Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2008. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-10T12:19:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiza.pdf: 183731 bytes, checksum: 0b5ee5a01d33ee313ae943f665008553 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-08-21T17:28:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiza.pdf: 183731 bytes, checksum: 0b5ee5a01d33ee313ae943f665008553 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-21T17:28:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luiza.pdf: 183731 bytes, checksum: 0b5ee5a01d33ee313ae943f665008553 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / O presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de estimar a toxicidade aguda da amônia (N-NH3) e do nitrito (N-NO2-) para juvenis do pampo Trachinotus marginatus (0,86 ± 0,21 g) em diferentes salinidades: 5, 10 e 30‰. Os juvenis foram capturados na Praia do Cassino (Rio Grande, RS), levados para o laboratório e aclimatados nas salinidades desejadas durante 10 dias.Durante este período eles foram alimentados em excesso diariamente. A temperatura e o fotoperíodo foram fixados em 24ºC e 12C:12E, a concentração de oxigênio dissolvido e o pH foram medidos diariamente. Grupos de cinco peixes foram expostos a cinco concentrações de amônia (concentrações reais entre 0,28 a 3,53 mg/L N-NH3) e nitrito (concentrações reais entre 24,8-191,1 mg/L N-NO2-) durante 96 h, mais um grupo controle para cada salinidade (três repetições cada). Os testes foram conduzidos em um sistema semi-estático com renovação diária total dos meios experimentais. As concentrações letais medianas e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança (95%) foram estimados com base nos dados de mortalidade registrados nas diferentes concentrações testadas, utilizando o software Trimmed Spearman Karber Method. As CL50 - 96 h de amônia foram: 0,66 (0,53-0,81; 5‰), 1,87 (1,65-2,12; 10‰) e 1,06 (0,94-1,20; 30‰) mg/L N-NH3. As CL50 - 96h para nitrito foram 39,94 (36,39 -43,84; 5‰), 116,68 (112,52-121,00; 10‰) e 37,55 (20,91-67,44; 30‰) mg/L N-NO2-. A toxicidade aguda da amônia e nitrito para o pampo foi afetada pela salinidade. Os resultados do presente estudo mostraram que pampos criados em um ambiente isosmótico são menos sensíveis a N-NH3 e N-NO2-. A tolerância para a amônia é comprometida em salinidades reduzidas, enquanto que a toxicidade do nitrito é similar nas salinidades 5 e 30‰ / The present study was conducted to estimate the acute toxicity of ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N) and nitrite-nitrogen (NO2- -N) to juvenile pompano Trachinotus marginatus (0.86 ± 0.21 g) at different salinity levels: 5, 10 (equivalent to its isosmotic point), and 30‰. Fish were acclimated to the different salinities for 10 days and fed in excess daily. Groups of five fish (0.86 ± 0.21 g) were exposed to five concentrations of NH3-N and NO2- -N for 96 h plus control groups for each salinity in three replicates where no toxicant was added, measured concentrations ranged from 0.28 to 3.53 mg NH3-N/L and 24.8 to 191.1 mg NO2- -N/L. Tests were run using a standard semi-static system with 100% daily renewal of water and toxicants. The results were based on mortality data registered in different concentrations tested, using the software Trimmed Spearman Karber method. The median-lethal concentrations (LC50) after 96h of exposure to NH3-N were 0.66 (0.53-0.81), 1.87 (1.65-2.12) and 1.06 (0.94-1.20) mg NH3-N/L for 5‰,10‰, and 30‰. The LC50 -96 h to NO2- -N were 39.94 (36.39-43.84), 116.68 (112.52-121.00) and 37.55 (20.91-67.44) mg NO2- -N/L for ‰, 10‰, and 30 ‰. Acute toxicity of NH3-N and NO2- -N to pompano was affected by salinity. Results of the present study show that pompano reared at an isosmotic environment are less sensitive to NH3-N and NO2- -N. Tolerance to NH3-N is compromised at reduced salinities, while toxicity of NO2- -N is similar at 5 and 30 ‰

Dissertação(mestrado)-Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Aqüicultura, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2008. / Submitted by Cristiane Silva (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-10T12:32:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviana.pdf: 145507 bytes, checksum: 5b6588d4650811ce2cf7155c7f9e6830 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2012-08-21T18:04:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviana.pdf: 145507 bytes, checksum: 5b6588d4650811ce2cf7155c7f9e6830 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-21T18:04:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Viviana.pdf: 145507 bytes, checksum: 5b6588d4650811ce2cf7155c7f9e6830 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / A família Carangidae engloba uma série de peixes economicamente importantes, abundantes em águas tropicais e sub-tropicais. O pampo Trachinotus marginatus apresenta fácil adaptação a sistemas intensivos de criação, comprovado pela rápida aceitação de dieta artificiais. Entretanto, para determinar a viabilidade do cultivo de uma espécie é necessário o conhecimento dos fatores limitantes para sua produção. A taxa de arraçoamento e a freqüência alimentar apropriada são importantes para o correto manejo alimentar de uma espécie cultivada. O conhecimento da “Specific dynamic action” (SDA) também é importante e pode auxiliar na determinação da capacidade suporte do sistema de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer a taxa ótima de arraçoamento, a