The Department of Arequipa is commonly seen as forming the southern frontier of the Wari Empire. This chapter questions theevidence for Wari conquest and control over the region by noting the paucity of evidence for either an extractive economy or state administrative facilities. I argue that down-the-line reactions to Huari urbanization and colonization are better explanations for the widespread social changes and Wari stylistic influence that occurred in Arequipa. Wari state incursions into the Nazca Valley destabilized the region at the beginning of the Middle Horizon, and fostered the growth of elites in coastal Arequipa who legitimated their tenuous status positions through violence, long-distant exchange, and adherence to a hybrid Wari/Nasca/Acarí ideology. After social stratification was well-established on the coast, these local elites turned towards the sierra in order to create a regional economy in the second half of the Middle Horizon. The social changes and Wari stylistic influence that resulted in highland Arequipa from this economy reflected links with coastal Arequipa rather than contact with Wari or its colonies. / El departamento de Arequipa es generalmente conocido como la frontera sur del Imperio wari. Este capítulo cuestiona la evidencia sobre la conquista y el control Wari en la región por falta de evidencia de economía extractiva o centros administrativos del Estado. Sostengo que las reacciones a la urbanización y colonización Huari son mejores explicaciones para los extensos cambios sociales y la influencia del estilo Wari que ocurrió en Arequipa. La invasión al valle de Nazca por parte del Estado wari desestabilizo laregión a comienzos del Horizonte Medio, y estimularon el crecimiento de las elites de la costa de Arequipa que legitimaron susposiciones de situación precaria a través de violencia, comercio a larga distancia, y adhesión a una ideología Wari/Nasca/Acari hibrida. Después de la estratificación social estar bien establecida en la costa, las elites locales se dirigieron hacia a sierra para crear una economía regional durante la segunda mitad del Horizonte Medio. Los cambios sociales y la influencia del estilo Wari que ocurrieron por la economía mencionada anteriormente resultaron en la sierra de Arequipa por estos enlaces que reflejaban la economía con la costa de Arequipa, en vez de contacto con los wari o sus colonias.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:04:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-marcos-andre-matos.pdf: 725697 bytes, checksum: e2fcb1b4531591c5a4eeebc3b47ca54f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-12-20 / The aim of this study was to investigate the seroepidemiological and molecular profile of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in long distance truck drivers in Brazil. From October 2005 to 2006, 641 individuals were interviewed on sociodemographic and risk factors, and blood samples were collected to test for HBV markers (HBsAg, anti- HBs and anti-HBc) by the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HBsAg positive samples were submitted to HBV DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and genotyping by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. A global prevalence of HBV was 18.9% (95% CI: 15.9-22.2): 16 were HBsAg positive, 117 anti-HBc total and 69 anti-HBs. Thirty truck drivers were anti- HBs only, suggesting vaccination against hepatitis B. Length of profession above 20 years, time away from home more than 15 days and history of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) were independently associated to HBV positivity by multivariate analysis. Among HBsAg-positive truck drivers, one (6.2%) were HBeAg reactive, nine (56.25%) anti-HBe positive and the rest negative for both markers. HBV DNA was detected in nine samples of the HBsAg-positive individuals, being identified the genotype A (22.2%), D (55.6%) and F (22.2%). These findings ratify the high risk of hepatitis B infection in truck drivers, and highlight the importance of public health politics addressed to this group whom presents characteristics which may favour HBV acquiring and it dissemination. / O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o perfil soroepidemiológico e molecular da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite B em caminhoneiros de rota longa no Brasil. De outubro de 2005 a outubro de 2006, 641 indivíduos foram entrevistados sobre dados sócio-demográficos e fatores de risco, e coletadas amostras sanguíneas para detecção dos marcadores sorológicos do HBV (HBsAg, anti-HBs e anti-HBc) pelo ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA). As amostras HBsAg reagentes foram submetidas a detecção do DNA viral pela reação da polimerase em cadeia (PCR) e genotipadas pela análise do polimorfismo de comprimento dos fragmentos de restrição (RFLP). A prevalência global para os marcadores da infecção pelo HBV foi de 18,9% (IC 95%: 15,9-22,2): 16 eram HBsAg positivos, 117 