Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-03-10T11:22:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 cintiadeoliveirarezende.pdf: 819221 bytes, checksum: 339dce17ba20eb705cadcbe3177dd19d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-03-10T14:33:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 cintiadeoliveirarezende.pdf: 819221 bytes, checksum: 339dce17ba20eb705cadcbe3177dd19d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-10T14:33:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 cintiadeoliveirarezende.pdf: 819221 bytes, checksum: 339dce17ba20eb705cadcbe3177dd19d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-19 / O uso de telefones móveis tem aumentado e junto a isso a preocupação dos seus possíveis efeitos à saúde tem aumentado também. Nosso laboratório tem desenvolvido estudos mostrando que a radiação emitida por aparelhos celulares pode afetar parâmetros reprodutivos e apresenta efeito programador na prole alterando o conteúdo de catecolaminas adrenal e glicose sérica, o que poderia influenciar no metabolismo energético desses animais. Pouco se sabe ainda sobre o efeito programador desse tipo de radiação no metabolismo energético. Mas tem sido mostrado que a radiação é capaz de afetar as células da tireoide aumentado a apoptose e levando ao hipotiroidismo, o que de certa forma também poderia influenciar no metabolismo. Sendo assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de ondas eletromagnéticas irradiadas por aparelhos celulares sobre o metabolismo da prole adulta submetida durante o período intra-uterino. Para isso ratas prenhes foram expostas à radiofrequência emitida por telefones celulares (1,8 GHz) durante o período gestacional. Ao atingir a idade adulta a prole foi analisada para os possíveis efeitos programadores no metabolismo energético desses animais através da dosagem de hormônios tireoidianos: Hormônio Estimulante da Tireóide (TSH), Triiodotironina (T3) e Tetraiodotironina (T4) e hormônios relacionados ao metabolismo como: insulina, adiponectina e leptina. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas nos hormônios analisados nem na prole adulta de fêmeas e nem de machos. Sugerindo assim que no modelo estudado a radiação não altera os hormônios analisados relacionados ao metabolismo energético. / The use of mobile phones has increased and along with it the concern of the possible health effects has increased as well. Our laboratory has developed studies showing that radiation from mobile phones can affect reproductive parameters and features programmer effect on offspring by changing the adrenal catecholamine content and serum glucose, which could influence the energy metabolism of these animals. Little is yet known about the programmer effect of this radiation in energy metabolism. But it has been shown that radiation can affect the thyroid cells increased apoptosis and leading to hypothyroidism, which in a way could also influence the metabolism. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of electromagnetic waves radiated by cell phones on the metabolism of the adult offspring submitted during the intrauterine period. For that pregnant rats were exposed to radio frequency emitted by mobile phones (1.8 GHz) during pregnancy. Upon reaching adulthood offspring was analyzed for potential programmers effects on energy metabolism of these animals by the dosage of thyroid hormones: Hormone Stimulant Thyroid (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3) and Tetraiodothyronine (T4) and hormones related to metabolism as: insulin, adiponectin and leptin. No significatives differences were observed on hormones evaluated either on male and female offspring. Suggesting that the model studied the radiation does not alter the hormones analyzed related to energy metabolism.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-10T11:32:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marianabolotari.pdf: 1634687 bytes, checksum: 9aff6476532e85dd9adfaebe0c08ab08 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-10T11:55:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marianabolotari.pdf: 1634687 bytes, checksum: 9aff6476532e85dd9adfaebe0c08ab08 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T11:55:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marianabolotari.pdf: 1634687 bytes, checksum: 9aff6476532e85dd9adfaebe0c08ab08 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-09 / A obesidade pode ter sua origem durante fases críticas de desenvolvimento, como o período de lactação, através da programação metabólica. Em modelos experimentais, a sobrenutrição na infância é estudada pelo método de redução de ninhada. Sendo a obesidade/sobrepeso condições importantes para o desenvolvimento de desordens metabólicas e reprodutivas, o nosso objetivo foi de avaliar os efeitos de duas modalidades de exercício físico em esteira (endurance e H.I.I.T) realizados em períodos de plasticidade metabólica nos parâmetros reprodutivos e metabólicos de indivíduos programados metabolicamente na infância pela superalimentação. Ratos machos Wistar foram divididos em dois grupos, um com o tamanho de ninhada padrão, com 10 machos por ninhada, que não foi submetido ao treinamento físico (NCSed) e outro com o tamanho da ninhada reduzida para quatro machos/ninhada, esses animais após o desmame foram subdivididos em três grupos: grupo sedentário (NRSed), grupo exercitado endurance (NREnd) e grupo exercitado H.I.I.T (NRHiit). Foram realizados testes metabólicos como o teste oral de tolerância à glicose, teste de tolerância à insulina, o perfil bioquímico desses animais também foi avaliado, assim como o peso, consumo, peso das gorduras retroperitonial e perigonadal e dos órgãos dos componentes do sistema reprodutor masculino. A vitalidade, concentração, morfologia espermática e a organização estrutural do epidídimo e dos testículos também foram analisadas. O modelo de superalimentação por redução de ninhada foi eficaz para indução da obesidade, não alterando os parâmetros espermáticos nem a organização estrutural dos órgãos reprodutivos avaliados. Os grupos exercitados (NREnd e NRHiit) apresentaram menor gordura retroperitonial, perigonadal, glicemia, e uma melhora na resistência à insulina e no teste de capacidade física, quando comparados com NCSed. Assim, sugerimos que a superalimentação na infância, induzida por redução de ninhada, não afeta a capacidade reprodutiva e que o exercício físico foi capaz de alterar alguns parâmetros, como o peso das gorduras e o metabolismo glicêmico, associados à síndrome metabólica observados nos animais adultos obesos neste modelo de programação. / Obesity may have its origin during critical stages of development, such as the lactation period, through metabolic programming. In experimental models, overfeeding in childhood is studied by the litter reduction method. Obesity/ overweight were important conditions for the development of metabolic and reproductive disorders, our objective was to evaluate the effects of two physical exercise modalities (endurance and HIIT) performed in periods of metabolic plasticity in the reproductive and metabolic parameters of individuals programmed in childhood by overfeeding. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups, one with standard litter size, with 10 males per litter, which was not submitted to physical training (NCSed) and the other with litter size reduced to four males / litters; were divided into three groups: sedentary group (NRSed), endurance exercised group (NREnd) and exercised group HIIT (NRHiit). Metabolic tests such as the oral glucose tolerance test, insulin tolerance test, the biochemical profile of these animals were also evaluated, as well as the weight, consumption, weight of retroperitoneal and perigonadal fats and organs of the components of the male reproductive system . Vitality, concentration, sperm morphology and structural organization of the epididymis and testis were also analyzed. The model of overfeeding by litter reduction was effective for obesity induction, without altering the sperm parameters nor the structural organization of the reproductive organs evaluated. The exercised groups (NREnd and NRHiit) presented lower retroperitoneal, perigonadal, glycemia, and an improvement in insulin resistance and physical capacity test when compared with NCSed. Thus, we suggest that overfeeding in childhood induced by litter reduction does not affect reproductive capacity and that physical exercise was able to change some parameters, such as fat weight and glycemic metabolism, associated with the metabolic syndrome observed in adult animals obese in this programming model.

Submitted by Biblioteca do Instituto Biomédico BIB (uffbib@gmail.com) on 2017-06-05T16:57:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_mestrado-versão_final-_Jessika_Geisebel.pdf: 1194239 bytes, checksum: b59363ae595a444e379ef361c1b537c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-05T16:57:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_mestrado-versão_final-_Jessika_Geisebel.pdf: 1194239 bytes, checksum: b59363ae595a444e379ef361c1b537c2 (MD5) / A programação metabólica ocorre quando insultos promovem alterações adaptativas nos períodos críticos do desenvolvimento e alteram as funções endócrino-metabólicas ao longa da vida. Estudos com alimentos conhecidos por trazerem benefícios à saúde além do valor nutritivo, mostraram que seu consumo por mães gestantes e/ou lactantes podem vir a ter desfechos negativos para a prole. Já está bem caracterizado que a ingestão de canela gera benefícios para homeostase energética. Entretanto, dados prévios obtidos pelo grupo mostraram que a suplementação com extrato aquoso de canela (400mg/kg peso corporal/dia) durante a lactação leva ao desenvolvimento de obesidade visceral, hiperleptinemia, hiperinsulinemia, associada a normoglicemia, na prole adulta aos 180 dias de vida. Com o objetivo de melhor compreender as alterações endócrino-metabólicas deste modelo, avaliamos a expressão proteica no fígado e músculo esquelético por Western blot, além de avaliarmos o conteúdo de triglicerídeo e glicogênio hepáticos através de ensaios colorimétricos. No fígado, vimos uma diminuição na fosforilação do IR, entretanto, observamos aumento na fosforilação do IRS1 e AKT. Quando avaliamos a sinalização de leptina, não observamos alteração na expressão do ObRB e SOCS3, no entanto, vimos um aumento na expressão da JAK2 e na fosforilação da STAT3, sugerindo que a ativação do IRS1/AKT possa decorrer da maior ativação da via da leptina. Apesar de não observarmos alteração da via gliconeogênica (PEPCK, G6Pase, GLUT2), vimos que a programação leva a um menor conteúdo de glicogênio hepático acompanhado por maior ativação da GSK3β. Observamos aumento do conteúdo de triglicerídeo hepático acompanhado por expressão normal do PPARα e uma interessante redução da expressão do SREBP1c. Concluímos que a programação por canela na lactação altera as principais ações da insulina no fígado, levando a uma menor síntese de glicogênio e acúmulo de gordura neste tecido, sem gerar alterações significativas no músculo esquelético. / Metabolic programming occurs when insults promotes adaptive changes in critic periods of development that alters the endocrine-metabolic functions in the offspring in medium and long terms. Studies with foods known to promote health benefits in addition to the nutritive value, shows that its consumption by pregnant and/or lactating females could induce negative outcomes to the offspring. It is well characterized that cinnamon intake promotes benefits to energy homeostasis. However, previous data obtained by our research group showed that supplementation with cinnamon water extract (400mg/kg body weight/day) during lactation leads to the development of visceral obesity, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, associated to normoglycemia, in the adult offspring with 180 days old. To increase the knowledge about the endocrine-metabolic changes in this model, we evaluated the protein expression in liver and skeletal muscle by Western blot, and evaluated the hepatic content of triacylglycerol and glycogen using colorimetric assays. In liver, we observed a reduced IR phosphorylation; however, we observed increased phosphorylation of IRS1 and AKT. Concerning leptin signaling pathway, we did not observed changes in the ObRB and SOCS3 expression, but we observed an increased expression of JAK2 and phosphorylation of STAT3, suggesting that the activation of IRS1/AKT could be resulted by the increased activation of leptin signaling pathway. Although we observed no changes in the gluconeogenic pathway (PEPCK, G6Pase, GLUT2), we observed that the programmed group exhibit a lower hepatic glycogen content accompanied by increased activation of GSK3β. We observed increased hepatic triacylglycerol content accompanied by normal PPARα expression and an interesting reduction of SREBP1c expression. We conclude that the programming induced by cinnamon intake during lactation alters the main actions of insulin in liver; leading to lower glycogen synthesis and accumulation of fat in this tissue, without promote important changes in skeletal muscle.

