Skateboarding and parkour are categorized as urban sports, which are a type of lifestyle sports that are primarily practiced within urban environments. Compared to regular sports, these sports have a focuson personal enjoyment and freedom to set your own goals. Sport and physical activity are an important factor in both physical health and the development of mental and social skills, but not all sports have the same needs, nor are they treated equally. To gain a better understanding for how the practitioners of urban sports view themselves and what their needs are in relation to sport, a series of semi-structured interviews were conducted, where 6 participants were asked about factors relating to aspects of the sport, relationship to the spaces they occupy and how other practitioners and non-practitioners interacted with them to better understand the relationship between these practitioners and the spaces they occupy. The results of this study were then presented in relation to the theory of loose spaces to explain why these spaces are important to the practitioners, and how their needs for both space and sport can be met from a municipal perspective. The findings show that the participants have common themes between them, and that space becomes an important factor to the participants because it gives them a sense of reality in their practice. The participants describe that without this sense of reality the practice of urban sports becomes artificial and loses meaning to them.To encourage participation in these sports from a municipal perspective there are two key points, availability of space where practitioners aren’t exposed to bystanders and working with public acceptance of sport as a lifestyle activity that doesn’t have to be delegated to specific sporting arenas.

Loose smut of barley, caused by fungal pathogen Ustilago nuda is one of the major concerns throughout the globe for barley producers. The infection takes place without exhibiting any obvious symptoms and an infected seed lot can only be identified at the heading stage when the fungal teliospores emerge at the place of crop. The percentage losses on yield are directly proportional to the occurrence of infection. Currently available detection methods include seed health testing protocols which are time-consuming and cumbersome. With the globalization of the international market and increased crop demand, development of rapid disease screening methodologies has become an essential focus in the field of plant pathology. The present study sought to develop a rapid probe-based detection method for screening of U. nuda with real-time qPCR. Two U. nuda specific primer pairs were compared using standard PCR alongside optimization of real-time qPCR assay. The advantage of high fidelity DNA polymerase for amplification of U. nuda genomic DNA was recorded. U. nuda genomic DNA was amplified and cloned into a vector which was further used for generation of a quantification curve with a specific probe. The qPCR assay developed in this study was successful in the detection of as little as 43 copies of U. nuda genomic DNA. With studies involving larger sample size and field samples, this assay can be improved for enhanced sensitivity and specificity which can help in monitoring infection from DNA extractions of barley seeds and further improving the current microscopic detection methods.

Ambulanssjukvården är idag en högteknologisk del av den svenska vårdkedjan där patienten ska förväntas möta samma vårdkvalité som i den övriga vården. Ambulansen är utformad till ett vårdrum där patienten ska kunna vårdas, behandlas och transporteras till sjukhus på ett säkert sätt. Prioritet-1 transport innebär att ambulansen med siren och/eller blåljus påkallar fri väg för att snabbt kunna ta sig till skadeplats och patient, eller snabbt kunna transportera patient till sjukhus. Dessa transporter innebär att ambulansen framförs i hastigheter över rådande hastighetsbestämmelser, och utgör en trafiksäkerhetsrisk för både omgivning, personal i ambulansen och patienten. Tidigare forskning har visat att majoriteten av ambulansrelaterade olyckor uppkommer under prioritet-1 transporter. Samtidigt som det innebär en flerfaldigt förhöjd risk för skador med dödlig utgång för personalen i vårdutrymmet vid dessa olyckor jämfört med personal i förarhytten. Detta förklaras av ambulansens design och tekniska utformning samt låg grad av bältesanvändning hos vårdande ambulanspersonal. Ambulanspersonalen har beskrivit att de vid omhändertagandet av den kritiskt sjuke patienten behöver vara obältade under transporten för att utföra avancerad och livsuppehållande behandling under transport. Att transportera patienter är en av de huvudsakliga uppgifterna i dagens ambulanssjukvård, och i ambulanssjuksköterskans kompetensbeskrivning beskrivs att denne ska kunna transportera patienten på ett patient- och trafiksäkert sätt. Studiens syfte var att beskriva sjuksköterskors bedömning av trafiksäkerheten i ambulansens