freqüência alimentar adequada e estudar a taxa de consumo de oxigênio pós-prandial para juvenis do pampo. Os experimentos foram realizados com juvenis (4,8±0,6g) coletados na natureza e aclimatados ao laboratório. Foram testadas diferentes taxas de arraçoamento (4, 8, 12, 16 e 20% da biomassa total por dia) e freqüência alimentar (2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 vezes por dia). O consumo de oxigênio foi avaliado com peixes alimentados com 12% da biomassa por dia. É sugerido o uso de uma taxa de arraçoamento de 8% da biomassa por dia e a freqüência alimentar de 6 a 8x/dia para juvenis de pampo, de modo a otimizar o crescimento e a taxa de conversão alimentar aparente. Foi observado um pico de consumo de oxigênio aos 30 min após a alimentação e decorridos 150 min da alimentação, o consumo de oxigênio retornou ao nível basal. / Carangidae fish are economically important fish, abundant in tropical and subtropical environments. Pompano Trachinotus marginatus easily adapts to captivity, since wild caught fish accept dry diets soon after being captured. However, in order to determine the viability of a new species for aquaculture, it is important to know the limiting factors for its production. Daily ration and feeding frequency are important parameters to control regarding feeding management for juvenile rearing. Specific dynamic action is also important and can help to determine carrying capacity of a given rearing system. The objective of this work was to determine optimum daily ration and feeding frequency, and to study post-pandrial oxygen consumption. Wild caught juvenile pompano (4.8±0.6g) captured in the surf zone at Cassino beach (Brazil). Two independent feeding trials were carried in laboratory. In trial I pompano were fed 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20% total biomass daily (% B.D-1). In trial II, juveniles were fed 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 times per day. The postprandial metabolic changes were measured with juvenile pompano fed 12%B.D-1. The best feeding ration was 8% B.D-1, while optimum feeding frequency was between 6 and 8 meals per day to maximize growth and feed conversion rate. Postprandial increase in oxygen consumption was observed 30 min after feeding and after 150 min it decreased to the standard metabolic rate.

Vertebrate populations are subjected to novel anthropogenic stressors that are expected to multiply exponentially in the future. Introductions of nonnative species and human-altered hydrology are among these stressors to native species communities. The Rocky Glades, located in Everglades National Park, may serve as a population sink for native species that typically do not survive the altered hydrology of the dry season, and as a source of nonnative species that may be better adapted to chronically stressful conditions. In the seasonally-flooded Everglades, the nonnative African Jewelfish invaded in the 1960s and has since shown rapid range expansion. African Jewelfish are aggressive and territorial, thus they are predicted to be more successful at acquiring space and resources, and may displace native Sunfishes. I monitored assemblages of fish across time in experimental mesocosms and solution holes and quantified survivorship and body condition of both natives and nonnatives. Overall, native Sunfish did poorly while nonnatives had higher survivorship over the course of the dry season. Unexpectedly, no evidence indicated that Jewelfish reduced survival of native Sunfish. I compared aggressive interactions between native Dollar Sunfish and nonnative African Jewelfish in Sunfish populations either sympatric or allopatric with Jewelfish. Sympatric Dollar Sunfish were twice as likely to approach African Jewelfish as allopatric ones. My study suggests native species can survive invasion through behavioral adaptation to nonnative competitors. Characterizing interactions between native and nonnative species and identifying their niche use can assist in understanding the challenges of native species conservation in the face of species invasions.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2013-08-02T20:52:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_CoataTestaBranca.pdf: 21676162 bytes, checksum: 4a149f4314053613c5ca049483187da0 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva(arosa@ufpa.br) on 2013-08-19T14:38:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_CoataTestaBranca.pdf: 21676162 bytes, checksum: 4a149f4314053613c5ca049483187da0 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-19T14:38:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertacao_CoataTestaBranca.pdf: 21676162 bytes, checksum: 4a149f4314053613c5ca049483187da0 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2001 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O coatá-de-testa-branca, Ateles marginatus, é uma espécie de primata ameaçada de extinção segundo a UICN. Endêmica da Amazônia brasileira, este status deve-se a uma combinação de uma distribuição geográfica relativamente restrita e às crescentes pressões antrópicas dentro desta área. O presente estudo compreendeu a margem direita do baixo Rio Tapajós, centrado na rodovia BR-163 (Santarém-Cuiabá), região de intensa e antiga ocupação humana. O objetivo principal do estudo foi uma avaliação da distribuição e abundância de A. marginatus dentro desta área, e a análise dos fatores determinantes destas variáveis. Foram visitados 16 sítios, onde