This thesis is concerned with two problems in the Calculus of Variations touching on two central aspects of Materials Science: the structure of solid matter and its dynamic behavior. The problem pertaining to the first aspect is the analysis of the rigidity properties of possibly branched microstructures formed by shape memory alloys undergoing cubic-to-tetragonal transformations. On the basis of a variational model in the framework of linearized elasticity, we derive a non-convex and non-discrete valued differential inclusion describing the local volume fractions of such structures. Our main result shows the inclusion to be rigid without additional regularity assumptions and provides a list of all possible solutions. We give constructions ensuring that the various types of solutions indeed arise from the variational model and quantitatively describe their rigidity via H-measures. Our contribution to the second aspect is a conditional result on the convergence of the Allen-Cahn Equations to multi-phase mean curvature flow, which is a popular model for grain growth in polychrystalline metals. The proof relies on the gradient flow structure of both models and borrows ideas from certain convergence proofs for minimizing movement schemes.:1 Introduction 1.1 Shape memory alloys 1.2 Multi-phase mean curvature flow 2 Branching microstructures in shape memory alloys: Rigidity due to macroscopic compatibility 2.1 The main rigidity theorem 2.2 Outline of the proof 2.3 Proofs 3 Branching microstructures in shape memory alloys: Constructions 3.1 Outline and setup 3.2 Branching in two linearly independent directions 3.3 Combining all mechanisms for varying the volume fractions 4 Branching microstructures in shape memory alloys: Quantitative aspects via H-measures 4.1 Preliminary considerations 4.2 Structure of the H-measures 4.3 The transport property and accuracy of the approximation 4.4 Applications of the transport property 5 Convergence of the Allen-Cahn Equation to multi-phase mean curvature flow 5.1 Main results 5.2 Compactness 5.3 Convergence 5.4 Forces and volume constraints

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第23677号 / 理博第4767号 / 新制||理||1683(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科数学・数理解析専攻 / (主査)准教授 SVADLENKA Karel, 教授 泉 正己, 教授 坂上 貴之 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The existence of pathwise stationary solutions of this stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE, for abbreviation) is demonstrated. In Part II, a connection between certain kind of state constrained controlled Forward-Backward Stochastic Differential Equations (FBSDEs) and Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations (HJB equations) are demonstrated. The special case provides a probabilistic representation of some geometric flows, including the mean curvature flows. Part II includes also a probabilistic proof of the finite time existence of the mean curvature flows.

In this thesis we prove the genericity of the set of metrics on a manifold with boundary M^{n+1}, such that all free boundary constant mean curvature (CMC) embeddings \\varphi: \\Sigma^n \\to M^{n+1}, being \\Sigma a manifold with boundary, are non-degenerate (Bumpy Metrics), (Theorem 2.4.1). We also give sufficient conditions to obtain a free boundary CMC deformation of a CMC inmersion (Theorems 3.2.1 and 3.2.2), and a stability criterion for this type of immersions (Theorem 3.3.3 and Corollary 3.3.5). In addition, given a one-parametric family, {\\varphi _t : \\Sigma \\to M} , of free boundary CMC immersions, we give criteria for the existence of smooth bifurcated branches of free boundary CMC immersions for the family {\\varphi_t}, via the implicit function theorem when the kernel of the Jacobi operator J is non-trivial, (Theorems 4.2.3 and 4.3.2), and we study stability and instability problems for hypersurfaces in this bifurcated branches (Theorems 5.3.1 and 5.3.3). / Nesta tese, provamos a genericidade do conjunto de métricas em uma variedade com fronteira M^{n+1}, de modo que todos os mergulhos de curvatura média constante (CMC) e fronteira livre \\varphi : \\Sigma^n \\to M^{n+1}, sendo \\Sigma uma variedade com fronteira, sejam não-degenerados (Métricas Bumpy), (Teorema 2.4.1). Nós também fornecemos condições suficientes para obter uma deformação CMC e fronteira livre de uma imersão CMC (Teoremas 3.2.1 and 3.2.2), e um critério de estabilidade para este tipo de imersões (Teorema 3.3.3 and Corolario 3.3.5). Além disso, dada uma família 1-paramétrica, {\\varphi _t : \\Sigma \\to M} , de imersões de CMC e fronteira livre, damos os critérios para a existência de ramos de bifurcação suaves de imersões CMC e fronteira livre para a familia {\\varphi_t}, por meio de o teorema da função implícita quando o kernel do operador Jacobi J é não-trivial, (Teoremas 4.2.3 and 4.3.2), e estudamos o problema da estabilidade e instabilidade para hipersuperfícies em naqueles ramos de bifurcação (Teoremas 5.3.1 and 5.3.3).

