The intensity and emotional demands of the health care environment place exceptionally high performance expectations and stress on hospital social workers. Critical Incident Stress (CIS), a specific type of stress associated with dramatic, emotionally overwhelming situations, known as Critical Incidents (CIs), produce several emotional and physical reactions that can threaten the well-being of the hospital social worker. CIS, as experienced by hospital social workers, is absent from the literature and not well understood. The purpose of this study was to describe how hospital social workers appraised, reacted to, and coped with CIs in their work environment. Lazarus and Folkman's (1984) theoretical framework of stress appraisal and coping was used to guide this descriptive study. A sample of 30 hospital social workers was recruited from two Vancouver tertiary care hospitals. Four instruments (Participant Information Sheet, Critical Incident Information Form, Emotional Appraisal Scale, and Ways of Coping Scale) were used to gain knowledge on how hospital social workers appraised, reacted to, and coped with CIs in their work environment. Quantitative data were coded, qualitative data were subjected to content analysis, and descriptive statistics calculated. Data revealed that hospital social workers encountered CIs in their work environment and that the majority of CIs centred on death-related events. The primary traits of events appraised as CIs were novelty, suddenness, and uncertainty. Respondents reacted to the CI with a variety of emotional (anxiety, fear, frustration, worry, anger) and physical reactions (feeling overwhelmed, fatigued, withdrawn, anxious, difficulty with sleeping), and although they experienced some discomfort, these reactions were not debilitating. Most hospital social workers indicated that their personal beliefs had been challenged by the CI and revealed that they were unsure as to what their social work role or function should have been during the event. However, despite this, respondents remained confident and comfortable with the decisions they made. Hospital social workers appeared to cope well with CIs, used a variety of emotion- and problem-focused coping strategies, and reported few negative effects on their professional and/or personal lives. The top four coping strategies utilized by respondents were seeking social support, planful problemsolving, positive reappraisal, and self-control. The implications of the findings for hospital social work administration, social work training and education, hospital social work practice, and future research are discussed. / Arts, Faculty of / Social Work, School of / Graduate

Landscape is a medium of expression and a reflection of the beliefs of the people who inhabit it. It carries symbolic meanings that emerge from the values by which people define themselves; values grounded in culture. These symbols stem from elements of the natural environment, stories passed on through generations, or from experiences interacting with others. The indigenous peoples of Canada have a culture rich in traditional art, ceremony, and sustainable development and holistic integration of landscape. Contemporary First Nation culture draws from this past to inform the future. This phenomenon exemplifies the necessity for cultural expression in First Nation landscapes of today. The Semiahmoo First Nation in Lower Mainland British Columbia is a Coast Salish group occupying approximately 380 acres of land on the Pacific coastline. River and estuarine habitats, significant species richness and dense vegetation characterize the area and identify the primary motive for Semiahmoo traditional encampment on its shores. Changes in the past century have included colonial settlement to the region, periods of industrial and resource economies, a decrease in band population and subsequent decline in cultural practices. Current increasing recreation and development interests have created urgency for the reawakening of cultural expression in the landscape. Initial literature research about First Nations in Northwest Canada and a biophysical analysis provided introductory information, followed by community discussions which provided a deeper understanding of the people and of the place. A design vocabulary of traditional and contemporary elements was composed to guide and unify the program and spatial components of the design. The resulting design focuses on the public realm of the Reserve clearly defining Semiahmoo identity and sense of place. Land use issues were addressed and delineated public and private areas, ecological enhancements and displayed potential for growth on the site. The design respects the bicultural interface of the Reserve while providing cultural and environmental education. The First Nation value system possesses a tangible and spiritual quality; rooted in the creatures and elements of their surroundings. Expression of the Semiahmoo peoples' beliefs and values in the landscape enriches the experiential qualities of the place and reverence for its past and future. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of / Graduate

No description available.

Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA) is an area with a long history of human occupation and great ethnolinguistic diversity. The earliest anatomically modern humans arrived ~65 thousand years ago, while presently it has a population size of ~263 million people speaking ~229 languages belonging to five major language families: Austroasiatic (AA), Austronesian (AN), Tai-Kadai (TK), Hmong-Mien (HM), and Sino-Tibetan (ST). Analyses of genome-wide data can provide rich insights into reconstructing human genetic population history, but there is a paucity of genome-wide data from MSEA (mostly limited to the majority groups such as the Kinh and Thai). The goal of this thesis was to analyze newly-genotyped genome-wide data (encompassing ~600 thousand SNPs) from an extensive, detailed sample of ethnolinguistic groups from Vietnam, Thailand, and Laos, encompassing all five major MSEA language families, in order to reconstruct their genetic history and relationships with cultural variation. In Chapter I, I analyzed data from 259 individuals from the Kinh and 21 Vietnamese ethnolinguistic groups. In contrast to previous studies suggesting that genetic diversity in Vietnam largely reflects internal diversification and isolation, I found evidence for different sources of genetic diversity in different linguistic groups, extensive contact between groups, and a likely case of language shift involving AN-speaking groups. In Chapter II, I analyzed data from 463 individuals from 33 ethnolinguistic groups together with 3 published groups (including the Thai), hence in total 36 groups from Thailand and Laos. I found fine-scale genetic structure for the major TK and AA groups according to their linguistic branches, and different levels of local interaction with other linguistic groups in geographical proximity. This diverse structure was also influenced by South Asian admixture, detected in several different linguistic groups from central and southern Thailand, dated to ~600-1000 years ago. This admixture date, together with the geographical distribution of these groups, suggests that the South Asian influence corresponds to the Ayutthaya kingdom period (1350-1767 AD), when there was extensive interactions and political and trading networks between people from MSEA and South Asia.:SUMMARY p.1 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG p.10 CHAPTER I p.20 Extensive ethnolinguistic diversity in Vietnam reflects multiple sources of genetic diversity CHAPTER II p.68 Reconstructing the human genetic history of mainland Southeast Asia: insights from genome- wide data from Thailand and Laos REFERENCES p.111 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS p.114 CURRICULUM VITAE p.115 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE p.117 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION STATEMENT p.118

No description available.