vårdutrymme under prioritet-1 transport till sjukhus. En webenkät utformades för att undersöka sjuksköterskors bedömning av tre identifierade trafiksäkerhetsrisker i vårdutrymmet, den obältade vårdaren, den obältade patienten samt förekomsten av lösa föremål. Resultatet visade en låg bältesanvändning för vårdande sjuksköterska under transport, en hög bältesanvändning för patienten samt en hög förekomst av lösa föremål i vårdutrymmet. Sjuksköterskans utbildning påverkade inte bältesanvändningen för vårdaren, bältesanvändningen för patienten eller förekomsten av lösa föremål. Dock visade resultatet att specialistsjuksköterskorna inom ambulanssjukvård, bedömde trafiksäkerhetsrisken högre för patienten vid de tillfällen då vårdaren var obältad, än de grundutbildade sjuksköterskorna. Vidare ansåg flera av respondenterna att tidsintervallet då hen var obältad och förekomst av lösa föremål utgjorde en högre risk för vårdande sjuksköterska än för patienten. Det var författarnas slutsats att prioritet-1 transporter med ambulans framförs i höga hastigheter, detta med ökad skade-och mortalitetsrisk för ambulanspersonal och patient vid en eventuell kollision. En markant lägre bältesanvändning hos ambulanspersonalen i vårdutrymmet jämfört med nationell data av civila bilister i Sverige, samt av ambulanspersonalen upplevd dålig fordonsdesign med lösa föremål som följd ökar skaderisken ytterligare. Ambulanspersonalen saknar kunskap kring de risker det innebär att färdas obältad i ett fordon, samt kunskap kring de skador lösa föremål kan åstadkomma vid eventuell skadehändelse med involverad ambulans. Vårdmiljön i ambulansen har stor förbättringspotential, där design och utformning kan minska behovet av vårdarens rörlighet och förekomsten av lösa föremål. Kunskap kring trafiksäkerhet och dess betydelse för patient och vårdare behöver ökas hos den operativa ambulanspersonalen. Nyckelord: prehospital, trafiksäkerhet, utryckningskörning, bältesanvändning, lösa föremål / Ambulance care is today an advanced medical instance of the Swedish care system, where patients can expect to meet the same quality of care as in any other care institution. The ambulance is designed to be used as a room for care where the patient can be safely treated and transported to hospitals in a safe way. Priority-1 transport means that the ambulance with the siren and/or lights, demands free access on the road, to quickly get to the patient, or to quickly transport the patient to the hospital. These transports mean that the ambulance drives at speeds that exceeds speed limits, and poses a road safety hazard to both the environment, ambulance staff and the patient. Previous research has shown that the majority of ambulance-related accidents occur under priority-1 transports. At the same time as it involves a multiple increased risk of fatal injury for the personnel in the care space. This is explained by the ambulance's technical design and low proportion of belt use in ambulance staff. Ambulance staff have described that when handling the severely ill patient, they need to be unbelted during transportation to perform advanced and life-saving treatment during transportation. The patient transport to, or between hospitals is one of the main tasks in today's ambulance care, and in the ambulance nurse's competence description it is described that the ambulance nurse should be capable of transporting the patient in a patient-and road safe way.   The purpose of the study was to describe the nurse's assessment of road safety in the ambulance care area, under priority-1 transport to hospitals.   A web survey was designed to investigate the nurse's assessment of three identified road safety risks in the care area, the unbelted care provider, the unbelted patient and the presence of loose objects.   The result showed a low belt usage for the staff during transport, a high belt use for the patient and a high incidence of loose items in the care space. The nurses level of education did not affect the use of seat belts for the nurses, seat belt use or the occurrence of loose objects. However, the result of the fact that the ambulance nurse compared with the undergraduate nurse assessed the road safety risk higher for the patient on occasions when the caretaker was unbelted. It was significantly more common that the nurse considered the time interval when he or she was unbelted as a risk for him/ herself, and the loose objects occur to be posed a higher risk to the caregiver than to the patient. It was the authors' conclusion that priority 1 transports with ambulances are performed at high speeds, whit increased injury and mortality risk for ambulance staff and patient in a possible collision. A significantly lower seat belt use of ambulance staff in the care space compared to national data of civilian drivers in Sweden, as well as the ambulance staff's experience of poor vehicle design with loose items as a consequence, increases the risk of injury further. The care space in the ambulance has great potential for design improvments which can reduce ambulance nurses need of mobility and the presence of loose objects. Knowledge of traffic safety and its importance for patients and care givers, needs to be increased in the operational ambulance personnel.   Keywords: prehospital, traffic safety, emergency driving, seat belt use, loose objects