moradores foram entrevistados informalmente para a confirmação da presença ou ausência da espécie. Levantamentos populacionais de transecção linear foram realizados em oito sítios, representativos de diferentes graus de fragmentação de hábitat, com um percurso total de 697,6 km. Em dois sítios, agrupamentos de A. marginatus foram monitorados para a obtenção de dados sobre seu comportamento e ecologia. Os resultados indicam que a espécie é ausente de algumas áreas, incluindo lacunas naturais em sua distribuição e uma zona de extinção local, que parece estender até pelo menos 60 km a sul da cidade de Santarém. Um total de 23 espécies de mamíferos não-voadores foram registradas nos levantamentos populacionais, mas a presença de A. marginatus foi confirmada em apenas três sítios. O estudo indica que fragmentos isolados de floresta com menos de cem hectares não suportam populações de A. marginatus. No caso de fragmentos maiores, a presença e abundância da espécie parecem ser influenciadas mais diretamente por fatores antrópicos (caça e extração de madeira). Mesmo em floresta contínua, a espécie parece ser relativamente pouco abundante, mas semelhante a outras populações de Ateles na Amazônia brasileira. Dois grupos, um com oito membros e o outro com pelo menos vinte, foram identificados durante o monitoramento. Como em outros membros do gênero, a formação de subagrupamentos (fissão-fusão), uma proporção relativamente alta de fêmeas na população e uma dieta frugívora são observadas também em A. marginatus. O estudo deixa clara a situação crítica da espécie na região, frente à ocupação humana, e a necessidade urgente tanto de deter o processo de fragmentação de hábitat como de implantar novas unidades de conservação. / The white-fronted spider monkey, Ateles marginatus, is an endangered species according to IUCN. Endemic to Brazilian Amazonia, its status is due to a combination of a relatively restricted geogaphic distribution and the growing human presence within this area. The present study focussed on the BR-163 (Santarém-Cuiabá) highway, on the right bank of the lower Rio Tapajós, a region of prolonged and intense human occupation. The principal aim of the present study was an evaluation of the distribution and abundance of A. marginatus within this area, and analysis of the factors determining these variables. Residents were interviewed informally at 16 sites in order to confirm the presence or absence of the species. Line transect population surveys were conducted at eight sites, representing differing degrees of habitat fragmentation, with a total transect length of 697.6 km. Groups of A. marginatus were monitored at two sites for the collection of data on their behaviour and ecology. The results indicate that the species is absent from some areas, including natural lacunae in its distribution as well as a zone of local extinction, that appears to extend as least as far as 60 km south of the city of Santarém. A total of 23 species of nonflying mammals were recorded in the population surveys, but the presence of A. marginatus was confirmed at only three sites. The study indicates that isolated fragments of forest of less than one hundred hectares are unable to support populations of A. marginatus. In the case of larger fragments, the presence and abundance of the species appears to be influenced more directly by human factors (hunting and logging). The species seems to be relatively rare even in continuous forest, which is similar to other populations of Ateles in Brazilian Amazonia. Two groups, one with eight members and the other with at least twenty, were identified during monitoring. As in other members of the genus, the formation of subgroups (fission-fusion), a relatively high proportion of females in the population and a frugivorous diet are also observed in A. marginatus. The study reveals the critical situation of the species in the region, in the face of human occupation, and the urgent need both to deter the process of habitat fragmentation and establish new protected areas.

Einleitung: Coxiella burnetii ist ein gramnegatives und obligat intrazelluläres Bakterium und Erreger der meldepflichtigen Zoonose Q-Fieber. Den Hauptübertragungsweg stellt die Inhalation infizierter Stäube dar, aber auch Zecken werden seit der Isolation des Pathogens aus der Spezies Dermacentor andersonii als Vektoren diskutiert. Es liegen jedoch keine gesicherten Berichte über Infektionen des Menschen durch Zecken oder eine Beteiligung von Vektoren bei Q-Fieber-Ausbrüchen vor. Zudem steht durch die genetische Nähe zu überwiegend apathogenen Endosymbionten die Spezifität molekularer Untersuchungsmethoden in Frage, wodurch die Relevanz von Zecken in der Übertragung von Q-Fieber in der Literatur kontrovers diskutiert wird. Ziele der Untersuchung: Es sollten mithilfe einer systematischen Literaturanalyse die Daten zur Prävalenz von C. burnetii in Zecken in Europa dargelegt werden. Zudem sollte mittels eines in-vitro-Fütterungssystems untersucht werden, inwieweit die heimischen Spezies Ixodes ricinus und Dermacentor marginatus den Erreger aus dem Blut aufnehmen und ausscheiden, sowie ob das Bakterium transstadial in I. ricinus übertragen wird, wodurch Aussagen über die Vektorkompetenz dieser Arten möglich sind. Tiere, Material und Methoden: Im experimentellen Ansatz wurde die Infektion der Zecken in einem Silikonmembran-basierten Fütterungssystem mit heparinisiertem Rinderblut vorgenommen. Die Gruppengrößen betrugen 7-9 Weibchen