anti-HBc total e 69 anti-HBs. Trinta caminhoneiros apresentaram positividade isolada ao anti-HBs, evidenciando imunidade contra hepatite B. Tempo de profissão acima de 20 anos, tempo de permanência fora do lar superior a 15 dias e história de doença sexualmente transmissível (DST) foram fatores independentemente associados à positividade ao HBV pela análise multivariada. Dentre os caminhoneiros HBsAg reagentes, um (6,2%) apresentou reatividade ao HBeAg, nove (56,2%) ao anti-HBe e o restante negativo para ambos os marcadores. HBV DNA foi detectado em nove amostras de indivíduos HBsAg reagentes, sendo identificados os genótipos A (22,2%), D (55,6%) e F (22,2%). Os resultados deste estudo ratificam o risco elevado da população caminhoneira para infecção pelo HBV, e apontam para a necessidade de políticas públicas de saúde voltadas para este grupo, que apresenta características que favorecem a aquisição e disseminação do vírus da hepatite B.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver a formação continuada com ênfase na área ambiental por meio da Educação a Distância. Com o propósito de desenvolver uma Formação Continuada para Professores, o Ministério da Educação criou a Rede Nacional de Formação Continuada de Professores de Educação Básica, um programa que indicou universidades brasileiras para promover a formação de professores. Neste contexto foi criado o CECEMCA - Centro de Educação Continuada em Educação Matemática, Científica e Ambiental, que responde por ações dirigidas à formação continuada de professores. O objetivo do programa é melhorar a qualidade de ensino através da capacitação e aprimoramento dos conhecimentos dos professores das escolas municipais. Dentre os produtos desenvolvidos pelo CECEMCA, destaca-se nessa pesquisa o Caderno Áreas Verdes, que apresenta textos de apoio a atividades de formação continuada de professores de Ensino Fundamental (1º a 4º ano) com tema Áreas Verdes e Educação Ambiental. Por abordar a temática ambiental, o Caderno Áreas Verdes constitui uma forma abrangente de educação que pode alcançar os cidadãos por meio de um processo participativo que promove nas pessoas uma consciência crítica sobre a problemática ambiental. Como parte do programa de formação continuada de professores, o CECEMCA criou e realizou um curso no município de Alfenas MG. O curso foi apresentado em dois módulos, presencial e a distância. O trabalho de campo no curso presencial apresenta-se como uma metodologia indispensável na compreensão da realidade local e também, através da solidariedade do grupo, desenvolve um dinamismo na relação do ensino-aprendizagem e na compreensão dos conceitos sobre área verde e meio ambiente. No curso a distância, a plataforma virtual Teleduc constituiu-se em um instrumento adequado no desenvolvimento do curso. Os registros e os questionários confirmam que os dois módulos do curso foram satisfatórios e acrescentaram novos conceitos relacionados ao meio ambiente. / The objective of this paper is the development of the Continuing Educations Programme, focused in the environmental area through the means of the Long Distance Learning. With the purpose to create Continuing Education for Teachers, the Ministry of education has created the National Network of Continuing Education for Teachers primary school, a program that had designated certain Brazilians universities to promote teacher training. In this context CECEMCA (Centre of Continuing Education, in Mathematics, Science and Environmental) was created to deal with actions related to Continuing Education for Teachers. The objective of this program is to update the quality of education through training and improving the knowledge of teachers in municipal schools. Among the products developed by CECEMCA is the book Green Areas, discussed centrally in this study, which presents texts that support continuing education activities for teachers in primary schools, on the topics of Green Areas and Environmental Education. By employing the environmental theme, the book Green Areas is a comprehensive educational material that can reach all citizens through a participatory framework that provides individuals with a critical lens for analysing environmental problems. As part of the Continuing Education Program for teachers, CECEMCA created and ran a course in Alfenas MG. The course was designed in two modules: Classroom Learning and Long Distance Learning. The fieldwork undertaken on the Classroom Learning module was designed to provide essential methodology for understanding local realities and also, through the solidarity of the group, develop dynamism in the relationship between teaching and learning, and understanding the concepts of Green Areas and environment. During long distance learning, the virtual platform Teleduc was formed as an appropriate instrument in the development of the course. The records and questionnaires confirm that the two modules of the course were satisfactory and created new concepts related to the environment.