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Hydraulically induced scour of the streambed at the base of bridge piers is the leading cause of bridge failures. Despite the significant scientific efforts towards the solution of this challenging engineering problem, there are still no reliable tools for the prediction and mitigation of bridge scour. This shortcoming is attributed to the lack of understanding of the physics behind this phenomenon. The experimental studies that attempted the physical investigation of bridge scour in the past have faced two main limitations: i) The characterization of the dynamic interaction between the flow and the evolving bed that is known to drive scour, was not possible due to the limitations in the available instrumentation and the significant experimental difficulties; ii) Most of the existing literature studies are based on the findings of laboratory experiments whose scale is orders of magnitudes smaller compared to bridges in the field, while the scale effects on the scour depth have never been quantified. The objective of this research was to enhance the existing understanding of the phenomenon by tackling the aforementioned experimental challenges. To accomplish this, the first part of this work involved the development of a new underwater photogrammetric technique for the monitoring of evolving sediment beds. This technique is able to obtain very high resolution measurements of evolving beds, thus allowing the characterization of their dynamic properties (i.e. evolving topography and scour rates) and overcoming existing experimental limitations. Secondly, the underwater photogrammetric technique was applied on a bridge scour experiment, of simple geometry, and the dynamic morphological characteristics of the phenomenon were measured. The detailed measurements along with reasonable comparisons with descriptions of the flow, from past studies, were used to provide insight on the interaction between the flow and the bed and describe quantitatively the mechanisms of scour. Finally, the scale effects on scour were studied via the performance of two experiments under near-prototype conditions. In these experiments the effects of the Reynolds number on the flow and the scour were quantified and implications concerning existing small-scale studies were discussed. / Ph. D.

Afin d'étudier le rôle du Contrôle de Gestion dans la stratégie de développement durable (DD) de l'entreprise, nous proposons dans un premier temps, un cadre d'analyse fondé sur une revue de la littérature, sur la responsabilité sociale de l'entreprise (RSE) et du contrôle, complétée, dans un deuxième temps, par une étude exploratoire. Ces investigations théoriques et empiriques nous conduisent à proposer la thèse suivante : devant le double défi de l'efficience et de la légitimité, l'entreprise met en oeuvre des systèmes de contrôle diagnostic et interactif. Cette juxtaposition permet de répondre rationnellement aux différentes parties prenantes en dissociant les domaines de performance globale. Cette pratique confirme, d'une part, le rôle du Contrôle de Gestion en tant que vérificateur d'une logique managériale financière et d'autre part, elle participe à l'amorce d'un processus de rééquilibrage entre le système de gouvernance, la stratégie et le contrôle. Cette transformation du modèle économique se heurte à des difficultés techniques et culturelles d'où l'observation d'un phénomène de couplage plus ou moins lâche entre les idéaux du DD et les actions quotidiennes de l'entreprise. / So as to study the role of management control in the sustainable development of the firm, we first propose a conceptual framework based on a review dealing with Corporate Social Responsability and Control. Secondly, an exploratory study will complete the research.These theorical and empirical investigations lead us to offer the fallowing proposition : facing the double challenge of efficiency and legitimacy, the firm implements control protocols aiming to both establish a diagnosis and interact. This juxtaposition allows to answer in a rational way to the different stakeholders, while the different domains of the overal performance are isolated. This pratice establishes the part of management control as monotoring financial and managing logics first. It then participates to the processus of balancing the system of governance,the strategy and the control.This changing of the business model clashes with technical and cultural difficulties, hence we can observe a phenomenon of tigher or looser coupling between the ideals of the sustainable development and the every day working of the firm.