Nous avons étudié la dynamique de Glauber sur les pavages de domaines finies du plan par des losanges ou par des dominos de taille 2 × 1. Ces pavages sont naturellement associés à des surfaces de R^3, qui peuvent être vues comme des interfaces dans des modèles de physique statistique. En particulier les pavages par des losanges correspondent au modèle d'Ising tridimensionnel à température nulle. Plus précisément les pavages d'un domaine sont en bijection avec les configurations d'Ising vérifiant certaines conditions au bord (dépendant du domaine pavé). Ces conditions forcent la coexistence des phases + et - ainsi que la position du bord de l'interface. Dans la limite thermodynamique où L, la longueur caractéristique du système, tend vers l'infini, ces interfaces obéissent à une loi des grand nombre et convergent vers une forme limite déterministe ne dépendant que des conditions aux bord. Dans le cas où la forme limite est planaire et pour les losanges, Caputo, Martinelli et Toninelli [CMT12] ont montré que le temps de mélange Tmix de la dynamique est d'ordre O(L^{2+o(1)}) (scaling diffusif). Nous avons généralisé ce résultat aux pavages par des dominos, toujours dans le cas d'une forme limite planaire. Nous avons aussi prouvé une borne inférieure Tmix ≥ cL^2 qui améliore d'un facteur log le résultat de [CMT12]. Dans le cas où la forme limite n'est pas planaire, elle peut être analytique ou bien contenir des parties “gelées” où elle est en un sens dégénérée. Dans le cas où elle n'a pas de telle partie gelée, et pour les pavages par des losanges, nous avons montré que la dynamique de Glauber devient “macroscopiquement proche” de l'équilibre en un temps L^{2+o(1)} / We studied the Glauber dynamics on tilings of finite regions of the plane by lozenges or 2 × 1 dominoes. These tilings are naturally associated with surfaces of R^3, which can be seen as interfaces in statistical physics models. In particular, lozenge tilings correspond to three dimensional Ising model at zero temperature. More precisely, tilings of a finite regions are in bijection with Ising configurations with some boundary conditions (depending on the tiled domain). These boundary conditions impose the coexistence of the + and - phases, together with the position of the boundary of the interface. In the thermodynamic limit where L, the characteristic length of the system, tends toward infinity, these interface follow a law of large number and converge to a deterministic limit shape depending only on the boundary condition. When the limit shape is planar and for lozenge tilings, Caputo, Martinelli and Toninelli [CMT12] showed that the mixing time of the dynamics is of order (L^{2+o(1)}) (diffusive scaling). We generalized this result to domino tilings, always in the case of a planar limit shape. We also proved a lower bound Tmix ≥ cL^2 which improve on the result of [CMT12] by a log factor. When the limit shape is not planar, it can either be analytic or have some “frozen” domains where it is degenerated in a sense. When it does not have such frozen region, and for lozenge tilings, we showed that the Glauber dynamics becomes “macroscopically close” to equilibrium in a time L^{2+o(1)}

Cette thèse est constituée de quatre chapitres. Le premier contient les notions de base qui permettent d'aborder les divers thèmes qui y sont étudiés. Le second est consacré à l'étude des sous-variétés lagrangiennes d'une variété presque kählérienne. J'y présente les résultats obtenus en collaboration avec Burcu Bektas, Joeri Van der Veken et Luc Vrancken. Dans le troisième, je m'intéresse à un problème de géométrie différentielle affine et je donne une classification des hypersphères affines qui sont isotropiques. Ce résultat a été obtenu en collaboration avec Luc Vrancken. Et enfin dans le dernier chapitre, je présente quelques résultats sur les surfaces de translation et les surfaces homothétiques, objet d'un travail en commun avec Rafael López. / Abstract in English not available

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sinuê Dayan Barbero Lodovici / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática, 2014. / O objetivo principal deste texto é apresentar o teorema de Hopf 3.16 nos espaços R3, H3 e S3, resultado clássico sobre superfícies com curvatura média constante (CMC). Antes disto, apresentamos alguns conceitos importantes de Geometria Diferencial, entre eles o Teorema de Gauss-Bonnet 2.13 e o Teorema de Hadamard 2.36. Por fim, de maneira breve, enunciamos o teorema de Hopf em espaços produto (H2XR e S2XR). / The main objective of this paper is to present the Hopf's theorem (3.16) in spaces R3, H3 and S3, a classical result on surfaces with constant mean curvature (CMC). Before this, we present some important concepts of Differential Geometry, including the Gauss- Bonnet Theorem (2.13) and Hadamard's Theorem (2.36). Finally, and briefly, we state the Hopf's theorem in product spaces (H2XR and S2XR).

