Ever since John Hooper (c.1500-1555), the future Bishop of Gloucester and Worcester, made his famous stand against wearing vestments that placed him in opposition to the leading English clergy, he has been branded in the history of the English Reformation by many as a renegade and a radical. However, this thesis presents Hooper as one who saw himself as a conformist who sought to create the reformed community he desired within the established political and religious customs of his day. To explore this idea, this thesis examines how Hooper imagined a Protestant community for the kingdom of England or elsewhere. It identifies what Hooper considered to be the sources of God’s authority in the community; how that authority was exercised through officials within the community and through godly laws, strong clerical preaching and a universal commitment to vocation. It examines how the people should respond to leaders who brought the successful introduction of Protestantism to their community. Hooper’s vision was advanced in a series of tracts and letters written in Zurich and shortly after his return to England (1547-1551). They were composed at a time when Hooper enjoyed the greatest freedom to articulate his ideas in the company of his mentor, Heinrich Bullinger (1504-1575), and refined through his tenure as a bishop in the Church of England. The reformed community that Hooper envisioned was one that was dependent upon a strong magistrate but also required the acceptance and participation of its members in fully embracing their own vocation and reform. Hooper strongly affirmed that leaders – both ecclesiastical and civil – had a duty to model their reformation in accordance with God’s Law, the Ten Commandments. He assumed that the people would abide by the authority of the Decalogue and practice the Protestant faith together. He also believed that living in such a community would usher in a period of peace and prosperity. Hooper’s zeal for reform was demonstrated by his belief that the Reformation required wholehearted embrace by everyone, but he was willing to operate within established English traditions, in order to see his Protestant beliefs realised within the community.

There is much to learn concerning the local nobilities in Sweden. This paper attempts to answer whether or not the mayors of Kalmar are to be acknowledged as members of the local elite during the 18th century. In order to receive a deeper understanding regarding this matter, one must also investigate what significations are located within the elite terminology. All this and more will be answered with support from the latest research by Gudrun Andersson among others. By studying inventories of estate and biographical archive materials one is acquainted with fourteen early modern men who carried out their political and social careers in the city of Kalmar. Because the term elite is dependent on the different circumstances in its surrounding environment, it has been divided into four categories in this paper; political, economic, social and cultural factors. The conclusion is made that the mayors all belonged within the political elite. All of them also show some characteristics which are consistent with an economic elite, however the situation is complex and is therefore more firmly discussed in this paper. Concerning social and cultural elites, the mayors fulfill much of the requirements and the conclusion is therefore made that they most certainly are a part of the local elite in Kalmar city.

The sexual abuse of children is becoming an increased tendency in South Africa. Sexual abuse of children is therefore one of the most difficult issues to prove in a court of law because there are usually only two witnesses: the child and the alleged offender. The child’s testimony is the most important and most often the only evidence of a crime that has been committed. The overwhelming result of sexual abuse in children is the experience of loss and powerlessness. The judicial process can aggravate the child’s feeling of loss and helplessness or be part of the healing process by empowering his/her self-esteem. The trial allows the child the opportunity to experience that justice had been served, but this can only happen when the child has been supported during the court procedure and treated with respect and dignity. Public prosecutors are the people who represent the complainant’s case in court on behalf of the State. It is therefor of utmost importance that public prosecutors and magistrates dispose of the necessary knowledge of the child as witness in court to ensure that the course of the legal process is in the best interest of the child. The foundings of this study proved that the knowledge base of public prosecutors and magistrates inadequate is in many ways. Recommendations were made in anticipation of an improved knowledge base for public prosecutors and magistrates. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

The sexual abuse of children is becoming an increased tendency in South Africa. Sexual abuse of children is therefore one of the most difficult issues to prove in a court of law because there are usually only two witnesses: the child and the alleged offender. The child’s testimony is the most important and most often the only evidence of a crime that has been committed. The overwhelming result of sexual abuse in children is the experience of loss and powerlessness. The judicial process can aggravate the child’s feeling of loss and helplessness or be part of the healing process by empowering his/her self-esteem. The trial allows the child the opportunity to experience that justice had been served, but this can only happen when the child has been supported during the court procedure and treated with respect and dignity. Public prosecutors are the people who represent the complainant’s case in court on behalf of the State. It is therefor of utmost importance that public prosecutors and magistrates dispose of the necessary knowledge of the child as witness in court to ensure that the course of the legal process is in the best interest of the child. The foundings of this study proved that the knowledge base of public prosecutors and magistrates inadequate is in many ways. Recommendations were made in anticipation of an improved knowledge base for public prosecutors and magistrates. / Thesis (M.A. (MW))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012

