da imposição de um caráter dinâmico às componentes: cada harmônico do gerador de série de Fourier é modulado em amplitude por curvas que podem assumir uma multiplicidade de forma, de modo a se estabelecerem possibilidades de elaboração musical. Além disso, dispõe-se de um sistema gerador de tempos para comando dos instantes de atuação das curvas de amplitude. Finalmente, discute-se a maneira de deslocamento do espectro dentro da faixa audível. / [en] It is presented a system capable of synthesize musical signals by generating and processing frequency spectra which can be placed anywhere in the áudio frequency range. For obtaining spectral components which are amplitude and phase controlable, a Fourier series generator was conveived through frequency multipliers which use phase- locked loop techniques. With this generator, there exists too the possibility of generate spectra whose upper partials are not harmonically related. The spectral processing is carried out by imposing a dynamic character to the partials: each of them is amplitude modulated by curves capable of assuming a plurality of forms, such that possibilities of musical work can be stablished. Further, a time generator system for control of the spectrum is described. Finallly , the means for shifting the spectrum within the audio frequency range is discussed.

Abstrakt   Att vårda frivilligt inlagda patienter på en låst heldygnsvårdsavdelning är ett vanligt förekommande fenomen i Sverige idag. Inom psykiatrin på olika platser i Sverige har diskussioner förekommit tidigare huruvida dörrarna ska vara låsta eller öppna. Information om att dörren är låst och varför bör ges till patienten samt att de som vårdar vet varför avdelningen är låst. Gott bemötande vid psykisk ohälsa är väsentligt. Tydlig information ger möjlighet till att patienten känner sig delaktig i sin vård. Syfte: Att belysa sjuksköterskors erfarenheter av vård och vårdrelation av frivilligt vårdade patienter i en låst avdelningsmiljö Metod: Studien utformades utifrån en kvalitativ metod. I studien användes semistrukturerade intervjuer. Fem allmänsjuksköterskor och sju specialistsjuksköterskor inom psykiatrisk heldygnsvård intervjuades. En kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes för att analysera insamlade data. Resultat: Det framkom fyra kategorier i studiens resultat: Vårdrelationen bakom den låsta dörren, Makten bakom den låsta dörren, Konsekvenser av den låsta dörren och Sjuksköterskors erfarenheter kring lagar och regler på en låst avdelning. Slutsats: Studiens resultat pekar på att personalen har mer makt än patienten. Men denna maktobalans kan ändå leda till en god vårdrelation när sjuksköterskor försöker ha patientens värdighet och integritet i fokus. Sjuksköterskor som arbetar på en låst psykiatrisk avdelning behöver reflektera över skälen till den låsta dörren. Den låsta dörren medförde till svåra etiska dilemma hos sjuksköterskorna. En känsla av frustration framkom hos sjuksköterskor när de behövde begränsa och hindra frivilligt inlagda patienter på grund av lagar och riktlinjer. Sjuksköterskor bör ges möjligheter till att förbättra sina kunskaper kring lagar och regler för att kunna ge en god och säker vård.