Les maladies métaboliques telles que l’obésité ou le diabète de type 2 sont multifactorielles et multigéniques. Ces dernières décennies, la prévalence de ces pathologies notamment chez les enfants et les jeunes adultes a drastiquement augmenté, désignant ainsi l’environnement comme un élément-clé de ces pathologies. Ainsi, un environnement métabolique et/ou endocrinien déséquilibré pendant les périodes de gestation et/ou lactation prédispose la descendance à certaines pathologies à l’âge adulte. Ces phénotypes sont souvent associés, dans l’hypothalamus, structure impliquée dans la régulation de l’homéostasie énergétique, à des modifications de l’expression d’ARNm ou de protéines. Les microARNs (miARNs), régulateurs post-transcriptionnels majeurs, apparaissent donc comme des candidats intéressants pour l’exploration des mécanismes moléculaires sous-tendant les dysfonctionnements hypothalamiques. Le but du ce travail de thèse a été de caractériser le phénotype ainsi que le profil hypothalamique d’expression des miARNs chez des rats adultes nés et/ou allaités dans deux contextes différents de programmation métabolique. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les conséquences à long-terme du blocage de la leptine postnatale, hormone contrôlant la mise en place du métabolisme et l’établissement de connexions hypothalamiques. Les rats traités avec un antagoniste de la leptine présentent un surpoids quel que soit le régime (normal ou hyperlipidique). Ces animaux présentent des signes de résistance à l’insuline dès le sevrage. Leur profil hypothalamique d’expression des microARNs est modifié notamment en ce qui concerne l’expression de certains miARNs associés à l’insulino-résistance périphérique. Dans un second temps nous avons étudié l’impact d’un régime maternel hyperlipidique. Ce régime maternel induit un moindre poids chez la descendance dès le deuxième jour postnatal. A l’âge adulte, les mâles présentent une sensibilité normale à l’insuline et à la leptine et ne sont pas prédisposés au surpoids lorsqu’ils sont soumis à un régime hyperlipidique. Les femelles présentent le même phénotype associé à une meilleure tolérance au glucose. Nous avons étudié le profil d’expression des miARNs dans les noyaux arqué et paraventriculaire de l’hypothalamus des mâles. L’expression de certains miARNs abondants est modulée chez les animaux nés de mères soumises au régime hyperlipidique. Les travaux de cette thèse ouvrent la voie à une étude systématique des profils hypothalamiques d’expression des miARNs dans un contexte de programmations métaboliques diverses. / Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the incidence of metabolic diseases in adults such as hypertension, insulin resistance, obesity and the metabolic syndrome is markedly increased when maternal nutrition is altered at critical periods of foetal development. Numerous studies in humans and rodents have demonstrated the importance of the perinatal environment in metabolic programming. Thus, a metabolic or endocrine unbalanced environment predisposes offspring to various metabolic diseases in adulthood. These phenotypes are often associated with changes in mRNA or protein expression in the hypothalamus, a central structure involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. In this context, microRNAs (miRNAs) appear as attractive candidates for exploration of the molecular mechanisms underlying hypothalamic dysfunction observed during metabolic programming. The aim of my project was to characterize the phenotype and the hypothalamic profile of miRNAs in the adult offspring in two contexts of metabolic programming. First, we studied the long-term consequences of early postnatal leptin blockade, a hormone described to be involved in the establishment of metabolism and hypothalamic connections. Rats treated with a leptin antagonist exhibit overweight (under chow and high-fat diet) and are also subjected to insulin resistance. As signs of insulin resistance appeared as soon as weaning, we analyzed at this age by microarray the hypothalamic miRNAs expression profile which reveals modification of hypothalamic miRNA expression pattern including miRNAs previously linked to peripheral insulin-résistance. In the second part of my thesis, we have demonstrated that a maternal high-fat diet induced a lower weight in the offspring from the second postnatal day. In adulthood, these animals exhibit similar insulin and leptin sensitivities as compared to controls and are not predisposed to overweight when exposed to a high fat diet. This phenotype is associated with changes in the miRNA expression profile in arcuate and paraventricular hypothalamic nuclei. In conclusion, we show for the first time that metabolic programming is associated with altered hypothalamic expression of miRNAs, which could contribute, at least partially, to the establishment of the offspring phenotype.

A supply of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) is essential for fetal development. Objective: We assessed placental transfer of 13C-labelled fatty acids (FA) 12 hours after oral application. Design: 11 pregnant women received 12h before elective caesarean section 0.5mg/kg 13C-palmitic acid (PA, 16:0), 13C-oleic acid (OA, 18:1n-9), 13C-linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and 0.1mg/kg 13C-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) orally. Maternal blood samples, venous cord blood and placental tissue were collected and FA concentrations and their tracer content determined. Results: Most 13C-PA and 13C-OA in maternal plasma were in triglycerides (TG), while 13C-LA and 13C-DHA were mainly found in both plasma phospholipids and TG. Placenta/maternal plasma ratios and fetal/maternal plasma ratios for 13C-DHA were higher than for any other FA. Conclusions: We found a significantly higher ratio of 13C-DHA concentrations between cord to maternal plasma than for the other FA, in agreement with preferential transfer of DHA across the placenta.

