Metaphor research has become widespread. However, students’ understanding of metaphor in informational text has received little study. With increased use of informational trade books in the classroom, research in this area is needed. Fifty-five grade six students with Canadian English as their first language participated in the study. Their understanding of metaphors in excerpts from three recently published informational trade books was examined by the use of the reading think aloud technique and multiple choice activities. One think aloud was completed by each student in both individual and dyadic conditions. Multiple choice activities were completed individually after reading, but with the text available. The think-aloud protocols were examined using specific-trait analysis, holistic scoring, and miscue analysis. The multiple choice activities were scored against anticipated adult-like understanding and the results were subjected to standard statistical tests. Level of understanding of metaphors varied widely among students, with the overall average being about 65%. Contrary to prediction, understanding was significantly higher in the individual condition compared to the dyadic condition. Although part of this difference could be attributed to differences in passage difficulty, the anticipated scaffolding effect of reading with a partner was not found. The reading think aloud was a rich source of information about both the meaning students constructed and the meaning-construction process. The study suggested that the think aloud could be used in the classroom as an effective learning device, particularly in that it allowed less-capable readers to participate as equal partners in what might otherwise have been a frustrating reading task. Overall, there emerged a picture of students at various points along the path to full adult mastery of metaphor, with some students already demonstrating an adult level of understanding. Level of text understanding was consistent with level of metaphor understanding. The only metaphor-type effect identified was for metaphors with copula-verb syntactic-frame structure. Abstractness of the words in the metaphors did not affect meaning construction; however, conventionality of the metaphorical expressions did influence understanding. / Education, Faculty of / Language and Literacy Education (LLED), Department of / Graduate

Trail biking in the Lower Fraser Valley has become popular as an outdoor recreation activity in the last 10 to 15 years. A major attraction of this activity is the freedom it gives the trail bikers to go almost anywhere. However, with increasing urbanisation, the number of areas on which to ride trail bikes has diminished. With encroachment of residential land on still existing trail bike haunts, the number of complaints of noise, trespass, environmental damage and recreation user conflict is growing. Provision of a special use area for trail bikes has proved an acceptable solution to similar problems in other parts of North America. On the surface, it seems logical that a special use area might be equally acceptable in the study area. However, it is contended that the Lower Fraser Valley presents a different combination of social and environmental factors, and that the design of an acceptable solution to the trail bike problem requires more than mere provision of a special use area. As a methodology for designing such a solution, a model based upon 'planning under uncertainty’ is utilized. This model consists of two cycles; the 'plan-making cycle' and the 'plan implementing cycle'. The objective of the 'plan making' cycle is to design an acceptable solution to the trail bike problem in the study area. First, several aspects of the problem are explored. The demand for trail bike facilities, and how this demand has been met is examined. The problems generated by trail biking in the study area are identified and discussed. From these investigations, criteria for an acceptable solution are formulated. Four solutions are examined with respect to these criteria. These are: a) to do nothing, b) to prohibit trail bike use completely, c) to prohibit trail bike use from certain areas and d) to accommodate trail bike use. Only the latter, or a combination of prohibition and accommodation are considered acceptable. However, even if a special use area is provided, there is no basis for prediction, that it will be used, nor that it will be tolerated by the residents of the Lower Fraser Valley, nor is it known what will be the environmental consequences of such action. This uncertainty is reduced by entering the 'plan-implementing cycle'. The purpose of this cycle is to implement the chosen solution for an experimental period, and in doing so monitor aspects that have been identified as uncertain. There are four phases in this cycle» action, monitoring, analysis and evaluation. The results of the monitoring program are evaluated on the basis of how well the ‘plan’ meets the stated criteria for an acceptable solution. Evaluation will determine if the experiment should continue with modifications based on the first round of a cycle, or if a return to the plan-making cycle is required as a result of unexpected events. This model for planning under uncertainty is illustrated by describing how the plan implementing cycle could be applied in the study area. The case for choosing Eagle Ridge as the experimental site is stated and a site plan and monitoring programme is described. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

Multi-level marketing schemes (MLMs) is one of the fastest growing types of business in the world. Especially in China, with the development of e-commerce and social network application, increasingly people start doing business for MLM companies in social network platform. However, there are few academic articles have been written about the ethicality of MLMs on social media application in China. What surprising is, even in China, the ethical issue of MLMs on Wechat is controversial. Among the ordinary person, MLMs sometimes have been accused of being pyramid schemes, which is illegal in China. Besides, many people complain that some of their friends sell products on Wechat, which make them uncomfortable and sometimes be pressured to buy it. This research explores the nature of MLMs and the ethical issues of it. It argues that MLMs on Wechat in China posed some unique ethical issues and attempts to search for the solutions for them.