2009年6月30日政府開放陸資來台投資，經濟部統計至2012年4月止，累計核准陸資來臺投資件數為246件，核准投(增)資金額計2億8千萬美元。陸資來台基本上仍處小規模、試探性階段。在兩岸經貿關係逐步深化之後，政府未來是否有比照僑外投資方式開放陸資來台投資之可能，使陸資來台投資，轉化為我國經濟發展的正面能量，值得探討。因而，本研究之目的如下：(一)探討陸資來台投資之動機(二)陸資與外資來台投資政策及規範之比較分析(三)提出具體建議提供政府擬定陸資來台投資政策之參考。 本研究以文獻分析及個案深度訪談方法，就陸資來台投資之製造業、服務業中選出具代表性個案，計4家陸資企業進行訪談；另為陸資與外資來台投資政策及規範之比較分析，選定2家具代表性外資企業進行訪談，以為本研究之目的進行探討，並提出具體政策建議。 研究發現陸資來台投資動機主要為獲取先進技術與經營管理經驗、響應中國大陸政府對台投資政策、拓展市場，擴大出口，進行全球化佈局等，來台投資除企業對外投資經濟層面動機外，尚有響應中國大陸政策，積極推動陸資企業來台投資佈局之政策性動機存在。而就陸資與外資來台投資政策差異，政府主要對陸資採「先緊後鬆、循序漸進、先有成果、再行擴大」的原則政策，對外資則採獎勵投資、減少外人投資障礙之開放政策；在陸資來台投資項目係採正面表列，所開放的項目係以國內發展成熟且不會對國內經濟造成負面衝擊的產業為主；而外資來台投資項目則採負面表列方式管理，除少數基於國家安全、公共秩序、善良風俗或國民健康考量及法律明定或國際協定予以禁止以及部分特許行業加以有條件限制外，均予以開放，開放程度已達95％以上。 本研究提出具體建議提供政府擬定陸資來台投資政策之參考，建議政府可參照開放外資投資政策，擴大開放陸資來台投資政策，將陸資來台投資項目從正面表列改以開放的負面表列管理，惟就擴大開放陸資來台投資政策下，政府對相關可能造成負面衝擊之影響，建議亦應有相關配套產業政策：如推動兩岸新型產業合作、輔導弱勢產業轉型與升級，以因應未來擴大開放趨勢、關鍵技術產業智慧財產權之保障、儘速簽署投資保障協議等，以為因應，降低衝擊之影響。另就陸資來台投資法令規範，建議建立完善投資審查機制，以防衛國家安全及因應關鍵技術流失之不利衝擊，另建議放寬大陸人員來台進出之法令、陸資購置不動產相關法令，以利陸資來台投資。 / Taiwan’s Government deregulated the investment capital of Mainland China in Taiwan on June 30, 2009. According to the statistical data of Ministry of Economic Affairs, up to April 2012, Mainland China investment in Taiwan has accumulated to 246 cases and the accumulated amount of investment (incl. capital increase) is US$280 million. Basically, the Mainland China capital investment in Taiwan is still in small scale. Following the gradual deepening of cross-strait economic and trading relationship, it is worthwhile to probe into the possibility of treating the Mainland China capital investment in Taiwan as ordinary foreign investment in Taiwan and turning it into positive energy of the economic development of Taiwan. The purposes of this research are such as following: 1) The motive of Mainland China capital investing in Taiwan, 2) Comparison and analysis of the policies and regulation of Mainland China capital and traditional foreign investment, and 3) Proposing practical suggestions for reference of the government in formulating Mainland China capital investment policy. By Literature Analysis Approach and in Case Interview Method, the research selected representing cases of Mainland China investment in manufacturing and in services industries. There were 4 Mainland China capital enterprises interviewed. Also by comparative analysis on the policies and regulations of traditional foreign investment and Mainland China capital investment, two representing foreign invested enterprises were interview. The efforts pointed directly to the purposes of the research as well as providing practical policy suggestions. It is found that the motives of Mainland China capital investment in Taiwan are mainly in obtaining advance techniques and operating and management experience, echoing the Taiwan Investment Policy of Mainland China government, developing market, expanding export and globalization deployment. Besides the economic motives in foreign investment of the Mainland China enterprises, they are also echoing the policy of mainland China government and actively to deploy their investment in Taiwan. In the difference of policies of Taiwan Government toward Mainland China capital and traditional foreign capital, Taiwan government is working in the principle of “Tight firstly then loose, Moving progressively, See the result before expansion” to the Mainland China capital investment, while it is in encouraging and reducing barrier to foreign investment to the traditional foreign investment. Under the control of Mainland China capital, it is subject to positive listing, and the items opened is the industries that are matured and will not result in negative impact on the domestic economy. In addition, under the control of foreign capital investment, it is rather in negative listing, that only the industries are excluded based on national security, public order, decent customs or national health, or those forbidden specifically under law or international treaty, or the charter business, all others are opened and the level of open reached 95%. This research provided practical suggestions for the reference of government in formulating the Mainland China capital investment. We suggest that the government shall take reference of policy for opening foreign investment to expand the scope for Mainland China capital investment and turn the positive listing to negative listing in administration, but under the expanding liberalization of Mainland China capital investment, the government shall guard off the negative impacts with packaged industry policy such as new cross-strait industry cooperation, assisting the transformation or upgrading of disadvantage industry to cope with future expansion, Key techniques industry and intellectual property right protection and speed up investment protection treaty, so as to reduce the impact. In the part of legislation and regulatory of investments of Mainland China Capital, it is suggested to build complete investment review mechanism to defend national security and to cope with the unfavorable impact resulted from loss of key techniques. We will also suggest deregulating the purchasing of real estate to induce the investment of Mainland China capital under the control of the entry and exit of Mainland China people.

2010年隨著國際觀光旅遊與景氣復甦，全球國際觀光客成長率已由負轉正，並自2011年起觀光業已逐漸走出陰霾，尤其以亞洲地區恢復力道最為強勁，且兩岸間之旅遊亦然。日本長久以來為來臺旅客之主要來源國，但自2010年起，中國大陸旅客來臺人數首度超越日本旅客，成為來臺觀光最大客源。在逐步開放陸客自由行與健檢醫美的版圖後，不僅帶動了臺灣地區相關產業發展，更擴大了其他的周邊效益，成功的開啟來臺旅遊的新市場。然而，有鑑於兩岸間特殊之政治關係與歷史背景，在搭上這波陸客市場商機的順風車同時，仍須留意與掌控陸客來臺之動機與行蹤，對陸客來臺之管理做到密切監控，並多方督導各部會與情治單位之保防與情蒐工作，加強職業敏感度以慎防國安漏洞。 本文要探究我國在開放陸客來臺觀光自由行與健檢醫美上具有哪些政策，並從相關政策中探討哪些法規成為陸客自由行與健檢醫美之法規漏洞，以提出如何控管陸客來臺之相關作為；從對我國利害關係點出發，分析陸客來臺後對於我國之政治、經濟、社會以及對普羅大眾帶來之效益與影響，最後提出建議與結論。