Existem evidências de que dietas compostas por níveis elevados de lipídeos e/ou car-boidratos contribuem para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônico-degenerativas e de déficit cognitivo. Entretanto, os mecanismos pelos quais a obesidade materna interfere na saúde da prole, especificamente no metabolismo e na memória de longo-prazo, ain-da são pouco claros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se a obesidade materna interfere no metabolismo e nos comportamentos relacionados à memória de longo-prazo de seus filhotes, e se há um efeito somatório com a exposição à dieta de cafete-ria no decorrer da vida da prole. Ratas foram alimentadas com dieta controle (CON) ou de cafeteria (CAF) desde o desmame até os 210 dias de vida, no desmame de sua pro-le. A partir do desmame, seus filhotes machos foram divididos em 4 grupos (CON-CON, CON-CAF, CAF-CON e CAF-CAF) para que todas as ninhadas ingerissem CON ou CAF, independentemente da dieta materna. As mães foram decapitadas no dia seguin-te ao desmame dos filhotes. Foi decapitada e analisada em tarefas comportamentais metade dos filhotes aos 30 dias de idade e, a outra metade, aos 120 dias. As mães CAF apresentaram maior peso corporal total e de tecido adiposo e maiores concentra-ções circulantes de colesterol total, insulina e leptina do que as mães CON. A ingestão calórica semanal dos filhotes que ingeriram CAF mostrou-se maior do que os que inge-riram CON, independentemente da dieta materna. As ninhadas apresentaram peso cor-poral igual no desmame e aos 30dias, porém aos 120dias, os filhotes que ingeriram CON-CAF tiveram aumento de peso em relação aos filhotes CON, independentemente da dieta materna destes. Porém, os filhotes CAF-CAF tiveram redução do peso corporal em relação aos CON-CAF na idade adulta. Aos 30 e 120 dias, os filhotes que ingeriram CAF apresentaram peso de tecido adiposo maior do que os que ingeriram CON, inde-pendentemente da dieta materna. Aos 30 e 120dias, a trigliceridemia e a colesterolemia estavam iguais entre os grupos, assim como a glicemia aos 30 dias. Porém, aos 120 dias, os filhotes que ingeriram CAF apresentaram hiperglicemia, assim como hiperlepti-nemia e hiperinsulinemia, independentemente da dieta materna. Aos 30 dias, todos os grupos que foram expostos à dieta de cafeteria em alguma etapa da vida apresentaram declínio no desempenho em uma ou nas duas tarefas relacionadas à memória de lon-go-prazo (Reconhecimento de objetos e Esquiva Inibitória step-down). Já aos 120 dias, o grupo CAF-CAF foi o único que mostrou piora no desempenho na tarefa de Reconhe-cimento de Objetos, e todos os grupos mostraram capacidade de aprendizado e memó-ria na tarefa de Esquiva Inibitória step-down. Esses dados sugerem que a dieta materna modula o peso corporal e comportamentos relacionados à memória de longo-prazo dos filhotes e que seus efeitos sofrem influência da dieta pós-natal da prole. Porém, novos estudos são necessários para elucidar os mecanismos envolvidos no desenvolvimento dessas alterações. / There is evidence that diets containing high levels of lipids and / or carbohydrates con-tribute to the development of chronic degenerative diseases and cognitive impairment. However, the mechanisms by which maternal obesity affects health of offspring, specifi-cally in metabolism and long-term memory, are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether maternal obesity interferes with the metabolism and behavior related to long-term memory of their offspring, and if there is a summation effect with exposure to the cafeteria diet during the life of the offspring. Rats were fed a control diet (CON) or cafeteria (CAF) from weaning to 210 days old at weaning of their offspring. After wean-ing, their male offspring were divided into 4 groups (CON-CON, CON-CAF, CAF and CAF-CON-CAF) for all litters ingest CON or CAF, irrespective of maternal diet. Mothers were decapitated on the day following weaning of pups. Was decapitated and analyzed in behavioral tasks half the pups at 30 days of age and the other half at 120 days. CAF mothers had higher total body weight and adipose tissue and increased circulating con-centrations of total cholesterol, insulin and leptin than mothers CON. The weekly caloric intake of pups that ingested CAF was higher than those who ate CON, regardless of maternal diet. Litters showed body weight equal to weaning and 30days, but the 120dias, puppies who ate CON-CAF had weight gain compared to CON offspring, re-gardless of maternal diet these. However, the pups CAF-CAF had reduced body weight compared to CON-CAF adulthood. At 30 and 120 days, the puppies that ingested CAF showed greater weight of adipose tissue than those who ate CON, irrespective of ma-ternal diet. At 30 and 120dias, blood triglyceride and cholesterol were similar between groups, as well as blood glucose levels at 30 days. However, at 120 days, the puppies that ingested CAF showed hyperglycemia, as hiperlepti-nemia and hyperinsulinemia, irrespective of maternal diet. At 30 days, all groups were exposed to the cafeteria diet at some stage of life show a decline in performance in one or both tasks related to long-term memory (Recognition of objects and Dodge inhibitory step-down). Already at 120 days, the group CAF-CAF was the one who showed deterioration in performance in the task of Object Recognition, and all groups showed learning ability and memory in the inhibitory avoidance task step down. These data suggest that maternal diet modulates body weight and behaviors related to long-term memory of the puppies and their effects are influenced by postnatal diet offspring. However, further studies are needed to eluci-date the mechanisms involved in the development of these changes.