Following the appointment of its first aristocratic Grand Masters in the 1720s and in the wake of its connections to the scientific Enlightenment, ‘Free and Accepted’ Masonry rapidly became part of Britain’s national profile and the largest and arguably the most influential of Britain’s extensive clubs and societies. The new organisation did not evolve naturally from the mediaeval guilds and religious orders that pre-dated it, but was reconfigured radically by a largely self-appointed inner core. Freemasonry became a vehicle for the expression and transmission of the political and religious views of those at its centre, and for the scientific Enlightenment concepts that they championed. The ‘Craft’ also offered a channel through which many sought to realise personal aspirations: social, intellectual and financial. Through an examination of relevant primary and secondary documentary evidence, this thesis seeks to contribute to a broader understanding of contemporary English political and social culture, and to explore the manner in which Freemasonry became a mechanism that promoted the interests of the Hanoverian establishment and connected and bound a number of élite metropolitan and provincial figures. A range of networks centred on the aristocracy, parliament, the magistracy and the learned and professional societies are studied, and key individuals instrumental in spreading and consolidating the Masonic message identified. The thesis also explores the role of Freemasonry in the development of the scientific Enlightenment. The evidence suggests that Freemasonry should be recognised not only as the most prominent of the many eighteenth century fraternal organisations, but also as a significant cultural vector and a compelling component of the social, economic, scientific and political transformation then in progress.

La collégialité est un mode d’organisation juridictionnel qui a su traverser différentes phases historiques. Le XXIème siècle pourrait être une époque charnière puisqu’il se caractérise par le développement des nouvelles technologies. Si de tout temps les justiciables ont souhaité obtenir une réponse rapide à leur litige, cette célérité d’accès à l’information ne fait qu’accroître leur attente. Or, la collégialité nécessite du temps. A cela s’ajoute son coût. Le droit positif témoigne une restriction d’accès à la collégialité au second degré tandis qu’elle est en discussion devant la Cour de cassation. Cette limitation n’est pas en désaccord avec la volonté de la préserver alors qu’elle ne doit pas conduire à terme à son éviction. Deux raisons justifient son maintien. La première est qu’elle renforce certaines garanties du droit à un procès équitable et ce, parfois de manière perceptible. La seconde raison tient au fait qu’elle permet de contrecarrer la complexité d’un litige comme l’illustre le renvoi d’une affaire à une collégialité. Les propositions afin de réduire ses contraintes matérielles sont multiples. Elles puisent leur inspiration dans le droit interne mais aussi externe, la collégialité n’étant pas une exception française. / Collegiality is a jurisdictional organization that has gone through different historical phases. The 21st century could be a pivotal time as it is characterized by the development of new technologies. If at all times litigants have wanted a quick response to their dispute, this speed of access to information only increases their expectations. However, collegiality requires time. To this is added its cost. Positive law testifies to a restriction of access to collegiality in the second degree while it is under discussion in the Court of Cassation. This limitation is not at odds with the desire to preserve it, although it should not ultimately lead to its removal. Two reasons justify its maintenance. The first is that it reinforces certain guarantees of the right to a fair trial, sometimes in a perceptible way. The second reason is that it makes it possible to counteract the complexity of litigation as illustrated by the referral of a case to collegiality. The proposals to reduce its material constraints are multiple. They draw their inspiration from internal but also external law, collegiality not being a French exception.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gustavo Henrique Pacheco Belucci.pdf: 1750402 bytes, checksum: d2c1ad1badd728c79ded0e672fc8a126 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-09 / The central theme to be developed lies in the formation of the conviction of the magistrate and the elements that make this convincing, given by the system (procedural factors), and the related sciences of law, such as philosophy, sociology, logic, mathematics, etc. (extra procedural factors), in prove that these factors combine. The working part of the effectiveness of the process, which will be studied in order to ensure conditions conducive to accurate and complete reconstruction of the relevant facts of the case and also the influence of the Constitution, to study how the court system has about the construction of the conviction of the magistrate, grounded in the general theory of proof and factors extra procedurals, philosophical and logical to then utters decision, which will produce not only the simple application of the law, but a complex theory which is the formation of the conviction of the judge. The factors are divided trainers conviction on procedural and extra procedurals, these being internal and external. By procedural factors may be indicated in the evidence related species by the system, and how extra procedurals, those internal factors (rules are studied by the integration of the right) and external training of conviction (culture and values). These extra procedurals external elements shall be studied based on a philosophical concept. It was decided, accordingly to the study, and the philosophy of law of Miguel Reale, Lourival Vilanova e Paulo de Barros Carvalho, the doctrine of David Hume (eighteenth century), and John Stuart Mill (nineteenth century) in his work Treatise of Human Nature and On Liberty, respectively, for evidence the influence of the external environment and the society on people and consequently, the formation of the formation of the conviction of the Magistrate, relating brief case study at the end of chapters four and five. It will be presented, by the end of the chapters, the correspondence of the themes with the Project of New CPC (PL 8.046/2010). For these motives, the theme chosen is: The formation of the conviction of the magistrate - the effectiveness of judicial review of the evidence and the maxims of experience. The influence of philosophy and the sciences auxiliary of law in this operation / O tema central a ser desenvolvido situa-se na formação da convicção do magistrado e nos elementos que formam esse convencimento, dados pelo sistema (fatores processuais provas em espécie), e pelas ciências afins do direito, tais como a filosofia, sociologia, lógica, matemática, cultura, valores etc. (fatores extraprocessuais, internos e externos do sistema), na demonstração que estes se combinam. O trabalho parte da efetividade do processo, que será estudada no sentido de assegurar condições propícias à exata e completa reconstituição dos fatos relevantes do processo e também da influência da Constituição, para estudar como o sistema processual dispõe acerca da construção do convencimento do magistrado, embasado na teoria geral da prova e nos fatores extraprocessuais, filosóficos e lógicos para que então se profira decisão, que será produto não somente da simples aplicação da lei, mas de um complexo teórico que é a formação do convencimento do juiz. São divididos os fatores formadores da convicção em processuais e extraprocessuais, sendo estes últimos internos e externos. Pelos fatores processuais, podem-se indicar as provas em espécie relacionadas pelo sistema, e como extraprocessuais, aqueles fatores internos (que são estudados pelas regras de integração do direito) e externos da formação da convicção (representados pela cultura e pelos valores). Estes elementos extraprocessuais externos serão estudados tendo por base uma concepção filosófica. Optou-se, nesse sentido, por estudar, além da filosofia do Direito de Miguel Reale, Lourival Vilanova e Paulo de Barros Carvalho, a doutrina de David Hume (século XVIII) e de John Stuart Mill (Século XIX) em suas obras Tratado da Natureza Humana e Sobre a Liberdade, respectivamente, pois evidenciam a influência do meio externo e da sociedade nas pessoas e por consequência, na formação da formação da convicção do Magistrado, relacionando um breve estudo de casos ao final dos capítulos quatro e cinco. Serão, do mesmo modo, apresentados ao final dos capítulos, a correspondência dos temas com o Projeto de Novo CPC (PL 8.046/2010). Por esses motivos, optou-se pelo tema: A formação da convicção do magistrado da efetividade à análise judicial da prova e as máximas de experiência. A influência da filosofia e das ciências auxiliares do direito nessa operação