mit fünf Männchen oder 50-60 Nymphen. Es wurden verschiedene Konzentrationen C. burnetii Nine Mile RSA439 Phase II eingesetzt: 10^4 (zwei Gruppen adulte I. ricinus), 10^5 (zwei Gruppen adulte I. ricinus) und 10^6 (fünf Gruppen adulte I. ricinus, vier Gruppen adulte D. marginatus, drei Gruppen I. ricinus Nymphen) Genomäquivalente (GE)/ml Blut sowie insgesamt sieben Negativkontrollgruppen. Zudem wurden vier Gruppen adulte I. ricinus für 36 Stunden zu Beginn der Fütterung mit 10^6 GE C. burnetii/ml infiziert und anschließend mit sterilem Blut gefüttert. Täglich wurde Zeckenkot entfernt, zudem wurden adulte I. ricinus zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten während oder nach der Fütterung entnommen. Die Proben wurden nach DNA-Extraktion mittels quantitativer Echtzeit-PCR (qPCR) auf das C. burnetii-Gen icd untersucht. Ein Teil (n = 46) der infizierten Nymphen wurde vor bzw. nach der Häutung mittels qPCR untersucht. Ein anderer Teil (acht Weibchen in zwei Gruppen) wurde nach der Häutung erneut auf sterilem Blut gefüttert. Dabei wurden Kot sowie Blut getestet. Weiterhin fand in L929-Zellen und axenischem Medium eine Anzucht von C. burnetii aus einem Filtrat des Zeckenkots sowie aus dem Filtrat eines qPCR-positiven Weibchens statt, welches sich von einer zuvor infizierten Nymphe gehäutet hatte. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte mittels SPSS V 22.0, wobei je nach Voraussetzung der t-Test, der Mann-Whitney-U-Test sowie der Chi²-Test nach Pearson verwendet wurden. Das Signifikanzniveau wurde jeweils auf p < 0,05 festgelegt. Ergebnisse: Im Fütterungssystem haben 49 % der adulten I. ricinus und 29 % der D. marginatus vollständig gesaugt. Die Häutungsrate der I. ricinus Nymphen betrug 92 %. I. ricinus-Weibchen nahmen den Erreger auf, welcher innerhalb von sieben Wochen in einer Konzentration von ca. 10^3 GE/mg in den Zecken nachweisbar war. Eine Ausscheidung von infektiösen C. burnetii mit dem Kot wurde bei adulten Zecken ab einer Konzentration von 10^5 GE/ml im verfütterten Blut festgestellt. Dabei erfolgte in allen Versuchen mit beiden Zeckenspezies eine signifikant höhere Ausscheidung von C. burnetii an den Tagen 10-13, welche bis zu 10^5 GE/mg erreichte. Es wurde eine transstadiale Übertragung bei I. ricinus mit einer Rate von 25 % nach-gewiesen. Infizierte Nymphen, die nach der Häutung steriles Blut bekamen, schieden ebenfalls C. burnetii im Kot aus; im Blut wurde hingegen keine DNA von C. burnetii nachgewiesen. Schlussfolgerungen: Das genutzte Fütterungssystem eignet sich für die Untersuchung der Vektorkompetenz von Zecken. Beide Zeckenspezies sind in der Lage, infektiösen Zeckenkot auszuscheiden, wodurch eine Gefahr einer möglichen aerogenen Übertragung entsteht. Dabei muss jedoch eine hohe Erregerkonzentration im Blut des Wirts erreicht werden. Es wurde eine transstadiale Übertragung von C. burnetii in I. ricinus von Nymphen zu Adulten und damit die Möglichkeit der Bildung eines Reservoirs nachgewiesen. Die Ergebnisse legen eine Vermehrung von C. burnetii im Mitteldarm der Zecken nahe. Dadurch konnten historische Aussagen aus der Literatur über andere Zeckenspezies zur Ausscheidung von C. burnetii mittels Zeckenkot bestätigt werden. In der Studie konnte weiterhin gezeigt werden, dass heimische Zecken unter Laborbedingungen zur Verbreitung von Q-Fieber beitragen können. Weitere Untersuchungen sind jedoch notwendig, um die tatsächliche Bedeutung der Vektorkompetenz von Zecken unter natürlichen Bedingungen abschätzen zu können.:1 Einleitung 2 Literaturübersicht 2.1 Coxiella burnetii 2.1.1 Historischer Ursprung und taxonomische Einordnung 2.1.2 Morphologie und Replikation 2.1.3 Coxiella burnetii als Krankheitserreger 2.1.3.1 Epidemiologie 2.1.3.2 Coxiellosen der Tiere 2.1.3.3 Q-Fieber des Menschen 2.1.3.4 Nachweis und Therapie 2.2 Zecken 2.2.1 Taxonomie 2.2.2 Verbreitung und Habitat 2.2.3 Morphologie 2.2.4 Lebenszyklus 2.2.5 Wirtssuche und sensorische Fähigkeiten 2.2.6 Blutmahlzeit und Verdauung 2.2.7 Zeckenmikrobiom und Coxiella-like Endosymbionten 2.2.8 Zecken als Vektoren 2.2.8.1 Infektionserreger 2.2.8.2 Coxiella burnetii in Zecken 2.3 Fütterung von Zecken 2.3.1 Fütterungssysteme 2.3.1.1 Membranbasierte Fütterungssysteme 2.3.1.2 Fixierungsstimuli im Zeckenfütterungssystem 2.3.1.3 Experimentelle Infektionen im membranbasierten in-vitro-System 3 Veröffentlichungen 3.1 Stellungnahme zum Eigenanteil an den Arbeiten zur Publikation 3.1.1 Publikation 1 3.2 Stellungnahme zum Eigenanteil an den Arbeiten zur Publikation 3.2.2 Publikation 2 4 Diskussion 5 Zusammenfassung 6 Summary 7 Literaturverzeichnis 8 Anhang 8.1 Bilder der Zeckenfütterung 9 Danksagung

1 Abstract Aim of the present study was to test antipredatory function of fulguration (or flash display), which means sudden exposition of conspicous body part on otherwise cryptic animal during escape. Adult squash bugs (Coreus marginatus; Heteroptera) were used as model prey, while as model predator served two species of passerine birds - blue tit (Cyanistes caerulus) and great tit (Parus major). Three approaches were undertaken. Test of palatability should have assessed the efficiency of squash bug chemical defence against bird predators. Experiment was carried out in experimental cage without interference of experimenter and without occurrence of fulguration. The results show that chemical defense of squash bug is less efficient than defense of other species of true bugs (Pyrrhocoris apterus, Graphosoma lineatum) and that the efficiency differs between two generations of squash bugs. In the test of efficiency of fulguration, the prey was forced by experimenter to fly in response to bird attack. Blue tits attacked the immobile prey more often than the flying and fulgurating one, but the same relation wasn't significant with great tits. The latencies of birds' returns to the bugs that landed after fulguration wasn't influenced by colour of the bugs' abdomen. Third experiment consisted of computer...