Existem evidências de que dietas compostas por níveis elevados de lipídeos e/ou car-boidratos contribuem para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônico-degenerativas e de déficit cognitivo. Entretanto, os mecanismos pelos quais a obesidade materna interfere na saúde da prole, especificamente no metabolismo e na memória de longo-prazo, ain-da são pouco claros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se a obesidade materna interfere no metabolismo e nos comportamentos relacionados à memória de longo-prazo de seus filhotes, e se há um efeito somatório com a exposição à dieta de cafete-ria no decorrer da vida da prole. Ratas foram alimentadas com dieta controle (CON) ou de cafeteria (CAF) desde o desmame até os 210 dias de vida, no desmame de sua pro-le. A partir do desmame, seus filhotes machos foram divididos em 4 grupos (CON-CON, CON-CAF, CAF-CON e CAF-CAF) para que todas as ninhadas ingerissem CON ou CAF, independentemente da dieta materna. As mães foram decapitadas no dia seguin-te ao desmame dos filhotes. Foi decapitada e analisada em tarefas comportamentais metade dos filhotes aos 30 dias de idade e, a outra metade, aos 120 dias. As mães CAF apresentaram maior peso corporal total e de tecido adiposo e maiores concentra-ções circulantes de colesterol total, insulina e leptina do que as mães CON. A ingestão calórica semanal dos filhotes que ingeriram CAF mostrou-se maior do que os que inge-riram CON, independentemente da dieta materna. As ninhadas apresentaram peso cor-poral igual no desmame e aos 30dias, porém aos 120dias, os filhotes que ingeriram CON-CAF tiveram aumento de peso em relação aos filhotes CON, independentemente da dieta materna destes. Porém, os filhotes CAF-CAF tiveram redução do peso corporal em relação aos CON-CAF na idade adulta. Aos 30 e 120 dias, os filhotes que ingeriram CAF apresentaram peso de tecido adiposo maior do que os que ingeriram CON, inde-pendentemente da dieta materna. Aos 30 e 120dias, a trigliceridemia e a colesterolemia estavam iguais entre os grupos, assim como a glicemia aos 30 dias. Porém, aos 120 dias, os filhotes que ingeriram CAF apresentaram hiperglicemia, assim como hiperlepti-nemia e hiperinsulinemia, independentemente da dieta materna. Aos 30 dias, todos os grupos que foram expostos à dieta de cafeteria em alguma etapa da vida apresentaram declínio no desempenho em uma ou nas duas tarefas relacionadas à memória de lon-go-prazo (Reconhecimento de objetos e Esquiva Inibitória step-down). Já aos 120 dias, o grupo CAF-CAF foi o único que mostrou piora no desempenho na tarefa de Reconhe-cimento de Objetos, e todos os grupos mostraram capacidade de aprendizado e memó-ria na tarefa de Esquiva Inibitória step-down. Esses dados sugerem que a dieta materna modula o peso corporal e comportamentos relacionados à memória de longo-prazo dos filhotes e que seus efeitos sofrem influência da dieta pós-natal da prole. Porém, novos estudos são necessários para elucidar os mecanismos envolvidos no desenvolvimento dessas alterações. / There is evidence that diets containing high levels of lipids and / or carbohydrates con-tribute to the development of chronic degenerative diseases and cognitive impairment. However, the mechanisms by which maternal obesity affects health of offspring, specifi-cally in metabolism and long-term memory, are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether maternal obesity interferes with the metabolism and behavior related to long-term memory of their offspring, and if there is a summation effect with exposure to the cafeteria diet during the life of the offspring. Rats were fed a control diet (CON) or cafeteria (CAF) from weaning to 210 days old at weaning of their offspring. After wean-ing, their male offspring were divided into 4 groups (CON-CON, CON-CAF, CAF and CAF-CON-CAF) for all litters ingest CON or CAF, irrespective of maternal diet. Mothers were decapitated on the day following weaning of pups. Was decapitated and analyzed in behavioral tasks half the pups at 30 days of age and the other half at 120 days. CAF mothers had higher total body weight and adipose tissue and increased circulating con-centrations of total cholesterol, insulin and leptin than mothers CON. The weekly caloric intake of pups that ingested CAF was higher than those who ate CON, regardless of maternal diet. Litters showed body weight equal to weaning and 30days, but the 120dias, puppies who ate CON-CAF had weight gain compared to CON offspring, re-gardless of maternal diet these. However, the pups CAF-CAF had reduced body weight compared to CON-CAF adulthood. At 30 and 120 days, the puppies that ingested CAF showed greater weight of adipose tissue than those who ate CON, irrespective of ma-ternal diet. At 30 and 120dias, blood triglyceride and cholesterol were similar between groups, as well as blood glucose levels at 30 days. However, at 120 days, the puppies that ingested CAF showed hyperglycemia, as hiperlepti-nemia and hyperinsulinemia, irrespective of maternal diet. At 30 days, all groups were exposed to the cafeteria diet at some stage of life show a decline in performance in one or both tasks related to long-term memory (Recognition of objects and Dodge inhibitory step-down). Already at 120 days, the group CAF-CAF was the one who showed deterioration in performance in the task of Object Recognition, and all groups showed learning ability and memory in the inhibitory avoidance task step down. These data suggest that maternal diet modulates body weight and behaviors related to long-term memory of the puppies and their effects are influenced by postnatal diet offspring. However, further studies are needed to eluci-date the mechanisms involved in the development of these changes.

