Microfinance has generally been acclaimed as one way to reduce poverty through the provision of financial services targeting the previously “unbankable” poor. Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) are amongst society’s most excluded groups financially and the absence of PWDs within mainstream Microfinance urges Disabled People’s Organisations (DPOs) to directly engage in Microfinance. The practices by such alternative actors are suggested to be generally rejected because they risk being inefficient and failing. The objective of this study is to analyse examples of how DPOs in Nepal practice Microfinance and whether they generally follow recommended best practices. The correlation with what is perceived as best practices provide evidence to suggest whether the DPOs’ practices should be generally rejected or motivated as plausible and justified accordingly. To accomplish this, a well-justified analytical framework of recommended best practices for DPOs engaged in Microfinance is created, and field research is undertaken in Nepal, April-May 2014. It can be concluded that recommended best practices are followed at a general level; however, the extent varies within and between the analysed practices. The results provide sufficient evidence to suggest that the practices are plausible and justified accordingly, and should not be generally rejected.

Orientador: Maria Alejandra Caporale Madi / Dissertação (mestrado)- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T09:58:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza_MarceloGalizaPereirade_M.pdf: 1635135 bytes, checksum: 22d364663d4a5a16d0b6ca3f54cc6f92 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A questão central que dá eixo à presente dissertação refere-se ao conflito intrínseco à institucionalização do mercado como meio para se atingir um fim social, qual seja o desenvolvimento econômico com inclusão social. Para discutir esse tema, procurou-se situá-lo no movimento do capitalismo contemporâneo, ressaltando que a primazia do mercado sobre a sociedade, reforçada pela atual institucionalidade, deve ser compreendida como parte do processo de conformação de um padrão de acumulação global predominantemente financeiro e de redefinição dos Estados nacionais rumo à construção de um novo modelo de desenvolvimento econômico que, por sua vez, culminou em uma redefinição da concepção de cidadania. A partir dessa perspectiva, esta dissertação analisa, especificamente, a arquitetura dos Programas de Geração de Emprego e Renda Proger do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego. O Proger, ao vincular uma política pública de caráter social, voltada para garantir acesso e difusão do crédito e de assistência aos empreendimentos dos auto-ocupados, a mecanismos institucionais submetidos à lógica privada, limitou extremamente o seu alcance social. A política de estímulo à auto-ocupação estudada, na verdade, transferiu a solução do problema da exclusão social para o mercado, e a responsabilidade do emprego aos cidadãos, convertidos em pequenos empreendedores. Assim, a evolução dos mercados, lucros, renda e habilidades individuais passaram a conformar o sucesso das políticas públicas de estímulo à auto-ocupação / Abstract: The main issue that guides the present essay refers to the inherent tensions that involve the institutionalization of the market as an instrument to achieve economic development with social inclusion. This discussion is overwhelmed by the transformations of contemporary capitalism, highlighting that the superiority of the market over the society, reinforced by the current institutional set up, must be seen as part of the process of configuration of a global financial accumulation pattern.. This process has involved the redefinition of national States that support the construction of a new economic develpoment model, which triggered the redefinition of the concept of citizenship. Considering the background above, this essay analises the Employment and Income Growth Program (Programa de Geração de Emprego e Renda - Proger) of the Ministry of Labour and Employment. The Proger is focused on guaranteeing credit access and technical assistance to the self-employed workers. However, this program was limited in terms of the social achievements because of the private nature of the decision making process that support the public policy. The public policy of self-employment has actually transferred the solution of the social exclusion problem to the market, and the employment responsability to the citizens, who have been transformed in small entrepreneurs. As a result, the evolution of the markets, profits, income and individual capabilities have configurated the performance of the public policies that stimulate the self-employement in Brazil / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