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2016-12-07T17:23:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ComportamentoDietaMacacos.pdf: 2963833 bytes, checksum: c6434436d8f66dd2343db73a7ed72a50 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2016-12-21T14:59:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ComportamentoDietaMacacos.pdf: 2963833 bytes, checksum: c6434436d8f66dd2343db73a7ed72a50 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-21T14:59:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_ComportamentoDietaMacacos.pdf: 2963833 bytes, checksum: c6434436d8f66dd2343db73a7ed72a50 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-17 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A distribuição da precipitação ao longo dos meses influencia na distribuição anual dos recursos alimentares e a forma como esses recursos se encontram em um ambiente faz com que primatas adotem diferentes estratégias para ter acesso aos mesmos. Em nosso estudo, avaliamos as variações no comportamento e dieta do macaco-aranha-da-cara-branca (Ateles marginatus) na RPPN do Cristalino. Os primatas foram acompanhados e dados comportamentais e de dieta coletados sistematicamente ao longo de nove meses, entre setembro de 2011 até maio de 2012, pelo método de varredura instantânea. A variação em relação ao orçamento de atividades, uso do espaço e dieta foi analisada para três períodos caracterizados por distintas quantidades de pluviosidade (início das chuvas, pico e transição chuva seca). No pico das chuvas os primatas aparentemente maximizaram seu consumo energético, locomovendo-se mais (43,8%) de modo a ter mais acesso aos frutos, que provavelmente estavam mais disponíveis no ambiente, ingerindo-os mais (96,5%) e descansando menos (18,5%). As classes de altura superiores (>20 a 30 metros) foram mais utilizadas nos períodos de chuva, tanto no início quanto no pico, pelo menos em parte como forma de se abrigarem das chuvas e a área de vida e os percursos diários foram maiores no início das chuvas. Houve predominância de fêmeas nos agrupamentos, com machos sendo mais registrados (36,2%) no início das chuvas, provavelmente para copular, atividade que teve a maioria de seus registros ocorrendo em um mês (dezembro) desse mesmo período. Subgrupos maiores foram registrados em períodos de maior precipitação, e subgrupos menores em épocas mais secas parecem fazer parte da estratégia para evitar a competição intraespecífica. A dieta foi majoritariamente frugívora, sendo distinta na transição da chuva para a seca, não só pela menor contribuição de frutos maduros (54,3%) como também pela contribuição de folhas novas (35,8%), quando comparado aos outros dois períodos, quando frutos maduros compuseram mais de 70% da dieta. A diversidade da dieta de frutos maduros foi concentrada em um pequeno número de espécies-chave de plantas frutíferas e os frutos costumavam ser ingeridos por inteiro, com o descarte das sementes sendo pouco comum e ocorrendo apenas para poucas espécies. As sementes ingeridas passavam intactas pelo trato digestório dos macacos-aranha e o consumo de lagartas foi limitado a um curto período de tempo, constituindo fonte alternativa de proteína. Itens alternativos como madeira em decomposição e terra de cupinzeiros em meses de baixa precipitação parecem complementar a dieta ao mesmo tempo que suprem os primatas de nutrientes tais como sódio, cálcio e fósforo, pouco presentes em frutos maduros e o consumo de Eichhornia sp., embora pouco registrado, sugere que essas plantas aquáticas tenham conteúdo nutricional importante na dieta desses primatas. A alta frugivoria dos macacos-aranha e sua capacidade de dispersar sementes intactas para longe das plantas-mãe, reforçam sua importância na regeneração das florestas e justificam sua conservação e de seus habitats. Informações referentes à ecologia comportamental e dieta desses primatas, embora básicas, são pioneiras e essenciais para compreendermos as estratégias adaptativas da espécie. / The distribution of precipitation over the months, influences on annual distribution of food resources and how these resources can be found in an environment causes primates to adopt different strategies in order to gain access to them. In our study, we evaluated the variations in behavior and diet of the white whiskered spider monkey (Ateles marginatus) at the Cristalino Private Reserve. The primates were followed and behavioral and diet data was systematically collected over nine months, between September 2011 until May 2012, through the scan sampling method. The variation concerning activity budget, use of space and diet was analyzed for three periods characterized by distinct rainfall amounts (early rains, rainfall peak and transition from rain to drought). At the peak of the rains, the primates apparently maximized its energy consumption, moving more (43.8%) so as to have more access to fruits, which were probably more available in the environment, eating more fruits (96.5%) and resting