Existem evidências de que dietas compostas por níveis elevados de lipídeos e/ou car-boidratos contribuem para o desenvolvimento de doenças crônico-degenerativas e de déficit cognitivo. Entretanto, os mecanismos pelos quais a obesidade materna interfere na saúde da prole, especificamente no metabolismo e na memória de longo-prazo, ain-da são pouco claros. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar se a obesidade materna interfere no metabolismo e nos comportamentos relacionados à memória de longo-prazo de seus filhotes, e se há um efeito somatório com a exposição à dieta de cafete-ria no decorrer da vida da prole. Ratas foram alimentadas com dieta controle (CON) ou de cafeteria (CAF) desde o desmame até os 210 dias de vida, no desmame de sua pro-le. A partir do desmame, seus filhotes machos foram divididos em 4 grupos (CON-CON, CON-CAF, CAF-CON e CAF-CAF) para que todas as ninhadas ingerissem CON ou CAF, independentemente da dieta materna. As mães foram decapitadas no dia seguin-te ao desmame dos filhotes. Foi decapitada e analisada em tarefas comportamentais metade dos filhotes aos 30 dias de idade e, a outra metade, aos 120 dias. As mães CAF apresentaram maior peso corporal total e de tecido adiposo e maiores concentra-ções circulantes de colesterol total, insulina e leptina do que as mães CON. A ingestão calórica semanal dos filhotes que ingeriram CAF mostrou-se maior do que os que inge-riram CON, independentemente da dieta materna. As ninhadas apresentaram peso cor-poral igual no desmame e aos 30dias, porém aos 120dias, os filhotes que ingeriram CON-CAF tiveram aumento de peso em relação aos filhotes CON, independentemente da dieta materna destes. Porém, os filhotes CAF-CAF tiveram redução do peso corporal em relação aos CON-CAF na idade adulta. Aos 30 e 120 dias, os filhotes que ingeriram CAF apresentaram peso de tecido adiposo maior do que os que ingeriram CON, inde-pendentemente da dieta materna. Aos 30 e 120dias, a trigliceridemia e a colesterolemia estavam iguais entre os grupos, assim como a glicemia aos 30 dias. Porém, aos 120 dias, os filhotes que ingeriram CAF apresentaram hiperglicemia, assim como hiperlepti-nemia e hiperinsulinemia, independentemente da dieta materna. Aos 30 dias, todos os grupos que foram expostos à dieta de cafeteria em alguma etapa da vida apresentaram declínio no desempenho em uma ou nas duas tarefas relacionadas à memória de lon-go-prazo (Reconhecimento de objetos e Esquiva Inibitória step-down). Já aos 120 dias, o grupo CAF-CAF foi o único que mostrou piora no desempenho na tarefa de Reconhe-cimento de Objetos, e todos os grupos mostraram capacidade de aprendizado e memó-ria na tarefa de Esquiva Inibitória step-down. Esses dados sugerem que a dieta materna modula o peso corporal e comportamentos relacionados à memória de longo-prazo dos filhotes e que seus efeitos sofrem influência da dieta pós-natal da prole. Porém, novos estudos são necessários para elucidar os mecanismos envolvidos no desenvolvimento dessas alterações. / There is evidence that diets containing high levels of lipids and / or carbohydrates con-tribute to the development of chronic degenerative diseases and cognitive impairment. However, the mechanisms by which maternal obesity affects health of offspring, specifi-cally in metabolism and long-term memory, are still unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate whether maternal obesity interferes with the metabolism and behavior related to long-term memory of their offspring, and if there is a summation effect with exposure to the cafeteria diet during the life of the offspring. Rats were fed a control diet (CON) or cafeteria (CAF) from weaning to 210 days old at weaning of their offspring. After wean-ing, their male offspring were divided into 4 groups (CON-CON, CON-CAF, CAF and CAF-CON-CAF) for all litters ingest CON or CAF, irrespective of maternal diet. Mothers were decapitated on the day following weaning of pups. Was decapitated and analyzed in behavioral tasks half the pups at 30 days of age and the other half at 120 days. CAF mothers had higher total body weight and adipose tissue and increased circulating con-centrations of total cholesterol, insulin and leptin than mothers CON. The weekly caloric intake of pups that ingested CAF was higher than those who ate CON, regardless of maternal diet. Litters showed body weight equal to weaning and 30days, but the 120dias, puppies who ate CON-CAF had weight gain compared to CON offspring, re-gardless of maternal diet these. However, the pups CAF-CAF had reduced body weight compared to CON-CAF adulthood. At 30 and 120 days, the puppies that ingested CAF showed greater weight of adipose tissue than those who ate CON, irrespective of ma-ternal diet. At 30 and 120dias, blood triglyceride and cholesterol were similar between groups, as well as blood glucose levels at 30 days. However, at 120 days, the puppies that ingested CAF showed hyperglycemia, as hiperlepti-nemia and hyperinsulinemia, irrespective of maternal diet. At 30 days, all groups were exposed to the cafeteria diet at some stage of life show a decline in performance in one or both tasks related to long-term memory (Recognition of objects and Dodge inhibitory step-down). Already at 120 days, the group CAF-CAF was the one who showed deterioration in performance in the task of Object Recognition, and all groups showed learning ability and memory in the inhibitory avoidance task step down. These data suggest that maternal diet modulates body weight and behaviors related to long-term memory of the puppies and their effects are influenced by postnatal diet offspring. However, further studies are needed to eluci-date the mechanisms involved in the development of these changes.