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-12-21T19:38:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Andressa_Antunes_2017.pdf: 3963784 bytes, checksum: 68b1e71f8e44490f40b9296e05f9edf8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-21T19:38:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andressa_Antunes_2017.pdf: 3963784 bytes, checksum: 68b1e71f8e44490f40b9296e05f9edf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / The main theme of this research is the Social Service, with emphasis on the expansion movement of undergraduate courses in the State of Paraná and, in particular, in long distance learning (LDL). The question that guided the research was: how do we express the expansion of undergraduate courses in Social Work in long distance learning on demand for professional registration of social workers in the Regional Council of Social Service – CRESS 11ª Region/PR? This guiding question had as general objective to analyze how the demand for the professional registration of social workers is expressed through the implementation of undergraduate courses in Social Work in the LDL, in the particularity of contemporary capitalism, in a context of university counterreformation. Based on historical and dialectical materialism, the investigation process was based on exploratory research, and the set of bibliographical and field research, through the identification of social workers with active enrollment in CRESS/PR between the years 2005 to 2015 – 5931 records –, made possible the accomplishment of successive approximations with the studied object. From the data collection it was possible to identify in which Academic Training Unit (ATU) each social worker carried out the graduation in Social Work. Another set of data that compose the dynamics and structure of the studied object, as well as constitutes as an element of successive approximation with it, concerns the reconstruction of the movement of offer of undergraduate courses in Social Work in the State of Paraná. This reconstruction was performed from the registration of professionals with active enrollment in CRESS/PR, using the Registration e-MEC, as source of data colletion, where all the Higher Educations Institutions and respectives courses are registered throughout Brazil. Despite the fact that the majority of social workers enrolled in CRESS/PR between 2005 and 2015 come from the undergraduate degree in the presential modality, there is a real tendency that, as soon as possible, social workers qualified to practice the profession, be mainly from the undergraduate level in the LDL modality. The research identifies the origin of the respective ATUs in the relationship between nature – public and private – as well as the modality of teaching – presence and LDL. It concludes that the current higher education policy is strategic in the process of capitalist accumulation, constituting a new niche market, impacting the struggle and resistance of the Brazilian Social Work Professional Political Ethical Project in defense of education as a right. / O tema central desta pesquisa é o Serviço Social, com ênfase no movimento de expansão dos cursos de graduação no Estado do Paraná e, em particular, na modalidade de educação a distância (EAD). A questão que orientou a investigação foi: como se expressa a expansão dos cursos de graduação em Serviço Social na modalidade de EAD na demanda por inscrição profissional de assistentes sociais no Conselho Regional de Serviço Social – CRESS 11ª Região/PR? Esta questão norteadora teve como objetivo geral analisar como se expressa a demanda pelo registro profissional de assistentes sociais a partir da implementação dos cursos de graduação em Serviço Social na modalidade de EAD, na particularidade do capitalismo contemporâneo, num contexto de contrarreforma universitária. Tendo como fundamento o materialismo histórico e dialético, o processo de investigação esteve baseado na pesquisa exploratória, sendo que o conjunto da pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo, através da identificação do total de assistentes sociais com inscrição ativa no CRESS/PR entre os anos 2005 e 2015 – 5931 registros –, possibilitou a realização de aproximações sucessivas com o objeto estudado. A partir desta coleta de dados foi possível identificar em qual Unidade Formadora Acadêmica (UFA) cada assistente social realizou a graduação em Serviço Social. Outro conjunto de dados que compõe a dinâmica e estrutura do objeto de estudo, bem como se constitui como elemento de aproximação sucessiva com o mesmo, diz respeito a reconstrução do movimento de oferta dos cursos de graduação em Serviço Social no Estado do Paraná. Tal reconstrução foi realizada a partir do registro dos profissionais com inscrição ativa no CRESS/PR, sendo utilizando o Cadastro e-MEC como fonte de coleta de dados, onde ficam cadastradas todas as Instituições de Ensino Superior e respectivos cursos em todo o Brasil. Não obstante ao fato de que a maioria dos assistentes sociais registrados no CRESS/PR entre os anos 2005 e 2015 seja proveniente da graduação na modalidade presencial, há uma tendência real de que, tão logo, assistentes sociais habilitados ao exercício da profissão sejam, majoritariamente, oriundos da graduação na modalidade de EAD. A pesquisa identifica a procedência das respectivas UFAs na relação entre natureza – públicas e privadas –, bem como a modalidade de ensino – presencial e EAD. Conclui que a política de educação superior em curso é estratégica no processo de acumulação capitalista constituindo-se num novo nicho de mercado, impactando a luta e resistência do Projeto Ético Político Profissional do Serviço Social brasileiro na defesa da educação como direito.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document A CD containing, A Program in Interior Design, accompanies the paper copy of this dissertation. It can be consulted in the Unit for Special Collections in the Merensky Library on the main campus of the University of Pretoria / Dissertation (MA (Information Science))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Information Science / unrestricted

The virtual laboratory is divided into two groups. The first group is comprised of a virtual laboratory for simulation. It is mostly used for presentation and demonstration purposes. It is not necessary to install complicated and expensive software for their use. The second group of the virtual laboratory is a long distance measure. Real systems are measured with the help of this laboratory. The advantage of long distance measuring is that data from the measurements are saved directly onto the personal computer and they can be immediately evaluated. In this project the procedure for creating a virtual instrument for long distance measuring is described in the LabVIEW program. LabVIEW is a graphic developmental environment, for the measuring and analysis of data.