臺灣與中國大陸加入WTO後，其貿易互動將更趨頻繁，此現象除了帶來兩岸經濟的活絡外，也將提高兩岸貿易糾紛發生的可能性，因此熟悉WTO爭端解決機制的運作是臺灣做為一個經貿小國必學的課題；又兩岸糾紛不同於一般國際經貿糾紛，牽涉到敏感的政治因素，臺灣面臨的是對我主權不尊重也不認同之國家，在這樣的情況下，臺灣必須學習如何訴諸WTO爭端解決機制的法律途徑以保障臺灣經貿。 WTO爭端解決機制包含諮商、斡旋等雙邊協商，協商不成則可提請爭端解決機構(DSB)成立爭端解決小組(panel)以為因應，透過小組對兩造意見之書面審查、口頭辯論等意見表達，及蒐集相關資訊蒐集後，最後由小組做成「期中報告」，若成員國無其他意見表述，則「期中報告」即為「最終報告」，DSB有權要求被控訴履行裁決。 在整個WTO爭端解決過程中，臺灣必須面臨的挑戰有：中國大陸認定臺灣無提請訴訟資格的主權抗議、國際現實的壓力、龐大的訴訟費用，以及曠日費時的訴訟期間等。倘最後中國拒絕履行義務，臺灣雖可請求DSB授權對中國大陸進行貿易制裁，但其亦將蒙受本身產業在貿易制裁過程中的損失。這些因素使得臺灣政府在對中國大陸發動WTO爭端解決程序時有所顧忌。 但將兩岸爭端訴諸WTO爭端解決程序有一好處，即使兩岸貿易 回歸到規則導向的互動，亦可嚇阻中國大陸不尊重我為WTO會員國之相關行動，使兩岸貿易走向法制化的互動。 / After Taiwan and China accession to the WTO, the activities of bilateral trade will be more frequent. Besides the busy business, the possibility of trade disputes between cross-strait parties will be arisen as well. Therefore Taiwan needs to have more intimate knowledge of WTO dispute settlement mechanism. On the other hand, the disputes between cross-strait is different to other international disputes. The opponent that Taiwan faces to is a country which doesn’t respect Taiwan’s state sovereign. In such a circumstances, Taiwan have to learn how to protect the benefits of domestic industries through resorting to the legal access of WTO dispute settlement mechanism. The procedures of WTO dispute settlement mechanism contains bilateral negotiation like consultation、good-offices etc. If the consultation is in vain, the complaining party could request the DSB to establish the panel. The panel has the rights to review the written requests、consider the rebuttal submissions、and seek concerning information, then the panel should issue an “interim report ”.If no other Member State has different requests, the “interim report ”shall be considered “ the final panel report “, and the DSB has the right to ask the defendant party to practice the recommendations. During the whole process of WTO dispute settlement, Taiwan has to face these challenges as follows: the sovereign protest from China、the pressure from international reality、huge expenses of the proceedings, long time in the proceedings etc....If China refuse the recommendations, Taiwan could request the authorization from the DSB to suspend the application to Taiwan concerned of trade sanction. But the sanction will also injury Taiwan’s own domestic industries. Those consideration make Taiwan feel fearful of operating the WTO dispute settlement procedures against China. There is an advantage of resorting to the WTO dispute settlement procedures against China, that is lead the trade activities between cross-strait to the operation of rule-oriented access ,and it also can stop China continue using the measures that will violate Taiwan’s sovereign. Those changes can legalize the trade activities between cross-strait.