nÃo hà / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a experiÃncia do Crediamigo do Banco do Nordeste com os bancos comunitÃrios, realÃando a metodologia empregada para este fim e a problemÃtica do empoderamento. Para o desenvolvimento do tema foi resgatado o contexto histÃrico e polÃtico em que foi constituÃdo o Banco do Nordeste do Brasil, o seu Ambiente de MicrofinanÃas e seu Programa de MicrocrÃdito - Crediamigo. Em seguida à apresentada a gÃnese e a trajetÃria do Crediamigo Comunidade no perÃodo de Agosto/04 a Dezembro/08 e discorre-se sobre o contexto polÃtico e institucional inerente a este produto. Neste contexto insere-se a discussÃo sobre o empoderamento, confrontando este conceito com as caracterÃsticas presentes na metodologia do Crediamigo Comunidade. A terceira parte deste documento traÃa o perfil sÃcio-econÃmico do pÃblico atendido e a percepÃÃo dos mesmos sobre o Crediamigo Comunidade, captados a partir das entrevistas realizadas com esses clientes e anÃlise dos dados obtidos. Finaliza este trabalho apontando-se os limites e as possibilidades dos programas sociais e das polÃticas pÃblicas de microcrÃdito, problematizando empiricamente os horizontes do empoderamento nas comunidades pobres atendidas pelo Crediamigo. / The objective of this paper is to evaluate the experience of Banco do Nordesteâs Crediamigo program enhancing the methodology used in communal banks and its approach in addressing the issue of empowerment. To this end, the historical and political context in which the Banco do Nordeste do Brasil, its microfinance department and its Microcredit Program â Crediamigo were founded is examined. After which, the genesis and the trajectory of Crediamigo Comunidade during the period from August 2004 to December 2008 is presented and comments on the political and institutional context inherent in this product. Within this context enters a discussion of empowerment, comparing this concept with the characteristics present in the methodology of Crediamigo Comunidade. The third part of this document describes the socioeconomic profile of the public being served by this product and their perception of Crediamigo Comunidade which was gathered through interviews with these clients and an analysis of the data that was gathered in these interviews. This paper ends by identifying the limits and possibilities of social programs and microfinance public policy, empirically examining the horizons of empowering the poor communities served by Crediamigo.

Microfinance has strongly developed over the past decades on the promise of reaching a double bottom line of financial viability and social impact. Recently, some actors have started to advocate that microfinance, to be truly responsible, should include a third environmental objective as well. However, little scientific knowledge exists today on environmental management within microfinance institutions (MFIs). The objective of this PhD thesis is to shed light on how MFIs manage their environmental bottom line. More specifically, we identify the strategies adopted by MFIs to improve their environmental bottom line, we propose a new framework to assess the environmental performance of MFIs, and we analyze their motives for going green, the characteristics of MFIs involved in environmental management, and the challenges that they face when implementing environmental programs./La microfinance s’est fortement développée ces dernières années sur la base d’une double promesse :celle d’atteindre une viabilité financière tout en ayant un impact social. Récemment, certains acteurs ont commencé à déclarer que la microfinance, afin d’être véritablement responsable, devrait inclure un troisième objectif, environnemental. Aujourd’hui, les connaissances scientifiques liées à la gestion environnementale au sein des institutions de microfinance (IMF) sont toutefois limitées. Cette thèse s’intéresse donc à la manière dont les IMF gèrent leur impact environnemental. Plus particulièrement, elle identifie les stratégies adoptées par les IMF pour améliorer leur performance environnementale, propose un outil de mesure de la performance environnementale des IMF, et analyse leurs motivations pour devenir vertes, les caractéristiques des IMF engagées dans la gestion environnementale, et les défis auxquels elles sont confrontées lors de la mise en œuvre de programmes environnementaux. / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study extends the existing literature on how social networks enhance the performance and sustainability of small enterprises. More specifically, the study isolates and investigates the mechanisms through which social capital helps with the growth and survival of MSMEs. The evidence presented in this study strongly suggests that an indigenous social network widely practiced in Ethiopia, the "iqqub", contributes significantly to the start-up, survival and development of urban MSMEs. / South Africa

本研究運用線性迴歸模型來預測微型金融對於貧窮、高中就讀率等等社會問題所帶來的效果，其中微型金融包括了微型信貸、微型儲蓄、微型保險以及微型金融機構所提供的匯款服務。本研究的樣本涵蓋了從2011年到2014年拉丁美洲及加勒比地區的20個國家。 在把樣本細分成可以比較的不同組別，並進行迴歸分析之後，我們發現微型金融對於貧窮人數有負向的顯著影響，對於高中就讀率有正向的顯著影響，而對於其他如醫療、創業、家庭支出與人均收入的影響並不顯著。 因應在拉丁美洲和加勒比地區不斷增加的微型金融機構，本研究建議未來可以利用更複雜的統計模型像是工具變量、隨機對照實驗、準實驗問卷來估計微型金融與影響之間是否有因果關係，對於NMP來說，他們應該鼓勵微型金融的發展以及接受適度的批判來確保透明且可靠的研究來作為政策制定的參考。 / The following research uses a panel linear model regression to detect possible effects Microfinance and its iterations (namely microcredit, microsavings, microinsurance, and remittance services offered by microfinancial institutions) have on distinct social outcomes such as poverty and secondary school enrollment rates. The study sample consists of 20 countries in the Latin American and Caribbean region observed during a period of 4 years (2011-2014). After subdividing the sample into comparable groups the results yielded statistically significant negative effects on poverty headcount, and statistically significant positive effects on secondary school enrollment rates across the subgroups. The results from other social welfare dimensions such as health, business creation, household consumption, and income per capita were insignificant. Due to the increasing presence of Microfinancial institutions in Latin America and the Caribbean, there is sufficient reason to encourage further research to be done in which more experienced researchers can use more statistically complex models (such as IV, RCTs, quasi-experimental surveys) to try to determine whether or not there is a causal relationship between microfinance and the effects herein described. For policymakers and funders of NMPs, the takeaway is that they should encourage both advocates and critics to present transparent and replicable studies to back their claims.

