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El presente es un profundo análisis del film “Blue Velvet” de David Lynch y la reinterpretación del concepto “nostalgia norteamericana”, visto en las pinturas de Edward Hopper. La “nostalgia americana” es un término acuñado por la tesista, que describe el sentir de la población estadounidense luego de los momentos de guerra y crisis de su país. Gracias a un análisis de la imagen, se concluye que las pinturas de Edward Hopper retratan ese estado anímico compuesto de nostalgia, soledad, ensimismamiento y melancolía, a través de los aspectos formales y de contenido. De esa manera aparece David Lynch, quien logra reinterpretar el mismo sentir. Luego de descomponer “Blue Velvet” y analizar minuciosamente sus escenas, se argumenta que la reinterpretación se da a través de dos procedimientos: a través de composiciones similares entre las pinturas y los encuadres, y por medio de los nuevos recursos que otorga la comunicación audiovisual, que favorecen e impulsan dichos aspectos de composición. Es importante tener en cuenta que tanto los recursos audiovisuales, como los aspectos formales (en las pinturas) se relacionan al componer encuadres similares y narrar casi un mismo discurso: el de la “nostalgia americana”. Sin embargo, este relato se potencia en “Blue Velvet”, ya que se utilizan recursos como el movimiento de cámara, el movimiento interno y el montaje, los cuales favorecen a evidenciar el concepto. Y allí se descubre la relevancia de esta investigación, ya que, gracias al análisis de los recursos audiovisuales, se evidencia la autoridad del cine como recurso artístico capaz de observar, procesar y analizar sucesos traumáticos que han sido parte la historia. Se otorga un aporte al conocimiento existente sobre cine y pintura, pero además se enriquece el conocimiento audiovisual estableciendo nuevos aportes y conceptos.

Cet essai tente de démontrer que les concepts freudiens de condensation et de déplacement qui caractérisent le travail du rêve peuvent également être associé au travail d'écriture des scènes de rêve du scénario Coulisses ainsi qu'à quelques scènes oniriques de films de Federico Fellini, Ingmar Bergman et David Lynch.

<p>This work attempts an answer to two questions. Firstly, is it possible to experience meaning when everything is transient? And secondly, in what way is objectivity possible when it comes to such phenomena as existential meaning? The questions originate from our insideperspective, and it is from what we have experienced ourselves that we try to make intelligible existential meaning. We are to a great extent part of the context in which we live. Our ability to contemplate our situation and our own contemplation is taking place in interplay with others. To make room for the small things meaningful in life, the expression existential meaning is used. In this expression both the meaningless and the meaningful are included, since both are needed for our understanding of meaning. Without the Other and that which is different, the individual person’s formation of existential meaning becomes just more of the same, it becomes an enclosure in the present. The encounter with the Other makes room for that which is different to break through.</p><p>Objectivity is possible when it comes to existential meaning, if one views objectivity as a process between people. It is performed in conversation. Those who converse, refer to their bodily experiences of the Time that remains and help each other, using language as the tool, to formulate their experiences. They compare each others’ manifestations of existential meaning,</p><p>and with the help of language they go further in the formation of what is meaningless and meaningful. Their conversations imply a normative presupposition that they can justify the claims that they make. Because it is actually not possible to make intelligible existential meaning in words other than by doing it as a mix of descriptions of that which is manifesting itself and linguistic rewritings in the form of stories. This expression of objectivity has a normative aspect, namely in relation to the possibility that we can be wrong. Therefore, we need each other in the act of judging, and together we are guided by the fact that it later on can emerge things that show that our judgment has not been fully correct. </p>

