This study examined the attitudes of regular education teachers at the elementary school level, toward mainstreaming students with emotional/behavioral disorders (E/BD) and identified variables which were correlated with those attitudes.

The aim of this following study is to clarify the differences between the swedish parties, the social democrats and the moderates strategies for how to prevent men’s violence against women at the national party level. This study is a textanalysis which aims to examine which strategies the parties think is a need for a better gender mainstreaming, the ideological perspective is taken to account when studying the parties strategies. To do the analysis, i have used the ideologies liberalism, conservatism and socialism, to study how different values are weighed against each other which is a general recommendation how something should be conducted. This can also be called a normative statement for how the parties apply ideological points of departure in their strategies. The analysis shows that the parties have differences in their proposals for action. The main difference between the parties is that the Moderates were mostly on improving the judical system, focing more in the individual, which can refer to liberalconservatism. The Social democrats had lower penalty and more measures in terms of knowledge, method development, follow up where the state had the main role. This can further refer to socialism.

The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) recognized a need for external help to implement a gender perspective in their project on improving air quality in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) extending from 2018-2022, which this thesis is a contribution to. To collect empirical material for the analysis, a cluster interview was conducted on site in Sarajevo with female representatives from ten CSOs working with gender equality nationally, in addition to a household survey targeted at six different cities in BiH through social media with the help of SEPA’s partnering ad agency network. The empirical findings of this study hence consist of local representations of problems regarding gender equality and its links to environmental issues, which were subsequently used to put the goals and problem representations present in the Swedish Foreign Service action plan for feminist foreign policy 2019-2022 and the Strategy for Sweden’s reform cooperation in the Western Balkans and Turkey 2021-2027 in context. This was specifically done with the help of Carol Bacchi’s policy analysis approach “What’s the Problem (Represented to be). Throughout the analysis, it became evident that there was a gap between the discourse of gender equality problems on site in BiH versus how gender equality problems were represented in the analysed Swedish policies steering the project. It also became evident that there was a gap between the horizontal goals of gender equality in these policies, and the resources available at SEPA for the actual implementation.  The conclusion of the analysis implicates the occurrence of shortcomings in Swedish reform cooperation when mainstreaming gender into environmental policies, and that this could potentially lead to efforts reproducing and entrenching gendered and socio-economic inequity.  By exemplifying the relevance of implementing a context-based gender perspective in this specific case, this thesis is hoped to encourage improving the prerequisites for mainstreaming gender into all international reform cooperation projects and applying the Swedish Feminist Foreign Policy accurately.

Bakgrund: Organisationskultur är ett begrepp med olika definitioner och eftersom en kultur inte går att mäta krävs det istället tolkningar för att förstå organisationskulturen. Denna studie grundas på två svenska myndigheter, Försvarsmakten och Polismyndigheten, vars kulturer är präglade av historia och tradition. Båda myndigheterna beskriver att de befinner sig i en kulturförändring. En planerad förändring av rådande organisationskulturen kan utspela sig olika beroende på interna och externa faktorer. Jämställdhetsintegrering i myndigheter är en strategi som regeringen har beslutat ska implementeras i statliga myndigheter, vilket innefattar att ett jämställdhetsperspektiv ska integreras i alla nivåer inom verksamheten. Jämställdhetsintegrering tolkas som ett försök till kulturförändring då rådande strukturer, normer och värderingar i organisationskulturen måste synliggöras och hanteras för att jämställdhetsperspektivet ska kunna implementeras på alla nivåer. Syfte: Studien syftar till att öka kunskapen om hur chefer inom två svenska myndigheter tolkar organisationskulturen och en planerad förändring av den. Metod: Studien har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta respondenter, fyra från Försvarsmakten och fyra från Polismyndigheten. Slutsats: Chefer inom både Polismyndigheten och Försvarsmakten ser på sina respektive organisationskulturer på liknande sätt. De båda studerade myndigheterna ser i vissa fall på sina organisationskulturer som variabler, möjliga att förändra och påverka genom ledarskap. I andra fall ses organisationskulturerna på som rotmetaforer, där förändring sker genom påverkan från samhället och när medarbetare socialt interagerar med varandra. Då svaren går åt olika håll kan det konstateras att de båda studerade myndigheterna hamnar någonstans mittemellan de båda synsätten. / Background: Organizational culture is a concept with different definitions and since a culture cannot be measured, interpretations are required instead to understand the organizational culture. This study is based on two Swedish authorities, the Swedish Armed Forces and the Swedish Police Authority, whose cultures are characterized by history and tradition. Both authorities describe that they are in a cultural change. A planned change in prevailing organizational cultures can take place differently depending on internal and external factors. Gender mainstreaming in authorities is a strategy that the government has decided to implement in government agencies, which includes that a gender equality perspective must be integrated at all levels within the business. Gender mainstreaming is interpreted as an attempt at cultural change as prevailing structures, norms and values in the organizational culture must be made visible and managed for the gender equality perspective to be implemented at all levels. Purpose: The study aims to increase knowledge of how managers within two Swedish authorities interpret the organizational culture and a planned change in it. Method: The study was conducted with a qualitative method through semi-structured interviews with eight respondents, four from the Swedish Armed Forces and four from the Swedish Police Authority. Conclusion: Managers within both the Swedish Police Authority and the Swedish Armed Forces view their organizational cultures in a similar way. The two studied authorities in some cases see their organizational cultures as variables, possible to change and influence through leadership. In other cases, organizational cultures are seen as root metaphors, where change takes place through influence from society and when employees socially interact with each other. As the answers go in different directions, it can be stated that the two studied authorities end up somewhere in between the two approaches.