less (18.5%). Upper height classes (>20 to 30 meters) were most widely used during periods of rain, both at the beginning and in the peak, at least in part as a way to shelter from the rain and the ranging area and daily journey lengths were higher at the early rains period. There was a predominance of females in the subgroups, with males being more recorded (36.2%) at the beginning of the rainy season, probably to copulate, an activity that had most of their records occurring in one month (December) for that same period. Largest subgroups were recorded during periods of increased precipitation, and smaller sub-groups in drier times seem to be part of the strategy to avoid intraspecific competition. The diet was mostly frugivorous, being distinguished in the transition from rain to drought, not only by the lower contribution of ripe fruits (54.3%) as well as the contribution of young leaves (35.8%), when compared to the other two periods, when ripe fruits composed more than 70% of the diet. Diet diversity of ripe fruit was concentrated in a small number of key species of fruit trees and the fruits used to be swallowed whole, with the disposal of seed being unusual and occurring only for few species. Seeds ingested passed intact by the digestive tract of spider monkeys and caterpillars’ consumption was limited to a short period of time, constituting an alternative source of protein. Alternative items like decaying wood and earth from termite nests in months of low rainfall seem to complement the diet at the same time that also supply the primates’ diet with nutrients such as sodium, calcium and phosphorous, which are less present in ripe fruits, and the consumption of Eichhornia sp., although little recorded, suggests that these aquatic plants are important nutritional content in the diet of these primates. High frugivory of spider monkeys and their ability to disperse intact seeds away from the parent plants, reinforce its importance in the regeneration of forests and justify their conservation and their habitats. Information regarding the behavioral ecology and diet of these primates, though basic, are pioneering and essential to understand the adaptive strategies of the species.

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T17:29:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CaracterizacaoEstruturalUltraestrutural.PDF: 855507 bytes, checksum: c7a91308a0fcd2fd22112a69f16c24c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-05-19T13:10:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CaracterizacaoEstruturalUltraestrutural.PDF: 855507 bytes, checksum: c7a91308a0fcd2fd22112a69f16c24c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-19T13:10:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_CaracterizacaoEstruturalUltraestrutural.PDF: 855507 bytes, checksum: c7a91308a0fcd2fd22112a69f16c24c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-05 / CVRD - Companhia Vale do Rio Doce / FAPESPA - Fundação Amazônia de Amparo a Estudos e Pesquisas / FAPESP - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo / Hypophthalmus marginatus é um siluriforme, pertencente à família Pimelodidae. Na Amazônia oriental esta espécie é altamente consumida, e possui uma grande importância sócio-econômica para a região. Estudo da caracterização histológica do sistema reprodutivo ainda é desconhecido nesta espécie. Portanto, este estudo serve de ferramenta para as técnicas de biotecnologia, necessárias para a produção em cativeiro, visto que a espécie é um dos recursos pesqueiro mais explorado pela pesca artesanal. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estudar aspecto estrutural e ultraestrutural das células do epitélio germinativo de Hypophthalmus marginatus durante a espermatogênese. Foram capturados 168 espécimes no período entre dezembro de 2011 a dezembro de 2012. Macroscopicamente foram identificados 69 machos adultos, ainda em campo foi realizada uma incisão ventral e fragmentos da região mediana dos testículos e sêmen foram retirados e submetidos ao processamento e análise em microscopia de luz, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e varredura. Os estudos evidenciaram que as células germinativas se proliferam no interior do cisto espermático de forma sincrônica. As espermátides entram no processo de espermiogênese passando por três fases distintas de diferenciação celular. O núcleo não se move em relação ao eixo flagelar e os centríolos não migram para o núcleo. Os espermatozóides liberados no lúmen do túbulo seminífero apresentaram uma cabeça esférica com o núcleo altamente condensado e sem acrossoma, a peça intermediária curta contendo um único flagelo longo com axonema apresentando o microtúbulo padrão (9+2), a fossa nuclear excêntrica alojava parcialmente o centríolo proximal. A presença de células espermatogênicas na mesma subfase da meiose no interior do cisto é caracterizada como espermatogênese cística, com desenvolvimento sincrônico das células, Isto sugere que espermiogênese de H. marginatus seja do tipo III e a presença da fossa nuclear é considerada uma característica distinta para a espécie, o que difere de outros pimelodideos. / Hypophthalmus marginatus is a siluriforme, belonging to the family Pimelodidae. This species is highly consumed in eastern Amazonia and has a wide socio-economic importance to the region. Studies on the histological characterization of the reproductive system are still unknown in this species. Therefore, this study serves as a tool for biotechnology techniques, necessary for the production in captivity, since this species is one of the fishing resource most intensively exploited by artisanal fisheries. The aim of this study was to characterize the structural and ultrastructural features of germinal epithelium cells of Hypophthalmus marginatus during spermatogenesis. 