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台灣開放陸資赴台直接投資已逾七年，相關投資法制體系初步形成，而法制環境對評估投資而言，一直都是最重要的影響因素。本文基於對陸資赴台投資直接適用之法令，並結合與之相關的其他法規範，通過研究，對陸資赴台直接投資之法制有較為清晰之認識。 由於台灣對陸資與僑外資採分別立法管轄，並將陸資經由第三地區公司赴台投資視為陸資間接投資，與陸資直接投資適用相同之法律規範。故本文首先對陸資的意涵進行分析，釐清其所指代的範圍，並說明主管機關在實務認定上的要點。其次，本文結合台灣公司法上涉及股東出資的相關規定，對陸資赴台直接投資可為之出資方式進行討論。最後，陸資投資業別項目的歷次開放說明，以及陸資可選擇之投資型態亦為本文論述的重點，目的在於明確現階段台灣市場對陸資的開放程度，以及陸資的相關投資待遇。 在對陸資赴台進行了法令結合實務的研究之後，本文進一步將其與外資赴台投資進行比較分析，並從開放投資業別項目、投資主體身分限制、申請程序、後續核查機制四個方面論述了二者投資台灣的差別待遇。兩岸雖然已經在逐步減少投資限制，促進投資便利化等方面達成協議，但台灣對陸資與外資在事實上的差別對待仍然較為明顯。 隨著陸資赴台投資逐漸顯現其正面效益，台灣同樣應該對現行的陸資政策進行檢討，適時作出調整，逐步放寬對陸資的限制，改善陸資投資環境。 / Taiwan has permitted Mainland China to make direct investment in the Island over seven years, and the relevant preliminary legal investment system has been formed. This thesis has made a research on the directly applicable laws for the direct mainland investment in Taiwan and other related laws and regulations, so as to give readers a clearer understanding of the law of direct investment in Taiwan. Considering that Taiwan has made different laws to manage mainland investment and overseas investment, firstly, this paper analyzes the connation of mainland investment and clarifies its meaning ranges. Secondly, combined with the part of contributions of shareholder stated on Taiwan company law, the paper also discussed what way the investors from mainland could choose to make direct investment in Taiwan.Finally, descriptions of all previous business categories that could be invested and investment patterns that could be chosen by mainland investors are also the important discussion points of the paper. After a research combining the practice with regulations, this thesis will make a further contrasting analysis of mainland investment with the foreign investment in Taiwan, as well as their treatment difference for aspects of opening investment projects, investment restrictions on the identity, application procedures and the subsequent verification mechanism. Although, the two sides have gradually reduced investment restrictions and promote to make agreements on investment facilitation, there are still obvious differences of Taiwan’s treatment on mainland investment and foreign investment. As mainland investment is gradually making positive effect on Taiwan’s development, Taiwan should also review the current policy on mainland investment and make timely adjustments, so as to slowly relieve its restrictions and improve the investment environment for mainland investors.