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2017-12-18T18:07:51Z No. of bitstreams: 2 IALA_ BERTASSO2017.pdf: 2661829 bytes, checksum: 3d7795062e62098ad8c0fa111886f04d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-18T18:07:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 IALA_ BERTASSO2017.pdf: 2661829 bytes, checksum: 3d7795062e62098ad8c0fa111886f04d (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Fundação Araucária de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico do Estado do Paraná (FA) / In the present study, the lipid profile and the gene and protein expression of enzymes involved in hepatic lipid metabolism and its repercussion in males of adult offspring were evaluated in obese rats submitted to Roux - en - Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Wistar rats obese by the cafeteria diet (CAF) were submitted to false operation (CAF SHAM) or to RYGB (CAF RYGB). Five weeks later, they began the mating season. The offspring males (F1) obtained were named according to the procedure performed in their mothers, in CAF SHAM-F1 and CAF RYGB-F1, who received a standard weaning diet at 120 days of age. Lipid profile and hepatic lipid metabolic pathways were verified in the mothers and pups. Mothers submitted to the RYGB presented reduction of body weight, fat pad and dyslipidemia. However, maternal RYGB promoted accumulation of hepatic fat (grade 3 steatosis), a mechanism probably due to the reduction of hepatic lipogenesis and increased β-oxidation in the rats of the CAF RYGB group. CAF RYGB-F1 offspring presented a reduction in body weight, accumulation of fat, serum triglycerides (TG) and hepatic cholesterol (CHOL) at 120 days. The amount of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) mRNA was lower, whereas the amount of carnitine palmitoyl transferase-1 (CPT-1) mRNA was higher in animals from the CAF RYGB-F1 group, compared to the animals from the CAF SHAM-F1 group. The protein expression of ACC and the microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTTP) was higher, whereas the expression of fatty acid synthetase (FASN) and phosphorylated ACC (pACC) was lower in CAF RYGB-F1 group, when compared to the animals of the CAF SHAM-F1 group. RYGB in CAF rats improved obesity after pregnancy and lactation. However, these animals had severe liver damage, which did not affect males of adult offspring, despite changes in lipid metabolic pathways. / No presente estudo, foram avaliados, em ratas obesas submetidas à derivação gástrica em Y de Roux (DGYR), o perfil lipídico e a expressão gênica e proteica de enzimas envolvidas no metabolismo lipídico hepático e sua repercussão nos machos da prole adulta. Ratas Wistar obesas pela dieta de cafeteria (CAF) foram submetidas à falsa operação (CAF FO) ou à DGYR (CAF DGYR). Após cinco semanas, iniciaram o período de acasalamento. Os machos da prole (F1) obtida foram denominados segundo o procedimento realizado em suas mães, em CAF FO-F1 e CAF DGYR-F1, os quais receberam dieta padrão do desmame aos 120 dias de vida. O perfil lipídico e vias metabólicas lipídicas hepáticas foram verificados nas mães e nos filhotes. Mães submetidas à DGYR apresentaram redução do peso corporal, acúmulo de gordura e dislipidemia. Todavia, a DGYR materna promoveu acúmulo de gordura hepática (esteatose grau 3), um mecanismo provavelmente decorrente da redução da lipogênese hepática e aumento da β-oxidação nas ratas do grupo CAF DGYR. Os descendentes CAF DGYR-F1 apresentaram, aos 120 dias de vida, redução do peso corporal, do acúmulo de gordura, da concentração sérica de triglicerídeos (TG) e conteúdo de colesterol hepático (COL). A quantidade de mRNA da acetil-CoA carboxilase (ACC) e da estearoil-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1) foi menor, ao passo que a quantidade do mRNA da carnitina palmitoil-transferase-1 (CPT-1) foi maior nos animais do grupo CAF DGYR-F1, comparados aos animais do grupo CAF FO-F1. A expressão proteica da ACC e da proteína de transferência de triglicerídeos microssomal (MTTP) foi maior, enquanto que a expressão da enzima ácido graxo sintetase (FASN) e da ACC fosforilada (pACC) foi menor nos animais do grupo CAF DGYR-F1, quando comparados aos animais do grupo CAF FO-F1. A DGYR em ratas CAF melhorou a obesidade após prenhez e lactação. Entretanto, estes animais apresentaram danos hepáticos severos, os quais não repercutiram nos machos da prole adulta, apesar das alterações em vias metabólicas lipídicas.