168 specimens were collected from December 2011 to December 2012. Macroscopically were identified 69 adult males. In field, ventral incision was held in fishes and fragments of testicles from the median region and semen were removed. Then the material was subjected to processing and analysis of light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning. The data revealed that the germ cells proliferate inside the spermatic cyst synchronously. Spermatids enter at the spermiogenesis process through three distinct stages of cell differentiation. The nucleus does not move relative to the axis flagellar and the centrioles don't migrate to the nucleus. The spermatozoids showed a spherical head with the highly condensed nucleus and no acrosome. The intermediary piece was short containing a single long flagellum. The axoneme presents the structure of microtubules within the pattern (9 + 2). The nuclear fossa housed the proximal centriole partially. The presence of spermatogenic cells in the same subphase of meiosis inside the cyst is characterized as cystic spermatogenesis, with synchronous growth of the cells. This suggests that spermiogenesis of H. marginatus is of type III and the presence of nuclear fossa is considered a distinctive feature for the species, which differs from other pimelodids.

The dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe 1834), is a protogynous sequential hermaphrodite and is considered to be one of the most important fish species in the Mediterranean Sea. It is a K-strategist, being slow growing and late maturing, and this, coupled with its reproductive biology and relatively sedentary behaviour, has made it extremely sensitive to overexploitation, leading it to be classified by the IUCN as an endangered fish species. Wild dusky grouper have suffered from disease outbreaks in the past decade, leading to mass mortalities across the Mediterranean Sea, including Libyan coastal waters. These mortalities have mostly been attributed to Nodavirus infections. In Europe and Brazil, efforts are in place to culture this fish for commercial grow-out and stock enhancement programmes. In Libya, the dusky grouper is consumed regularly and is considered a prime-eating fish. Its importance for the Libyan internal market, as well as its potential for export, makes it an ideal candidate for future Libyan aquaculture activities. Given the scarce literature regarding the dusky grouper in Libya, this study aimed first to assess dusky grouper fisheries, spawning seasons and to identify the main threats that the fishing sector poses for wild stocks. Second this study aimed to determine the health status of wild dusky grouper offered at a local fish market in the capital Tripoli, in order to identify pathogens, pathologies or other health issues that might pose a hazard to cultured populations but also to remaining wild dusky grouper stocks. To achieve these aims, twelve field surveys spanning the period of 2013-2015 were conducted. From these surveys, it was established that the dusky grouper is captured throughout the year, including the spawning season. Fish sizes offered for sale ranged between 20-92 cm total length (TL), with the fish being sold from local fishing grounds around Tripoli, but also from as far as Benghazi, 1300 km to the east of Tripoli. The dusky grouper is principally caught in artisanal fisheries and by spearfishing, with approximately 300 spear-fishermen serving one particular fish market in Tripoli that was a focus in this study, and with dusky grouper being one of their main targets. Over the period of the survey, 267 landed dusky grouper were inspected for visible lesions prior to sampling. A total of 50 dusky grouper with sizes ranging from 27- 66 cm TL including the gonads from a further five fish measuring 66-92 cm TL that were sampled separately and examined to assess the stage of sexual maturity and to look for the presence of parasitic infections mainly affecting the gills, skin and gonads. The spawning season was found to extend from May to early September, with females ranging between 39-68 cm TL, males measuring 57-92 cm TL, and transient fish measuring 58-68 cm TL. From otolith readings of 8 fish, the youngest fish was a 3 year old juvenile of 28 cm TL and the oldest was an 8-9 year old 56 cm TL female. Whilst the highest prevalence of parasitic infection was found to be monogenean infection of the gills, with 100% prevalence, followed by gnathiid isopods infecting the oral cavity with 92% prevalence, it was the nematode Philometra sp. infecting post-spawning ovaries at 52% prevalence, that gave the highest apparent pathological impact. Necrosis potentially attributed to Philometra sp. in one particular ovary, was at a level likely to have caused complete parasitic castration, while others showed varying levels of probable functional reduction. The pathologies described need further investigation, especially in relation to possible synergies between Philometra sp. and bacteria in causing the necrosis. From the 267 inspected dusky grouper, 55 fish ranging in size from 42-92 cm TL were observed to be affected by external skin