L'analyse bioinformatique des données de transcriptomique a pour but d'identifier les gènes qui présentent des variations d'expression entre différentes situations, par exemple entre des échantillons de tissu sain et de tissu malade et de caractériser ces gènes à partir de leurs annotations fonctionnelles. Dans ce travail de thèse, je propose quatre contributions pour la prise en compte des connaissances du domaine dans ces méthodes. Tout d'abord je définis une nouvelle mesure de similarité sémantique et fonctionnelle (IntelliGO) entre les gènes, qui exploite au mieux les annotations fonctionnelles issues de l'ontologie GO ('Gene Ontology'). Je montre ensuite, grâce à une méthodologie d'évaluation rigoureuse, que la mesure IntelliGO est performante pour la classification fonctionnelle des gènes. En troisième contribution je propose une approche différentielle avec affectation floue pour la construction de profils d'expression différentielle (PED). Je définis alors un algorithme d'analyse de recouvrement entre classes fonctionnelles et ensemble des références, ici les PEDs, pour mettre en évidence des gènes ayant à la fois les mêmes variations d'expression et des annotations fonctionnelles similaires. Cette méthode est appliquée à des données expérimentales produites à partir d'échantillons de tissus sains, de tumeur colo-rectale et de lignée cellulaire cancéreuse. Finalement, la mesure de similarité IntelliGO est généralisée à d'autres vocabulaires structurés en graphe acyclique dirigé et enraciné (rDAG) comme l'est l'ontologie GO, avec un exemple d'application concernant la réduction sémantique d'attributs avant la fouille. / Bioinformatic analyses of transcriptomic data aims to identify genes with variations in their expression level in different tissue samples, for example tissues from healthy versus seek patients, and to characterize these genes on the basis of their functional annotation. In this thesis, I present four contributions for taking into account domain knowledge in these methods. Firstly, I define a new semantic and functional similarity measure which optimally exploits functional annotations from Gene Ontology (GO). Then, I show, thanks to a rigorous evaluation method, that this measure is efficient for the functional classification of genes. In the third contribution, I propose a differential approach with fuzzy assignment for building differential expression profiles (DEPs). I define an algorithm for analyzing overlaps between functional clusters and reference sets such as DEPs here, in order to point out genes that have both similar functional annotation and similar variations in expression. This method is applied to experimental data produced from samples of healthy tissue, colorectal tumor and cancerous cultured cell line. Finally the similarity measure IntelliGO is generalized to another structured vocabulary organized as GO as a rooted directed acyclic graph, with an application concerning the semantic reduction of attributes before mining.

This work attempts an answer to two questions. Firstly, is it possible to experience meaning when everything is transient? And secondly, in what way is objectivity possible when it comes to such phenomena as existential meaning? The questions originate from our insideperspective, and it is from what we have experienced ourselves that we try to make intelligible existential meaning. We are to a great extent part of the context in which we live. Our ability to contemplate our situation and our own contemplation is taking place in interplay with others. To make room for the small things meaningful in life, the expression existential meaning is used. In this expression both the meaningless and the meaningful are included, since both are needed for our understanding of meaning. Without the Other and that which is different, the individual person’s formation of existential meaning becomes just more of the same, it becomes an enclosure in the present. The encounter with the Other makes room for that which is different to break through. Objectivity is possible when it comes to existential meaning, if one views objectivity as a process between people. It is performed in conversation. Those who converse, refer to their bodily experiences of the Time that remains and help each other, using language as the tool, to formulate their experiences. They compare each others’ manifestations of existential meaning, and with the help of language they go further in the formation of what is meaningless and meaningful. Their conversations imply a normative presupposition that they can justify the claims that they make. Because it is actually not possible to make intelligible existential meaning in words other than by doing it as a mix of descriptions of that which is manifesting itself and linguistic rewritings in the form of stories. This expression of objectivity has a normative aspect, namely in relation to the possibility that we can be wrong. Therefore, we need each other in the act of judging, and together we are guided by the fact that it later on can emerge things that show that our judgment has not been fully correct.