Depuis les années 70, la littérature économique sur les systèmes financiers a développé une série de concepts théoriques autour des notions de rationnement, de défaillances de marchés et d’imperfections informationnelles, afin de mieux saisir la complexité réelle inhérente au fonctionnement de ces systèmes. Etant donné le caractère vivant, les mutations et la vitesse à laquelle ces mutations s’opèrent dans les systèmes financiers, la question, qui pourtant semblait avoir trouvé un espace consensuel d’analyse et de réflexion autour de ces notions de défaillances de marché, mérite d’être, sinon reposée, du moins actualisée.Actualiser le débat sur les défaillances des marchés financiers implique, symétriquement,d’actualiser le débat sur la place et les modalités d’intervention des politiques publiques dans ceux-Ci. Nous pouvons dès lors poser la problématique générale de notre travail :comment définir, ajuster, calibrer des politiques économiques dans des systèmes financiers hétérogènes et en constante mutation ?Afin d’essayer de répondre à cette problématique, il convient de mieux saisir la complexité des interactions entre le système productif et le système financier, dans les pays en développement. Mieux saisir cette complexité implique de mieux comprendre les mutations des systèmes financiers, de leurs institutions et de leurs acteurs. Cela implique également d’intégrer, en amont, une vision théorique acceptant l’hétérogénéité des acteurs productifs et financiers, et de leurs dynamiques respectives.« Mutations » et « hétérogénéité » sont les deux entrées conceptuelles à travers les quelles nous avons choisi d’analyser les systèmes financiers pour le développement. Cependant, ces deux concepts s’engendrent réciproquement, ce qui présente l’avantage de saisir plus finement la complexité de la problématique mais dont le défi reste de trouver une synthèse appropriée.Les enjeux de développement sous-Jacents à cette problématique seront exposés dans le premier chapitre. Il devrait nous permettre de comprendre en quoi un accès différencié et hétérogène des acteurs économiques aux services financiers a pour conséquence la genèse d’inégalités en termes de dynamiques de développement.Cela suppose, par ailleurs, la prise en compte de l’hétérogénéité des mécanismes de rationnement financier.Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous introduirons la notion de « poches multiples de rationnement » pour traiter des problèmes de contraintes financières à plusieurs niveaux de la structure productive. Nous proposerons un modèle théorique permettant de modéliser cette pluralité de situations de rationnement, que nous chercherons à tester empiriquement par la suite, pour le cas du Maroc, à travers des modèles de frontières stochastiques à classes latentes.La dimension spatiale du rationnement sera un élément traité dans le troisième chapitre et nous permettra de comprendre, à la fois les mutations des systèmes financiers (notamment micro-Financiers) et l’accès inégal des régions boliviennes aux services financiers. Après avoir présenté le concept de Rationnement Spatial du Crédit, nous étudierons, empiriquement, les déterminants de ce phénomène.Cette lecture actualisée et approfondie des mécanismes de rationnement et d’accès inégal aux services financiers devrait permettre de jeter les bases d’un système, amélioré, de calibrage des politiques publiques dans le secteur financier. Ce sont là des éléments que l’on explorera dans les deux derniers chapitres, en étudiant, notamment, les systèmes de gestion et la performance des Banques Nationales de Développement en Amérique Latine. / Sine the 70's, the economic literature on financial systems has developed a series of concepts as "credit rationing", "informational asymmetries" and "market failures" in order to better explain financial systems' real functioning. Giving all transformations lived by financial systems in the last decades, market failures and rationing entries need to be actualized in order to better understand those systems. Actualizing market failures debate means, symmetrically, to actualize the debate about public policies on financial systems. So, the main issue of this theses can be exposed : how to define, design and calibrate economic policies in heterogeneous and constantly evolving financial systems ?Main development issues behind this question are presented in the first chapter. This chapter is important in order to understand the heterogeneity of rationing mechanisms in developing countries' financial systems.In the second chapter, we explore this heterogeneity of rationing mechanisms, analyzing Morocco's financial system. Spatial dimensions of credit rationing are introduced in chapter three in order to understand Micro Finance Institutions' location in Bolivia. This actualized lecture of credit rationing phenoma es useful for sesigning better and calibrated policies in financial systems. In chapter four and five, we analyze modern financial policies, especially through the study of National Development Banks' performance in Latin America.