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Neste trabalho, provaremos alguns resultados sobre espectro essencial de uma classe de variedades Riemannianas, nÃo necessariamente completas, com condiÃÃes de curvatura na vizinhanÃa de um raio. Sobre essas condiÃÃes obtemos que o espectro essencial do operador de Laplace contÃm um intervalo. Como aplicaÃÃo, obteremos o espectro do operador de Laplace de regiÃes ilimitadas dos espaÃos formas, tais como a horobola do espaÃo hiperbÃlico e cones do espaÃo Euclidiano. Construiremos tambÃm um exemplo que indica a necessidade das condiÃÃes globais sobre o supremo das curvaturas seccionais fora de uma bola para que a variedade nÃo tenha espectro essencial. / In this thesis we consider a family of Riemannian manifolds, not necessarily complete, with curvature conditions in a neighborhood of a ray. Under these conditions we obtain that the essential spectrum of the Laplace operator contains an interval. The results presented in this thesis allow to determine the spectrum of the Laplace operator on unlimited regions of space forms, such as horoball in hyperbolic space and cones in Euclidean space. Also construct an example that shows the need of global conditions on the supreme sectional curvature outside a ball, so that the variety has no essential spectrum.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2014-08-06T11:17:00Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Volumes_e_curvaturas_medias_na_geometria_de_finsler.pdf: 818570 bytes, checksum: fce77ff7f92ae9cc2bf9af2aa0318c4c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-06T11:17:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Volumes_e_curvaturas_medias_na_geometria_de_finsler.pdf: 818570 bytes, checksum: fce77ff7f92ae9cc2bf9af2aa0318c4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-04-16 / In Finsler geometry, we have several volume forms, hence various of mean curvature forms. The two best known volumes forms are the Busemann-Hausdorff and Holmes- Thompson volume form. The minimal surface with respect to these volume forms are called BH-minimal and HT-minimal surface, respectively. Let (R3; eFb) be a Minkowski space of Randers type with eFb = ea+eb; where ea is the Euclidean metric and eb = bdx3; 0 < b < 1: If a connected surface M in (R3; eFb) is minimal with respect to both volume forms Busemann-Hausdorff and Holmes-Thompson, then up to a parallel translation of R3; M is either a piece of plane or a piece of helicoid which is generated by lines screwing along the x3-axis. Furthermore it gives an explicit rotation hypersurfaces BH-minimal and HT-minimal generated by a plane curve around the axis in the direction of eb] in Minkowski (a;b)-space (Vn+1; eFb); where Vn+1 is an (n+1)-dimensional real vector space, eFb = eaf eb ea ; ea is the Euclidean metric, eb is a one form of constant length b = kebkea; eb] is the dual vector of eb with respect to ea: As an application, it give us an explicit expression of surface of rotation “ forward” BH-minimal generated by the rotation around the axis in the direction of eb] in Minkowski space of Randers type (V3; ea+eb): / Na Geometria de Finsler, temos várias formas volume, consequentemente várias formas curvaturas médias. As duas mais conhecidas são as formas de volumes Busemann- Hausdorff e Holmes-Thompson. As superfícies mínimas com respeito a estes são chamados superfícies BH-mínimas e HT-mínimas, respectivamente. Seja (R3; eFb) um espaço de Minkowski do tipo Randers com eFb = ea+eb; onde ea é a métrica Euclidiana e eb = bdx3;0 < b < 1: Uma superfície em (R3; eFb) conexa M é mínima com respeito a ambas formas volumes Busemann-Hausdorff e Holmes-Thompson, então a menos de uma translação paralela de R3; M é parte de um plano ou parte de um helicóide, a qual é gerada pela rotação de uma reta (perpendicular ao eixo x3) ao longo do eixo x3: Ademais podemos obter explicitamente hipersuperfícies de rotação BH-mínima e HT-mínima geradas por uma curva plana em torno do eixo na direção de eb] num espaço (a; b) de Minkowski (Vn+1; eFb); onde Vn+1 é um espaço vetorial de dimensão (n+1); eFb = eaf eb ea ; ea é a métrica Euclidiana, eb é uma 1-forma constante com norma b := kebkea; eb] é o vetor dual de eb com respeito a a: Como aplicação, se dá uma expressão explícita de superfície de rotação completa “forward” BH-mínima gerada pela rotação em torno do eixo na direção de eb] num espaço de Minkowski do tipo Randers (V3; ea+eb):

Submitted by Kamila Costa (kamilavasconceloscosta@gmail.com) on 2015-06-17T20:37:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Andrea M da Mota.pdf: 827395 bytes, checksum: 3b513795b0e557b49dc4814527d37611 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-19T14:12:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Andrea M da Mota.pdf: 827395 bytes, checksum: 3b513795b0e557b49dc4814527d37611 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-06-19T14:14:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Andrea M da Mota.pdf: 827395 bytes, checksum: 3b513795b0e557b49dc4814527d37611 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-19T14:14:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação-Andrea M da Mota.pdf: 827395 bytes, checksum: 3b513795b0e557b49dc4814527d37611 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-15 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this notes is to prove in detail a theorem, due to Ernst Heintze and Hermann Karcher, establishing an upper bound for the volume of compact domains in a connected closed hypersurface immersed in Euclidean space E. As application we will give an alternative proof of the Alexandrov’s theorem, which states that the Euclidean spheres are the only embedded closed hypersurfaces of constant mean curvature in E. / O objetivo deste trabalho é demonstrar em detalhes um teorema devido a Ernst Heintze e Hermann Karcher que estabelece uma cota superior para o volume de domínios compactos em uma hipersuperfície conexa, fechada e mergulhada no espaço euclidiano E. Como aplicação será dada uma prova alternativa do Teorema de Alexandrov, que caracteriza as esferas euclidianas como as únicas hipersuperfícies conexas, fechadas e mergulhadas de curvatura média constante em E.