近年中國大陸在全球各地簽訂原油供應與相關原油探勘、開採合約，引起部分西方國家對此不滿，中國大陸能源外交的本質、目的、型態與手段亦成為學政界辯論的焦點，歐洲國家更將其對非洲的能源外交批評為新殖民主義，但中國大陸學者則認為僅止於重商主義。本文的研究目的在於檢視中國大陸外交政策屬於古典或新現實主義、能源是否為中國大陸對非洲外交政策的重心，與其對非洲能源外交的型態究竟是重商主義或新殖民主義；並回顧現實主義、國際政治經濟學、新殖民主義等相關理論，建構不同指標以檢驗本文的研究假設。 本文的研究成果可歸納為四個面向：其一，中國大陸對非洲政策為相當典型的新現實主義風格，追求優於非洲地主國的相對利得、政策佈局亦受國際體系權力結構制約；其次，能源為目前中國大陸對非洲政策的重心，中國大陸企業對非洲的投資亦以能源為主要考量；第三，包括中海油、中石油與中石化在內等三家中國大陸石油企業在非洲的投資以原油的探勘、開採權為主，符合其國內能源安全政策辯論的結果；第四，中國大陸在非洲的能源投資實無助於非洲國家的經濟發展，但亦無延滯非洲國家經濟發展，藉此擴張中國大陸在非洲的政經影響力的目的在內。 / In recent years, Mainland China has tried to sign oil supply and related exploration and exploitation contracts around the world, which has caused some western countries dissatisfaction. The essence, purpose, and means of Mainland China’s energy diplomacy have become the focus of debate in the academic and political circles. Some European countries even judged that Mainland China’s energy diplomacy toward Africa is a kind of neo-colonialism, but scholars from Mainland China consider it as mercantilism. The purposes of this thesis are to examine three assumptions: whether Mainland China’s foreign policy belongs to classical realism or neo realism; whether energy is the core of Mainland China’s foreign policy toward Africa; and whether the type of energy diplomacy toward Africa is neo- colonialism or mercantilism. The related theories including realism, international political economy and Neo-colonialism will also be reviewed of this thesis in order to establish four dimensions and twelve indictors to examine my assumptions. The conclusions of this thesis could be summarized into four dimensions: Firstly, Mainland China’s Africa policy is the typical neo-realism, seeking the better relative gain than African countries, and its policy arrangement is restricted by the power structure of the international system. Secondly, energy, especially oil, is the core concern of the Mainland China’s African policy. The investments of Mainland China’s enterprises in Africa also take energy as the main consideration. Thirdly, investments derived from three oil enterprises including China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) and China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (SINOPEC) focus on the right of oil exploration and exploitation, which conforms to the result of its domestic debates about energy security. Finally, Mainland China’s investments toward Africa can not help the economic development in Africa, but will not slow down the Africa’s economic development nor extend its ability to influence Africa.

自1949年國民黨政府播遷來臺，兩岸分治從軍事對立與衝突時期（1949-1978）至相互對峙互不往來（1979-1987），直到1987年我宣布解除戒嚴令，基於人道及親情考量，開放民眾赴大陸探親，方開啟我方與大陸之交流。並於2002年1月1日起，開放大陸地區人民來臺觀光，2008年新政府規劃將從7月4日開始，陸續擴大開放大陸人民來臺觀光，預估每年將有110萬人次。就國家安全觀點，尤其有無情報人員藉此來臺滲透、蒐情？實值深入研究與探討。 由於中共至今並未放棄以武力犯臺的意圖，其中來臺觀光對象中之特殊人員，在入出境審核作業上，亦以國家安全為主要考量，為謹慎評估威脅國家及其利益的範圍，在確定威脅之後，下一步驟是發展應變，並保護國家利益的政策設計。致本文在研究方法上，採用文獻分析法、歷史研究法及個案研究法來分析相關資料，並就已查獲之共諜案例研究分析。 本文希望藉由研究結論建議政府相關單位，在規劃擴大開放大陸來臺觀光，更應防範大陸人士假藉觀光名義來臺從事「交通」或滲透之實，並提出更有效國家安全管理機制。 / Since the Kuomintang government withdrew to Taiwan in 1949, Taiwan and Mainland China are divided ruled from the period of military conflict (1949-1978) to the period of non-mutual contact(1979-1987). Until 1987, our government based on the considerations of humanitarian and family ties and announced lifting the Martial Law, then opened residents to the mainland to visit their relatives. And since January 1, 2002, our government opened more mainland people to Taiwan for sightseeing, in 2008, the Kuomintang government won the Presidential Election and plan to continuously open wider to the mainland people to Taiwan for sightseeing by the estimation of annual 1.1 million. From the view point of national security, particularly the Intelligence personnel may infiltrate to Taiwan to make intelligence collection. So,it is worth profound study and discussion. As the Mainland China has not given up the intention to armed invasion of Taiwan, The Intelligence personnel pretended tourists are the main targets in the entry and exit audit operations. For cautious assessment of the scope of threats to national interests and for the protection of national interests to develop contingency plans and the policy Planning, this study take the use of Literature analysis , historical research and case studies ,especially focus on a total of the seized spy case study analysis. We hope that the conclusion of the study would be taken into account by the relevant government units in the planning of further opening up the mainland to Taiwan for sightseeing. in the meanwhile, the relevant units should guard against the guise of mainland tourists to Taiwan in the name of "traffic" but clandestine communication or infiltration in reality, and make more effective national security management mechanism.