The main purpose of this dissertation is to answer the question of how one can understand the fact that we mean very different things when we say that God exists and when we say that chairs, mountains and trees exist, and that it is still a matter of existence. On the one hand it seems that we talk about the same thing when we say that something exists, irrespective of what it is, on the other hand it seems to be a question of very different things depending on what it is we are talking about as existing. This dissertation seeks to give an understanding of the relation between the concept of truth and the concept of reality. The conclusion is not only that we presuppose these concepts in everything we do, say, believe and think, but that we presuppose a specific understanding of these concepts, namely a concept of objective truth and a concept of an external and mind independent reality. In this dissertation it is also argued that our use of these concepts and that we use them in everything we do – that they are as basic as they are – says something about how it is, about reality. The use of these concepts does not only say something of what we conceptually presuppose but it also says something about what we assume in relation to reality. The conceptual aspect, in this way, has consequences ontologi.

This doctoral thesis describes unusual skin and soft-tissue tumors, which were the basis of the postgraduate study of Ladislav Hadravský, MD at Medical faculty in Pilsen of Charles University in Prague during 2013 - 2016. It contains documented cases of skin and soft-tissue tumors related to hereditary syndromes, unusual morphology, rare biological behavior, minor causal association with the respective disease, or different phenotypes. These cases were published in journals with the impact factor and in peer-reviewed journals. Regarding skin tumors, the study focused on sebaceous tumors of the skin, which may occur within Muir-Torre syndrome. In the retrospective study of sebaceous skin tumors, two unusual cases were found: the case of aggressive extraocular sebaceous carcinoma on the scalp in a patient with Muir-Torre syndrome and the case of multiple sebaceous skin tumors in a patient with MUTYH-associated polyposis of the colon mimicking Muir-Torre syndrome. As far as soft-tissue tumors are concerned, the study aimed at the morphological comparison of cases of myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma and pleomorhic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor.

Mémoire en recherche-création / Ce mémoire a pour objectif d’explorer les différents moyens cinématographiques mis en place par le cinéaste américain David Lynch afin de comprendre comment ce dernier parvient à transporter son audience dans un monde fantastique et bien sûr, étrange. En nous appuyant sur les premières définitions freudiennes de ce que représente l’inquiétante étrangeté (Das Unheimliche), nous explorerons les codes et images récurrentes dans la cinématographie lynchéenne qui font des films du réalisateur des œuvres aux caractères étranges, après avoir étudié en détail les éléments qui nous permettent de classer les œuvres de l’auteur dans la catégorie des œuvres fantastiques. / This thesis aims to explore the different cinematographic means implemented by David Lynch in order to understand how he manages to transport his audience in a fantastic and of course, strange world. By informing ourselves about the first Freudian definitions of what represents the uncanny (Das Unheimliche), we will explore the recurrent codes and images in Lynchian cinematography which make the director’s films works uncanny, right after having studied in detail the elements that allow us to classify the author’s works in the fantastic genre section.

This doctoral thesis describes unusual skin and soft-tissue tumors, which were the basis of the postgraduate study of Ladislav Hadravský, MD at Medical faculty in Pilsen of Charles University in Prague during 2013 - 2016. It contains documented cases of skin and soft-tissue tumors related to hereditary syndromes, unusual morphology, rare biological behavior, minor causal association with the respective disease, or different phenotypes. These cases were published in journals with the impact factor and in peer-reviewed journals. Regarding skin tumors, the study focused on sebaceous tumors of the skin, which may occur within Muir-Torre syndrome. In the retrospective study of sebaceous skin tumors, two unusual cases were found: the case of aggressive extraocular sebaceous carcinoma on the scalp in a patient with Muir-Torre syndrome and the case of multiple sebaceous skin tumors in a patient with MUTYH-associated polyposis of the colon mimicking Muir-Torre syndrome. As far as soft-tissue tumors are concerned, the study aimed at the morphological comparison of cases of myxoinflammatory fibroblastic sarcoma and pleomorhic hyalinizing angiectatic tumor.