在台灣內部產、官、學界對於「開放陸生來台」議題，於政治、經濟、教育層面產生諸多正反討論之際，本研究深度訪談40位大陸地區交換學生，試圖由政策實施對象瞭解大陸地區交換學生在台現況、釐清大陸地區學生來台攻讀大專院校學位之意願以及檢視開放陸生來台政策內容。 過往涉及大陸學歷認證與開放陸生來台政策的相關文獻，多將研究主題著重於探討兩岸關係，如權力、政治菁英、意識型態等影響政策制定過程的決定因素。本研究則以「全球化」、「知識經濟」與「軟實力」的概念探討「開放陸生來台」政策，本研究焦點置於全球競爭時代中，吸收一流人才提升國家競爭力的重要性。 本研究針對受訪者的人口特徵、大陸地區交換學生來台動機、大陸地區交換學生在台現況、大陸地區學生來台就學意願進行分析，從受訪者對開放陸生來台政策之相關反應，整理歸納台灣吸引大陸地區學生來台攻讀高等教育學位之主要優勢，並預測台灣可能吸收之大陸學生類型。 根據主要研究發現，本研究之具體政策建議如下：1. 以香港、新加坡招收陸生政策為借鏡，放寬相關限制。2. 政府應投注更多資金與優惠政策協助各大專院校建立良好口碑，前往大陸地區進行「針對性、目的性」宣傳。3. 政府應對大陸地區學生展開大規模調查研究，瞭解其需求以作調整改進。4. 政府機關應培養兩岸優秀談判人才。 在未來研究方向的建議部分，應針對第一波來台留學之大陸地區學生進行後續追蹤研究，向大陸高校學生進行來台攻讀學位之意願調查，並針對亞太地區的招收陸生留學政策做更詳盡的比較分析，以期對開放陸生來台政策的施行進行有效之相關配套措施規劃，提升大陸地區學生來台就學意願，達到兩岸雙贏局面。 / Under the effects of globalization, attracting talents to improve national competitiveness has become a top priority for all countries in the world. Adopting to globalization, knowledge-based economy and soft power, this research intends to answer the following questions: （1） What is the current situation of mainland exchange students in Taiwan? （2） What are the factors affecting mainland students’ willingness to gain higher education degree in Taiwan? （3） How mainland exchange students subjectively interpret the open policy in allowing mainland students study in Taiwan universities? Through in-depth interviews and analysis of relevant policy making, this research tries to deduce the motivations and willingness of mainland students moving to Taiwan for higher education. Since no registered mainland students gained academic degree in Taiwan, the author interviewed and discussed with 40 mainland exchange students to identify Taiwan’s attractiveness and advantages compared to other opponents, such as Hong Kong and Singapore in the Greater China Area. The main research findings are: （1）The aspiration to go abroad, the limited opportunity to cross border, the convenience of using the same language, the attraction of Taiwan culture and the tough restriction to access Taiwan are the five main reasons why mainland exchange students choose Taiwan to visit. （2） Different degree of competitive pressure on students makes the distinct higher education circumstances between Mainland China and Taiwan. （3） The advantageous overseas diploma, the convenience of using the same language, the lower learning cost, the higher level of academic standards and the employment opportunities after ECFA are the main factors which attract mainland students gaining higher education degree in Taiwan. Based on the research findings, the policy advices are the followings: （1） Learning the advanced experience from Hong Kong and Singapore, the government should bend the rules and consider further relaxation of the policy. （2）Inject more money into making more propaganda for Taiwan’s universities. （3） Undertake large-scale empirical investigation to gather more information about the Chinese students’ willingness to study in Taiwan. （4） Train excellent negotiator in coordinating cross-strait affairs.

This dissertation argues for the renewal of Chinese evangelical spirituality by critical engagement with Christian mysticism. The dissertation argues that Chinese evangelicals can pursue life transformation by appropriating the Christian mystical tradition within the Chinese context while retaining core evangelical distinctions. It discloses that Chinese evangelicals have inherited some elements of the Christian mystical tradition. Purposeful review and critical engagement with Christian mysticism provide Chinese evangelicals with meaningful themes, lively witnesses, and practical insights for reimaging the pathway of future spiritual theology in their social-cultural context. Thus, it contributes to the sparse academic research on mainland Chinese spiritual theology and argues that Christian mysticism plays a particular role in its unique development. Furthermore, this dissertation holds that Chinese evangelical leaders should and can work together to lead Christians to acquire spiritual maturity while they are travelling on this spiritual pathway. It proposes an integration of biblical leadership and the social identity theory of leadership for leading a constructive change to the evangelical community. Such as proposal of change manifests the contribution of this dissertation to the fusion of theory and practice in spiritual or practical theology.