This study examines the Swedish Basketball Federations work with Strategy 2025 as a means for gender mainstreaming. The aim of this study was to examine how the Federation constructs gender equality within their organization and how that becomes evident in their daily work. The aim was also to investigate which opportunities and challenges emerges during this process. By analyzing project documents as well as other documents related to the organizations gender policy and interviews, the study investigates how the concept of gender equality is understood and implemented. The analysis of the material was inspired by Carol L. Bacchi’s method “What’s the problem represented to be?”. The method examines which problems are explicitly presented as well as what is left as ‘unproblematic’. This is meant to identify which and if there are any silences within the problem description. The study exposes a construction of gender equality based on quantitative measures and within a future perspective, as something that will be achieved over time. And through Strategy 2025 two dominant problem representations emerge. These problem representations are an unequal representation and a gendered view on coaches and recruitment. The results indicate that gender mainstreaming becomes an administrative routine as a result of gender equality being understood as a qualitative measure.

Topics concerning gender mainstreaming are highly debated throughout political sciences. Studies imply that gender mainstreaming is implemented in an era of New Public Management which, according to different sources, takes away from the politics of gender equality. Due to the nature of the NPM framework, efficiency and productivity reduce gender mainstreaming to a technicality, rather than actually questioning the underlying structures of gender inequalities. In light of NPMs shortcomings in this aspect, a growing number of studies examine the possibilities Public Value Management has to offer. This framework articulates public value as the most important aspect of public administration. This study performs a policy analysis of the Swedish Migration Agency and examine how the agency deals with gender mainstreaming in terms of implementing a NPM and/or PVM oriented approach. The analysis in this paper is based on Carol Bacchi’s theoretical framework “What’s the problem represented to be?”, which helps isolate causes of the agency's problems regarding gender mainstreaming. Results of the analysis show an unwillingness to conform solely to factors such as efficiency and productivity, but controversially, the agency also heavily relies on the principles of the NPM framework. Conclusions can be made that the structural architecture of the agency prevents a full adoption of the PVM framework. / Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, Umeå Universitet

This is a case study on the gender mainstreaming work that has been done in the youth club of Västra Hamnen in the municipality of Malmö. I chose to focus on the activities in this specific youth club since it’s described as one of the more successful ones in the field of gender equality. I’m focusing on gender mainstreaming from an intersectional point of view because I want to find out if the activities that are being done lead to equal and equivalent results for all youths regardless of gender, ethnicity, appearance and other background variables. Through analysing municipal policy documents, interviewing staff and observing activities in the youth club, I’ve been able to conclude that the intersectional approach is absent. There’s a lack of intersectionality in both the policies that frame the municipal work in this field and the actual work that is done in the youth club. The gender mainstreaming work is primarily based on gender analyses focusing on the sex category: woman and man. Other aspects are excluded which leads to different consequences for those youths who are affected by more categories than only gender. Due to this the youth club is hindered from creating equivalent activities. In order to change this there’s a need to highlight how the variable sex interacts with other background variables and what kind of power structures are created when different categories are crossed in different ways. Only then it’s possible to get an overall picture of the complexity of the issue and to identify tools that are needed to create equality for all those different youths that the club is for.