Le concept de programmation métabolique repose sur les études épidémiologiques pionnières menées par David Barker à la fin des années 1980 : une sous-nutrition maternelle durant la grossesse est un contributeur majeur au faible poids de naissance d’une part, et au développement du syndrome métabolique à l’âge adulte d’autre part. Ces dernières années, le concept de programmation métabolique a été étendu de l’état physiopathologique à l’état de santé. Le concept « Developmental Origins of Health and Disease » (DOHaD) postule que l’environnement périnatal (grossesse et allaitement) conditionne la physiologie de la descendance à long terme. Au delà d’une sous-nutrition périnatale, de nombreuses études expérimentales menées chez l’animal ont montré qu’un régime maternel hyperlipidique périnatal pouvait également entrainer des modifications métaboliques chez les descendants adultes.Au niveau central, le noyau arqué hypothalamique (ARC) est un régulateur important du métabolisme. L’environnement périnatal altère-t-il certaines régulations moléculaires dans l’ARC ? Chez les mammifères, l’expression du génome est modulée par de petits ARN d’une vingtaine de nucléotides, les microARN (miARN), inhibiteurs de la traduction des ARNm en protéines ou initiateurs de leur dégradation. Les miARN participent-ils à la régulation de l’expression génique dans l’ARC ? Un régime hyperlipidique modifie-t-il leur expression ? C’est l’hypothèse que j’ai testée au cours de ma thèse.Mon travail de thèse a consisté d’une part à caractériser physiologiquement un modèle de programmation métabolique par un régime maternel hyperlipidique chez le rat, et d’autre part à étudier les populations de miARN dans l’ARC de la descendance. Pour cela, des mères ont été nourries avec un régime équilibré ou différents régimes hyperlipidiques (HF1 et HF2) durant les périodes de gestation et lactation.Le régime maternel hyperlipidique HF1 entraine une hyperinsulinémie attestant une insulino-résistance qu’il soit donné durant la période périnatale ou à l’âge adulte. La conjonction d’un régime HF durant la période périnatale et à l’âge adulte entraine en plus une hyperglycémie.J’ai étudié la descendance de mères nourries avec le régime HF1 (mères HF) à cinq stades postnataux (P4, P8, P14, P21 et P28), un stade juvénile (P75) et un stade adulte (P216). J’ai également étudié l’éventuel effet additif d’un régime hyperlipidique donné à l’âge adulte.J’ai étudié les profils d’expression de plus de 500 miARN pour chaque ARC par la technologie de séquençage haut-débit. J’ai tout d’abord établi la cinétique d’expression des miARN de chacune de ces descendances. 10% à 20% des miARN montrent une différence d’expression supérieure à trois fois stade à stade. Ceci est vrai que les descendants soient nés de mères nourries avec le régime équilibré ou HF1. Le régime maternel HF1 montre peu d’impact sur les profils d’expressions de miARN à ces stades de développement précoces. A chaque stade, seuls 3% à 7% des miARN ont une expression statistiquement supérieure à trois fois. Ces données démontrent que les miARN présentent une expression robuste au cours du développement post-natal, c’est à dire durant la période de maturation des circuits neuronaux de l’ARC.Aucune différence n’est observée durant la période juvénile. Cependant à l’âge adulte, 8% des miARN ont une expression statistiquement supérieure à trois fois chez les descendants HF1. L’ensemble de ces résultats démontre que l’expression des miARN chez l’adulte, après une période de latence, reflète le contexte lipidique périnatal. L’expression des miARN de l’ARC, tout comme la sensibilité à l’insuline, est soumis à une programmation par le régime alimentaire maternel. / The concept of metabolic programming is based on the pioneering epidemiological studies realised by David Barker in the late 1980s : maternal undernutrition during pregnancy is a major contributor to low birth weight on one hand and the development of metabolic syndrome in adulthood on the other hand. In the last few years, the metabolic syndrom spreads to the“Developmental Origins of Health and Disease”(DOHaD) concept that postulates that the perinatal (pregnancy and lactation) environment influences the long term offspring’s physiology. Beyond the perinatal undernutrition impact, many experimental studies carried out on the animals have highlighted that a maternal perinatal high fat diet is responsible for metabolic disorders on the offspring.In the central nervous system, the arcuate nucleus (ARC) is an important regulator of metabolism. May an perinatal environment impares the molecular regulations in the ARC ? In the mammals, the genome expression is modulated by small RNAs of about twenty nucleotides, the microRNAs (miRNAs), that regulate, post-transcriptionnally, target mRNA degradation or translation. May the miARN participate to the gene expression regulation in the ARC ? May a high fat diet modify their expression ? This is the hypothesis tested in my thesis.My thesis work consisted on one hand to characterized a metabolic programming experimental model by a high fat maternal diet in the rat and on the other hand to study the miRNA populations of the ARC of the offspring. To this end, the dams were fed with a balanced or different high fat diet (HF1 and HF2) during gestation and lactation.The maternal HF1 diet lead to an hyperinsulinemia revealing the insulino-resistance when the diet is given during the perinatal periode or adulthood stages. The combination of a HF diet during the perinatal period and in adulthood leads to an hyperglycaemia.I have studied the offspring of dams fed HF1 (dams HF1) at five developmental stages (P4, P8, P14, P21 et P28), one juvenile stage (P75) and one adulthood stage (P216). I also studied the potential impact of an additionnal high fat diet given at adulthood stages.I have studied the expression pattern of over 500 miARN for each ARC by the high throughput sequencing technology. First of all, I have established the miARN expression kinetiks of each offspring. 10 percent to 20 percent of miARN have a fold-change more than 3 between stages. This is right for the offspring of HF dams or balanced dams. The maternal HF1 diet reveals few impacts on miRNA expression pattern during the early post-natal period. At each stages, only 3 percent to 7 percent of miARN have a fold-change more than 3. This results demonstating the high dynamics and robustness of miRNA populations in ARC at a time of maturation and circuitry organization of ARC neurons.No differences were observed during the juvenile period. However, in adulthood, 8% of miRNAs have a fold-change more than 3 in offspring HF1. All of these results demonstrating that the miARN expression of the adult, after a period of latence, reflects the perinatal lipidic context. The miARN expression of the ARC, as well as the insulin sensitivity, is submitted to a programming by a maternal diet.