lesions of unknown aetiology. Twenty-six of these fish were sampled, having lesions at various stages of severity, and 5 further unaffected fish were used for histological assessment of the skin as negative controls. Histopathologically, the lesions comprised a multifocal, unilateral or bilateral dermatitis, involving the epidermis, superficial dermis and scale pockets, and sometimes, in severe cases, the hypodermis. Severe lesions had marked epidermal spongiosis progressing to ulceration. Healing was observed in some fish. Bacteria and fungi could be isolated from severe lesions, although they were not seen histopathologically in early-stage lesions. By contrast, metazoan parasite eggs were observed in the dermis and epidermis of some fish with mild and moderate dermatitis. Unidentified gravid digenean trematodes, carrying similar eggs, were also seen within the blood vessels of the deep and superficial dermis. The newly described condition was termed dusky grouper dermatitis (DGD). DGD’s geographical distribution along the Libyan coastline was investigated using a novel application of the social media network Facebook. Using Facebook, it was possible to document skin lesions of dusky grouper in Libyan waters from images attached to the entries of spear-fishermen. Thirty two Facebook accounts and 8 Facebook groups posting from 23 Libyan coastal cities provided a retrospective observational dataset comprising a total of 382 images of dusky grouper caught by spearfishing from December 2011-December 2015. Skin lesions were observable on 57 / 362 fish, for which images were of sufficient quality for analysis, giving a minimal prevalence for lesions of 15.75%. Only dusky grouper exceeding an estimated 40 cm total length exhibited lesions. The ability to collect useful data about the occurrence and geographical distribution of pathological conditions affecting wild fish using social media networks, demonstrates their potential utility as a tool to support epidemiological studies and monitor the health of populations of aquatic animals. The gravid digenean trematode described from mild lesions of five fish was identified using reconstruction through histological sectioning as belonging to the Family Aporocotylidae Odhner, 1912. This is the first description of a blood fluke from the dusky grouper, as well as from dermal blood vessels. The parasite was relatively long; the longest section of the parasite that could be measured was 1500 µm and 20-80 µm in width, while the total length of the parasite was estimated at 1500-2000 µm. Minute tegumental spines, possibly covering only a few parts of the parasite, were seen from some cross-sections. The parasite had one post-testicular ovary, which might overlap the testis, a pre-ovarian ascending uterus, and a post-ovarian descending uterus. It also possessed an oesophagus surrounded by oesophageal glandular cells and a pre-ovarian and pre-testicular extension of the vitelline cells, mostly at the level of the ascending uterus. The parasite was observed to be intra-vascular, the uterine lumen varies in size to accommodate between 1-7 eggs. The uterine eggs were embryonated and observed to span several stages of maturation. Eggs were also found in the dermal blood vessels, in the dermis, and in the epidermis, with the latter appearing to provide a potential route of egress of eggs into the environment. The extra-uterine eggs were 23.5 to 37.52 µm long and contained a ciliated miracidium. The eggs seemed to elicit a mixed inflammatory reaction, with degranulation of eosinophilic granular cells attached to the external surface of some of the eggs within the blood vessels but also the dermis. From observations made in the current study, this parasite appears to be a new species, most closely allied to none of the currently described Aporocotylidae genera. / In summary, the present study has demonstrated that the dusky grouper is extensively fished in Libya without discrimination to sizes and season, by both artisanal and spearfishing, with the latter as one of the main fishing methods, posing treats to the spawning potential and conservation of dusky grouper in Libya. The philometrid infecting the ovaries has a potential to reduce fecundity or to result in parasitic castration of wild broodstock. Gill-infecting monogeneans might represent a hazard for all stages of dusky grouper production. Dusky grouper dermatitis is a skin lesion, although there are no indications that infections may result in mortalities. Under culture conditions, however, this might change due to increase bacterial loads, which might lead to secondary bacterial infection. The presence of skin lesions would undoubtedly reduce the market value of whole fish. These findings are important for existing wild stocks, and for future plans regarding the aquaculture of dusky grouper. Future studies need to focus on the pathology of DGD, describing the disease process and aetiology using laboratory techniques such as TEM and virology as well as using morphology and molecular-based tools to describe the blood fluke and to determine their potential role in the initiation the disease. The novel approach to disease surveillance using social media Facebook posts could be further expanded by attracting citizen scientists, for future research assessing disease in wild fish, for sightings of mortality events and/or the appearance of disease outbreaks, or, for mapping marine mammal stranding’s and/or turtle nesting activity.