The thesis is focused on consumer loans either from a regulatory standpoint including comparison of two legislative resources and from practical view focusing on real-life examples from Czech banking and non-bank providers. The main focus of analysis is to determine the impact of credit parameters on the APRC. Considerable portion of the thesis is dedicated to a specific area of consumer loans, microcredits. Even here the primary aim is the regulation of microcredits, the providers participating in the administration of microcredits and the calculation of the impact of principal, maturity and costs of credit on the APRC.

El microcrédito se ha logrado extender a través de las microfinanzas, convirtiéndose en una herramienta innovadora de desarrollo para el crecimiento económico de un país donde los agentes económicos más vulnerables (microempresarios formales e informales, y mujeres) son los principales beneficiarios. El objetivo de este estudio es hacer una evaluación cualitativa de los efectos del microcrédito, que ha tenido sobre el crecimiento de la actividad económica de las personas pobres y mujeres para mejorar su calidad de vida a nivel individual, familiar y comunitario y como este impacta en el crecimiento económico de un país. Teniendo como marcos económicos la influencia del microcrédito en la reducción de la pobreza y el éxito logrado al eliminar los créditos informales y así potenciar el espíritu emprendedor en las personas de bajos recursos, incluso como el microcrédito brinda poder económico a las féminas, lo cual ha permitido mejorar su situación socioeconómico y librarse de la opresión económicas de sus parejas. Por otra parte, la importancia del uso de metodologías de evaluación específicas que permite gestionar y mitigar del riesgo crediticio y la utilización de enfoques de calificación como el scoring para reducir el riesgo de impagos y visualizar contingencias futuras. Las evidencias encontradas sugieren que el microcrédito tiene un impacto positivo porque ha permitido producir, mejorar, crecer, expandirse, generar empleo, aumentar ingresos, usar tecnología avanzada y construir un futuro prometedor en el desarrollo individual y colectivo de las personas más vulnerables, sin embargo, algunos autores mencionan que el microcrédito es una herramienta que sobreendeuda, genera estrés financiero, conduce a tentativas de suicidio y propicia la violencia de género. / Microcredit has been extended through microfinance, becoming an innovative development tool for the economic growth of a country where the most vulnerable economic agents (formal and informal microentrepreneurs and women) are the main beneficiaries. The objective of this study is to make a qualitative evaluation of the effects of microcredit, which has had on the growth of the economic activity of poor people and women to improve their quality of life at the individual, family, and community level and how it impacts on the economic growth of a country. Taking as economic frameworks the influence of microcredit in poverty reduction and the success achieved by eliminating informal credit and thus enhance entrepreneurship in low-income people, including how microcredit provides economic power to women, which has allowed them to improve their socioeconomic situation and get rid of the economic oppression of their partners. On the other hand, the importance of the use of specific evaluation methodologies to manage and mitigate credit risk and the use of rating approaches such as scoring to reduce the risk of non-payment and visualize future contingencies. The evidence found suggests that microcredit has a positive impact because it has made it possible to produce, improve, grow, expand, generate employment, increase income, use advanced technology, and build a promising future in the individual and collective development of the most vulnerable people; however, some authors mention that microcredit is a tool that over-indebts, generates financial stress, leads to suicide attempts, and fosters gender violence. / Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

High interest rates, many mortgage defaults, and availability of capital are challenges for microbusiness owners. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the strategies used by Ghana's microbusiness owners to manage microloans for sustainable businesses in Cape Coast, Ghana. Putnam's social capital theory was the conceptual framework for the study. A purposive and snowball sample of 10 participants completed semistructured interviews and described their perceptions and experiences of the phenomena. Data were analyzed using Moustakas' modified van Kaam method to catalog, group, and code information into themes. The study findings indicated there are high-interest rates and many mortgage defaults in the microfinance industry, and operating capital for microbusiness owners is insufficient. Results indicated savings must yield interest, microborrowers must have a business plan, microbusiness owners must seek professional advice where needed, and government must offer savers protection against a Microfinance Institution financial crunch. Engaging these issues could help microbusiness owners improve microloan management for sustainable enterprises. Participants said interest from savings could increase capital. They agreed that lower interest rates could prevent mortgage defaults. MFIs should organize entrepreneurial orientation workshops to help business owner's structure better financial plans and management strategies that could contribute to improving the socioeconomic lives of microborrowers. Implications for positive social change include the growth of microbusinesses, reduced mortgage defaults, and increased employment and tax revenues.