Reliable forecasting models are needed to achieve the climate related goals in the face of increasing transport demand. Such models can predict the long-term behavioural response to policy interventions, including infrastructure investments, and thus provide valuable pre-dictions for decision makers. Contemporary forecasting models are mainly based on national travel surveys. Unfortunately, the response rates of such surveys have steadily declined, implying that the respondents become less representative of the whole population. A particular weakness is that it is likely that respondents with a high valuation of time are less willing to respond to surveys (because they have less time available for such), and therefore there is a high chance that they are underrepresented among the respondents. The valuation of time plays an important role for the cost benefit analyses of public policies including transport investments, and there is no reliable way of controlling for this uneven sampling of time preferences. Fortunately, there is simultaneously an increase in the number of signals sent between mobile phones and network antennae, and research has now reached the point where it is possible to determine not only the travel destination but also the travel mode based on mobile phone network antennae connections. The aim of this thesis is to investigate if and how mobile phone network data can be used to estimate transportation mode choice demand models that can be used for forecasting and planning. Key challenges with using this data source in the context of mode choice models are identified and met. The identified challenges include uncertainty in the choice variable, the difficulty to distinguish car and bus trips, and the lack of information about the trip purpose. In the first paper we propose three possible model formulations and analyse how the uncertainty in the choice outcome variable would play a role in the different model formulations. We also conclude that it is indeed possible to estimate mode choice demand models based on mobile phone network data, with good results in terms of behavioural interpretability and significance. In the second paper we estimate models using a nested logit structure to account for the difficulty in separating bus and car, and a latent class model specification to meet the challenge of having an unknown trip purpose. / <p><strong>Funding agencies:</strong> The research in this thesis has mainly been funded by the research projects DEMOPAN and DEMOPAN-2 within the research program Transportekonomi at The Swedish Transport Administration.</p>

Zimbabwean migrants in South Africa often send financial support to their relatives in Zimbabwe. This financial support is known as remittances and is sent as cash or in-kind. This study investigated the characteristics of the South African-Zimbabwe remittance corridor. A critical investigation of the remittance channels used, the type of remittances sent, and the remittance transaction costs involved was done. Data for use in this study was collected through interviews with remittance service providers and by actual remittance transfers to Zimbabwe. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of data using statistical analysis techniques was done. From the analyzed data, it was observed that remittance service providers fall into two channels: formal and informal. The informal remittance channels were found to be the most popular in this corridor. The popularity of informal channels can be attributed to lower transaction costs and a lack of documentation needed from the sender. Informal remittance channels do not require the remittance sender to provide any identification document, therefore, undocumented Zimbabwean migrants opt for them. Long-distance buses that serve the South Africa-Zimbabwe route were found to be a popular channel of sending remittances - both cash and in-kind - to Zimbabwe. In-kind remittances have gained popularity due to the perennial lack of household consumer goods in Zimbabwe. Due to the national lockdown imposed in South Africa as a response to the Covid19 global pandemic, the study was unable to find the volume of remittances that is sent through the informal longdistance buses and trucks. The lockdown resulted in the closure of borders and non-essential travel was not permitted. The study found that the remittance transaction cost in the South AfricaZimbabwe corridor was higher than the global average cost of 6.84% (for formal channels) and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal of 3% by the year 2030.

Reliable forecasting models are needed to achieve the climate related goals in the face of increasing transport demand. Such models can predict the long-term behavioural response to policy interventions, including infrastructure investments, and thus provide valuable pre-dictions for decision makers. Contemporary forecasting models are mainly based on national travel surveys. Unfortunately, the response rates of such surveys have steadily declined, implying that the respondents become less representative of the whole population. A particular weakness is that it is likely that respondents with a high valuation of time are less willing to respond to surveys (because they have less time available for such), and therefore there is a high chance that they are underrepresented among the respondents. The valuation of time plays an important role for the cost benefit analyses of public policies including transport investments, and there is no reliable way of controlling for this uneven sampling of time preferences. Fortunately, there is simultaneously an increase in the number of signals sent between mobile phones and network antennae, and research has now reached the point where it is possible to determine not only the travel destination but also the travel mode based on mobile phone network antennae connections. The aim of this thesis is to investigate if and how mobile phone network data can be used to estimate transportation mode choice demand models that can be used for forecasting and planning. Key challenges with using this data source in the context of mode choice models are identified and met. The identified challenges include uncertainty in the choice variable, the difficulty to distinguish car and bus trips, and the lack of information about the trip purpose. In the first paper we propose three possible model formulations and analyse how the uncertainty in the choice outcome variable would play a role in the different model formulations. We also conclude that it is indeed possible to estimate mode choice demand models based on mobile phone network data, with good results in terms of behavioural interpretability and significance. In the second paper we estimate models using a nested logit structure to account for the difficulty in separating bus and car, and a latent class model specification to meet the challenge of having an unknown trip purpose. / <p><strong>Funding agencies:</strong> The research in this thesis has mainly been funded by the research projects DEMOPAN and DEMOPAN-2 within the research program Transportekonomi at The Swedish Transport Administration.</p>

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