En droit français, l’inamovibilité est traditionnellement conçue comme une garantie d’indépendance statutaire attribuée au magistrat du siège de l’ordre judiciaire, afin de le protéger contre le risque d’éviction arbitraire par le Pouvoir politique. Elle est ainsi supposée faire bénéficier le magistrat d’une protection exorbitante par rapport au droit commun de la fonction publique. Déjà considérée comme un « antique et tutélaire principe » au milieu du XIXe siècle, cette garantie a traversé le temps et les régimes politiques, depuis l’époque médiévale jusqu’à aujourd’hui. Erigée en Loi fondamentale du royaume à la veille de la Révolution, elle a été reprise et consacrée par la presque totalité des Constitutions qui se sont succédées depuis 1791. Mais alors qu’elle semble offrir l’image d’un modèle de garantie susceptible d’inspirer le statut d’autres catégories d’agents publics, l’inamovibilité est de manière paradoxale, souvent décrite comme un « mythe ». La présente étude se donne dès lors pour objet de lever cette contradiction, en revenant de manière approfondie et comparative sur la condition et la finalité d’une garantie d’éviction, dont la particularité est d’être étroitement liée à la mission régalienne consistant à rendre la justice. / In French Law, irremovability is traditionally seen as a statutory guarantee of judicial judges’ independence that protects them from being arbitrary evicted by the Political power. Irremovability is then said to be a dispensatory status if compared to public servants normal one. Defined as an « ancient and tutelary principle » at the middle of the 19th Century, this guarantee ran through the ages and the political regimes from medieval times to today. Irremovability of judges was made a Kingdom’s fundamental Law just before the Revolution, and almost every constitution adopted since 1791 has made it a constitutionally sanctioned rule. In the meantime, whereas it could have been seen as a template for other civil servants legal status, irremovability of judges is, paradoxically enough, often described as a « myth ». This study’s aim is thus to solve this contradiction. It offers an in-depth and comparative analysis of the condition and goal of this legal guarantee against eviction – which distinctive feature is to be closely linked with one of the State’s main function: to administer Justice.