A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Education (Educational Psychology) in the Department of Educational Psychology and Special Education, University of Zululand, 2007. / Inclusive education, in its broader sense, is bout acknowledging diversity of learners' needs and providing appropriate support. This happens when the education system is characterised by a shared responsibility among all the stakeholders to collaboratively provide a continuum of specialised support to address different needs of all learners. The needs range from cognitive, physical, emotional and cultural needs just to mention a few of them. Learners in the inclusive system therefore take a full and active part and are perceived as the full members of the institution as well as classroom community. Thus it is about creating a welcoming and supportive institutional culture that accepts and respects diversity of learners unconditionally. In inclusive education the whole system is custom-made; this includes curriculum and assessment standards, to meet the needs of learners not the predetermined needs of the curriculum. The purpose of this study was to investigate the nature of attitudes that teachers hold towards inclusive education and how teachers as a group perceive different disabilities. There were two aims that the study has tried to address. They are: • The nature of attitudes teachers from different backgrounds hold towards inclusive education. • How teachers as a group perceive different disabilities. The questionnaire was administered to teachers from historical Black; Coloured; White primary schools as well as teachers from special schools and the results showed that the nature of attitudes that teachers from different backgrounds hold towards inclusive education differ. Teachers from historical Black and Coloured primary schools hold more positive attitudes towards inclusive education than teachers from historical White primary schools and special schools. The study further showed that the majority of the participants in this study are not in favour of inclusion of learners with the following disabilities: blind; deaf; wheelchair confined and cerebral palsy. Teachers from historical White primary schools came up as the most apprehensive group towards including learners with behavioural problems than any other racial group.

Orientador: Sadao Omote / Banca: Ketilin Mayra Pedro / Banca: Anna Augusta Sampaio de Oliveira / Banca: Miguel Cláudio Moriel Chacon / Banca: Camila Mugnai Vieira / Resumo: Esta tese se dedica à compreensão das concepções de crianças e adolescentes sem deficiência sobre quatro categorias tradicionalmente consideradas como deficiência física, deficiência visual, deficiência auditiva e deficiência intelectual, bem como compreender suas atitudes sociais em relação à inclusão. Os quinhentos participantes são provenientes de escolas públicas inseridas em diferentes contextos, especificamente advindas de escolas das cinco regiões do país, sendo: Norte, Nordeste, Centro-Oeste, Sudeste e Sul. A coleta de dados se deu por intermédio de dois instrumentos: um questionário e a Escala Infantil de Atitudes Sociais em relação à Inclusão. Os dados foram analisados de forma quantitativa e qualitativa, sendo que, após a atribuição de categorias às respostas provenientes do questionário, foram realizadas comparações entre a frequência das categorias das respostas encontradas por intermédio da prova de Qui-quadrado. Os resultados obtidos com esse instrumento sugerem que os participantes apresentam conceitos distintos de acordo com as diferentes categorias de deficiência. Eles revelam conceitos mais apropriados da deficiência auditiva, em primeiro lugar; em segundo lugar, da deficiência visual; em terceiro lugar, da deficiência física e, por último, da deficiência intelectual. Além disso, os participantes mostraram dificuldades com relação às causas e implicações das deficiências, em todas as categorias, relacionando a três tipos de possibilidades: algum problema du... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This thesis is dedicated to understanding the conceptions of children and adolescents without disabilities in four categories traditionally considered as physical disability, visual impairment, hearing impairment and intellectual disability, as well as understanding their social attitudes towards inclusion. The five hundred participants come from public schools inserted in different contexts, specifically from schools in the five regions of the country: North, Northeast, Midwest, Southeast and South. The data collection was done through two instruments: a questionnaire and the Child Scale of Social Attitudes toward Inclusion. The data were analyzed in a quantitative and qualitative way, and after the assignment of categories to the answers from the questionnaire, comparisons were made between the frequency of the categories of the answers found through the Chi-square test. The results obtained with this instrument suggest that the participants present different concepts according to the different categories of disability. They reveal more appropriate concepts of hearing impairment in the first place; secondly, of visual impairment; thirdly, of physical disability and, lastly, of intellectual disability. In addition, the participants showed difficulties with the causes and implications of the disabilities, in all categories, relating to three types of possibilities: some problem during pregnancy or birth, some type of accident that caused an injury and some type of contracted ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Policies are often seen as a response to existing issues, wheras in this study polices are understood as a productive process, that not only addresses a pre-existing problem, but that construct the problem through how it is represented in the policy (Bacchi, Eveline, 2010: 18). Based on this, the study examines how gender inequality is represented in a number of policies and reports from the UN Development Programme, UNDP, published between 2018 and 2021.UNDP is one of the largest entities within the international development world, and its policies has the potential to impact millions of people around the world. By asking what is the problem represented to be? (WPR) it is possible to uncover underlying assumptions on which the understanding that produces the problem of gender inequality, rests. The effects of these assumptions, implicit understandings of a problem, come to determine what is being done about it. Many policies addressing gender inequality attempt to identify how actions can be taken with less negative effect on the targeted group, mainly women, instead of asking how the policies themselves are connected to reproducing the problem (Bacchi et al. 2010: 120).   This study finds that the underlying premises of how gender inequality is represented by UNDP results in proposed actions that risk conflating women and gender, while promoting activities that at large aim to include women into existing structures, rather than being a driver for examining underlying causes of gender inequality.