Après la Révolution culturelle, toute une génération de compositeurs de Chine continentale a émergé sur la scène internationale. Ce mouvement est indissociable de la mondialisation artistique, puisque beaucoup de ces compositeurs se sont dispersés dans le monde pour se construire hors de leur contexte culturel d’origine. C’est à Chen Zhen, un plasticien chinois de la même génération, que nous avons emprunté les trois concepts de « résidence, résonance et résistance », pour éclairer leurs trajectoires. 1 Résidence Comment relier par cette notion des compositeurs qui vivent aux États-Unis, en Europe, et même … en Chine ? Ce n’est pas dans la géographie qu’il faut chercher un ancrage commun, mais plutôt dans l’histoire. Dix années de Révolution culturelle, suivies de dix années d’ouverture, ont façonné très fortement cette génération.2 Résonance Dans la délicate alchimie à opérer entre techniques occidentales et traditions musicales chinoises, on repère une sorte de circulation entre différentes couches de mémoire. L’étude des œuvres permet de voir combien les influences s’enchevêtrent.3 Résistance On note chez nombre de compositeurs chinois une volonté de se démarquer de la musique contemporaine occidentale : univers incontournable pour être reconnu, elle semble avoir opéré à la manière d’une sorte de « surmoi ». On peut y voir la résurgence de l’idéal esthétique chinois ancien du naturel (ziran), mais aussi un accommodement aux lois du marché. / After the Cultural Revolution, a whole generation of Chinese composers arrived on the international music scene. It is not possible to dissociate this movement from the artistic globalisation, since almost all of these composers are spread out over the different continents and are working outside of their original cultural context. To clarify the paths taken by these composers, we shall use the categories (“residence, resonance and resistance”) elaborated by Chen Zhen, a Chinese visual artist of the same generation1. ResidenceHow can we possibly group together under this term composers living in the United States, Europe and even … in China? We cannot look to geography to find a common basis but rather to history. Ten years of the Cultural Revolution followed by another ten where China had opened to the West have had a very strong impact on this generation of composers.2. ResonanceIn the delicate alchemy that takes place between Western technique and Chinese musical tradition, we can see a certain inter-penetration of different layers of memory. Studying the works of these composers, we