Mémoire de recherche / Le juge est une figure primordiale dans un État de droit chargé d’individualiser la règle de droit lors de différends. C’est aussi un contre-pouvoir chargé de surveiller le législatif et l’exécutif. Pourtant, c’est le pouvoir le plus fragile qui ne bénéficie pas de la légitimité de l’élection. Pour juger, il doit être libre. La liberté est un concept fondateur de nos sociétés de droit et pourtant, c’est un concept bien compliqué à comprendre et analyser. L’histoire de ce mot nous apprend que c’est un concept juridique et jamais absolu, il ne se traduit qu’aux pluriels, assurés toujours par une autorité supérieure. Individuellement, c’est la capacité d’être la cause de ses propres actes, pourtant, la liberté n’est jamais absolue. Nous sommes aussi déterminés, c’est-à-dire qu’il existe des externalités qui viennent être la cause de nos actes. Mais, alors, qu’en est-il pour le juge, est-il libre ? Est-il déterminé ? Dans sa pratique, la liberté du juge se traduit par l’indépendance judiciaire, assurée tout autant que contrainte par les institutions. Dans sa pratique le juge est relativement libre de qualifier et d’apprécier les faits sous réserve du contrôle des tribunaux. En outre, le juge est aussi une personne et, à ce titre, il est déterminé tout autant que n’importe quelle personne, il possède donc des biais et des émotions qui vont interagir avec sa pratique de juge et, potentiellement, venir le déterminer dans les réponses qu’il offre. Alors que les services de cyberjustice, particulièrement les outils d’aides à la décision, entrent dans l’office du juge, comment ces technologies s'apprêtent à bousculer son indépendance judiciaire et sa liberté ? Tantôt ces outils son contraignant pour lui, tantôt ils le libèrent et lui permettent de se concentrer sur ses motifs. / The judge is an essential figure in a state governed by the rule of law, responsible for individualizing the law in the event of disputes. They are also a counter-power responsible for monitoring the legislative and executive branches. However, judicial authority is the most fragile power since it does not benefit from the legitimacy of the election. To judge, they must be free. Freedom is a founding concept of our societies and yet it is a very complicated concept to understand and analyse. The history of this word teaches us that it is a legal concept and never absolute, it can only be translated in the plural, always assured by a higher authority. Individually, it is the ability to be the cause of one's own actions, yet freedom is never absolute. We are also determined, i.e. there are externalities that cause our actions. But, then, what about the judges, are they free ? Are they determined? In practice, the judges’ freedom is reflected in judicial independence, which is both guaranteed and constrained by the institutions. In practice, the judges are relatively free to qualify and assess the facts subject to the control of the courts. Moreover, the judges are also human beings and as such are determined as much as any other person, and therefore has biases and emotions that will interact with his practice as judges and potentially determine them in the answers he/she offers. As cyberjustice services, particularly decision support tools, enter the judge's office, how are these technologies about to disrupt his judicial independence and freedom ? Sometimes these tools are restrictive for them, sometimes they free them and allow them to concentrate on reasons.

Text in Afrikaans / Die penologiese perspektief rakende die ontwikkeling/ doel en funksionering van leke-assessore is die onderwerp van hierdie verhandeling. Leke-deelname in die regsplegingstelsel kan terug­ gevoer word na 1657. Deur die latere oorname van Engelse regsbeginsels1 word die juriestelsel in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg geinkorporeer. Na die afskaffing van die juriestelsel in 1969 berus die beantwoording van sowel feite- as regsvrae slegs by die voorsittende beampte. Hierdie situasie is as onaan­ vaarbaar beskou en grater leke-deelname word bepleit. Dit is egter eers in 1991 dat die aanwending van leke-assessore in die Suid-Afrikaanse regstelsel 'n realiteit word. Een van die voorvereistes vir die aanstel van assessore is dat die aanstelling dienstig vir die regspleging moet wees. Die vraag waarmee penoloe en juriste worstel, is of die aanwending van assessore tans wel bevorderlik vir gesonde regspleging is. Uit empiriese navorsing het dit geblyk nie die geval te wees nie. Derhalwe word 'n opleidingsprogram vir assessore voorgestel / The subject of perspective on tioning of lay justice. this dissertation is a penological the development/ purpose and tunc­ assessors in the administration of The use of lay assessors can be traced back as far as 1657. As a result of the adoption of the British law principles/ the jury system was incorporated in South African law. After the abolition of the jury in 1969/ the answering of factual and judicial questions resides in the presiding officer. This situation was unacceptable and lay participation was advocated. The use of lay assessors became a reality in 1991. The prerequisite for the appointment of an assessor is that it should be expedient for the administration of justice. But are the use of lay assessors beneficial at this stage? From the empirical research it is evident that it is not beneficial at all and therefore the researcher recommends a training programme for lay assessors. / Penology / M.A. (Penologie)