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo avaliar o método Bailey de seleção granulométrica de agregados para misturas asfálticas, desenvolvido no Departamento de Transportes de Illinois (IDOT) e que vem sendo usado desde o início da década de 80. Atualmente, pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas com o intuito de aperfeiçoar a seleção granulométrica e, conseqüentemente, o desempenho de misturas asfálticas, incluindo estudos a respeito do método Bailey. Trata-se de um método de seleção granulométrica por volume que, através de um modo sistemático de ajuste da graduação dos agregados na preparação de uma mistura asfáltica, proporciona um forte esqueleto de agregado para resistir à deformação permanente. Resulta, também, em um adequado volume de vazios no agregado mineral, o que permite um maior teor de ligante e aumento da durabilidade da mistura. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostram que as misturas Bailey, independentemente do tipo de agregado (basalto ou gabro), apresentam melhores resultados do que as misturas convencionais e termos de relação módulo de resiliência –resistência à tração. Os resultados do ensaio de fluência por compressão uniaxial estática indicam um melhor desempenho da mistura Bailey com basalto, embora a mistura convencional com gabro tenha apresentado um comportamento ligeiramente superior ao da mistura Bailey com gabro. / The main goal of the master thesis is the evaluation of the Bailey method of gradation selection of aggregates for hot mix asphalt (HMA). The method was developed at the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT) and it has been used since the early 1980s. Many researches are intending to improve the gradation selection and, consequently, the performance of HMA, including studies about the Bailey method. It is a method that uses a systematic way of selection and adjustment of the aggregate gradation to provide a strong aggregate skeleton. It also provides an adequate amount of voids in the mineral aggregate that result in higher binder content and improved durability. The results obtained in this work show that Bailey asphalt mixtures, for both aggregates considered, are better than conventional mixtures in terms of resilient modulus – tensile strength ratio. The results of static creep tests indicate that the Bailey mixture with basalt aggregates presents the best performance among the evaluated asphalt mixtures.

Actuellement, l’implémentation des services (modèles SOAP et RESTful) et de leurs applications clientes est de plus en plus basée sur la programmation par objet. Ainsi, les cadriciels orientés-objets pour les services Web sont essentiellement composés de deux couches : une couche à objets qui enveloppe une couche à services. Dans ce contexte, deux principes sont nécessaires pour la spécification de ces cadriciels : (i) En premier lieu, un couplage faible entre les deux couches, ce qui permet de cacher la complexité des détails techniques de la couche à services dans la couche à objets et de faire évoluer la couche à services avec un impact minimal sur la couche à objets (ii) En second lieu, une interopérabilité induite par le principe de substitution associée au sous-typage dans la couche à objets. Dans cette thèse, nous présentons d’abord les faiblesses existantes dans les cadriciels orientés-objets liés à ces deux principes. Ensuite, nous proposons une nouvelle spécification pour ces cadriciels en vue de résoudre ces problèmes. Comme application, nous décrivons la mise en œuvre de notre spécification dans le cadriciel cxf, à la fois pour SOAP et RESTful. / Today, the implementation of services (SOAP and RESTful models) and of client applications is increasingly based on object-oriented programming languages. Thus, object-oriented frameworks for Web services are essentially composed with two levels: an object level built over a service level. In this context, two properties could be particularly required in the specification of these frameworks: (i)First a loose coupling between the two levels, which allows the complex technical details of the service level to be hidden at the object level and the service level to be evolved with a minimal impact on the object level, (ii) Second, an interoperability induced by the substitution principle associated to subtyping in the object level, which allows to freely convert a value of a subtype into a supertype. In this thesis, first we present the existing weaknesses of object-oriented frameworks related to these two requirements. Then, we propose a new specification for object-oriented Web service frameworks in order to resolve these problems. As an application, we provide an implementation of our specification in the cxf framework, for both SOAP and RESTful models.