can see how much these influences become entangled.3. ResistanceWe can notice with many of these Chinese composers a growing tendency to take distance from Western contemporary music, a world essential to be part of, if one wants recognition, acting as a kind of Super-Ego. We can see this phenomenon like the resurgence of very old Chinese aesthetic concept, the ideal of the “natural” (ziran) or like a compromise with the market power.

自一九七七年鄧小平提出科技人才的培養，基礎在教育以來，教育工作被視為促成中國大陸經濟發展的重要議程，也是完成社會主義現代化建設的戰略要點。而教育的發展重在建立合格、穩定的師資陣容，在此一前提下，農村地區為數眾多且學歷不合格的中小學民辦教師，則成為中國大陸提昇人力素質需求下，首要解決的問題。 　　一九七八年以後，中國大陸各地區根據「減少數量，提高質量」的教育方針，逐步擴展民辦教師在職培訓，減少數量並提高其政治、經濟地位。一九九五年二月二十日在廣東惠州召開的全國民辦教師工作會議上，國家教委堅持以「關、招、轉、辭、退」五字方針，解決民辦教師問題，並於公元兩千年之前讓中國大陸民辦教師成為歷史。然而，隨著九年義務教育的推展，教師需求增加；農村地區師資匱乏問題未獲妥善解決；加諸經濟改革以來，部份農村教師棄教從商等現象，均影響目前農村基礎教育的發展。因此，除了片面降低民辦教師數量外，如何運用民辦教師政策，鼓勵兩百多萬農村民辦教師繼續為農村教育奉獻心力，則更具啟發性。 　　本研究之目的乃在： 　　1.探討民辦教師的發展背景； 　　2.分析民辦教師主要的分佈特性； 　　3.瞭解中國大陸現行有關民辦教師的管理體制，以及現行政策之缺失； 　　4.分析中國大陸經濟改革開放後，對民辦教師教學工作與職業流動的影響。 　　另外，除檢討目前政策得失外，研究者也擬定若干建議。 　　依據研究目的，研究者採取文獻分析法與個案研究方法進行民辦教師現況與民辦教師政策問題的分析；另外，本研究也擬以「質的自然研究設計、量的資料蒐集分析、量的統計分析」之統合策略研究法，分析民辦教師區域的分佈特性。 　　研究結果發現，國家財政匱乏、政治因素主導教育發展、農村教師不足以及農村辦學體制的變動，乃是促成民辦教師發展的重要因素。另外，根據統計資料的分析，民辦教師數量與當地社會經濟結構、教育規模有高相關存在。換言之，社會經濟越發達，民辦教師所佔的比重越小，反之，則否。至於農村民辦教師職業流動的現象則呈現區域性的差異，一般而言，社會經濟結構越趨向高度農業化，就業結構越單一化的地區，民辦教師鮮有職業流動，而鄉鎮企業發達、或鄰近都市的農村，民辦教師職業流動現象明顯。 　　此外，在國家教委「關、招、轉、辭、退」的政策推行下，目前中國大陸民辦教師數量與質量獲得明顯的改善。如：民辦教師佔中小學教師總數的比例由一九七八年的59.4%，下降到一九九四年的24.3%；根據個案研究的結果發現，民辦教師學歷普遍提昇到高中以上。不過目前仍存在以下幾個問題： 　　1.片面禁止增聘民辦教師，卻未能解決農村教師不足的情況，導致農村代課教師數量增加，成為變相的民辦教師。 　　2.國家教委人事司與地方政府對「民轉公」政策宗旨認知不同，致使民轉公的選招方式備受爭議。 　　3.民轉公與中師招收在職民辦教師名額少，且考試競爭激烈，教師投入考試準備，怠忽教學工作。 　　4.已取得中專與大專本科學歷的民辦教師，為轉公辦教師仍須到師範學校學習，造成教育資源浪費。 　　5.民辦教師工資、福利與公辦教師相差二倍以上。 　　綜觀上述的問題，研究者建議： 　　1.按民辦教師年齡與學歷，分別考量民轉公選招的標準。 　　2.民轉公名額須與縣（市）地方財政負擔相配合。 　　3.農村教育費附加，由縣統一籌措，並用於保障與提昇民辦教師工資。 　　4.另外，由縣市統一規定農村民辦教師最低保障工資數。 　　5.以互助會的形式建立民辦教師社會福利保險制度。 　　儘管目前以政策性策略降低民辦教師數量的成長，但是長期以來農村地區師資嚴重短缺的問題，始終未獲得根本的解決，導致控制了農村地區民辦教師之數量，卻間接造成代課教師數量的成長。而欲解決農村民辦教師或代課教師的問題，根本之道在研擬一套舒緩農村教師緊缺的新途徑。

眾所矚目的第一次「辜汪會談」在辜振甫與汪道涵握手、坐上談判桌、簽署協議後落幕，兩岸從此進入一個充滿變數的「談判時代」。無論台灣兩千萬人如何看待這次的辜汪會談，也無論各界對這次會談的定位呈現多大的認知差距，兩岸關係從對抗、隔絕到走向談判桌，已是種必然的發展。如此的時代意義，正是從事本文研究的基本動機。 　　面對兩岸談判時代的來臨，能否從第一次「辜汪會談」雙方的談判行為中尋出脈絡，作為兩岸日後談判的範例，是本文所欲深入研究之處。而文中除了對兩岸的談判行為作客觀的分析外，亦關心該會談對台灣所造成的衝擊與影響。藉由辜汪會談獲得啟示，使我方政府在面對中共這麼一個實力強大、戰略目標明確且戰術手段靈活的談判對手時，能夠步步紮實、開拓勝機，正是本文研究期許達到之目的。本論文分為五章，十四節，共計十萬餘字。第一章為導論，選寫本論文之研究動機、目的、方法、途徑、範圍與架構。第二章則將一般的談判概念及中共的談判理念作一歸納說明，並概述兩岸事務性談判。第三章說明第一次辜汪會談前兩岸關係的發展及會談的完整經過。第四章則分析台灣與中共雙方在會談中的談判行為，並以第二章所提之談判概念加以檢視。第五章結論，探討第一次辜汪會談對現階段兩岸關係及國際關係呈現的意義，並對會談作一綜合評析，以期台灣能自此次會談獲得啟示，為日後談判開拓勝機。