Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T20:21:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Schmitz Simoes.pdf: 888642 bytes, checksum: 74b5843dab0c3ac9218845967d5fb0f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-25 / This research aims to discuss the reach of Entrepreneurship and Microcredit Brazilian public policies programs which might generates employment, work and income. In recent years, these mechanisms of public policies have been incorporated by Federal, State and local governments in order to be used as alternative tools for social inclusion, because of its ability to create work, employment and income. The starting point of this research are two studies conducted by us recently. The first study identifies the barriers faced by local governments, specifically, when trying to establish an effective relationship promoting a group organization and its entrepreneurial skills. From this evidence, was proposed a collective action among multilateral social agents (SEBRAE, NGOs, etc.), community and local government. This empirical research was developed with artisans in the City of Juiz de Fora, southeastern of Minas Gerais State, which was disjointed and has been showing no social representativeness. The result was the strengthening of this social group and the founding of the Artisans Association of Juiz de Fora city. The second study evaluates the effectiveness of social and economic development of the Heliopolis favela, in the city of São Paulo, throughout SPConfia, a city policy microcredit. The purpose of this study is to highlight the relationship between the microcredit institution and its assisted target, that uses this kind of resource to generate jobs and income. Both studies indicate that these policies aligned with its goals were developed for workers over 30 years old, which, somehow, had being already participating the formal labor market. Young people, in this case, does not integrate these programs. At the same time, these public programs neither have intention to qualify young people professionally for self-employment, nor trust enough credit to start up their own business. Therefore, the aim is to present the context in which the programs of public policies for entrepreneurship and microcredit offered by the city of São Paulo are structured and, then, better understand the reasons that creates a gap between government and university students. / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo discutir o alcance de dois programas de políticas públicas de emprego, trabalho e renda: o Empreendedorismo e o SPConfia. Nos últimos anos, estes dois importantes instrumentos têm sido incorporados pelas administrações públicas federal, estadual e municipal para serem utilizados como meios alternativos de inclusão social, pela capacidade de gerar emprego, trabalho e renda. Para tanto, partimos de dois estudos realizados por nós em anos recentes. O primeiro estudo1 identificou as dificuldades que o poder público local, principalmente, tem em estabelecer uma relação que promove efetivamente a organização de um grupo e sua qualificação empreendedora. A partir dessa constatação, propôs uma ação conjunta2 entre agentes multilaterais (SEBRAE, ONGs, etc.), comunidade e governo local. O objeto de análise deste estudo foi os artesãos do sudeste mineiro Juiz de Fora, MG, grupo até então desarticulado e sem representatividade social. O resultado foi o fortalecimento social desse grupo e a fundação da Associação dos Artesãos da Cidade de Juiz de Fora. O segundo estudo3 avalia a efetividade do desenvolvimento social e econômico da favela de Heliópolis, no município de São Paulo, por meio da política pública municipal de microcrédito, o SPConfia. A proposta do estudo é colocar em evidência as relações entre essa entidade e o público alvo, que necessita desse tipo de recurso para gerar trabalho e renda. Os dois estudos apontam que essas políticas em consonância com seus objetivos, têm atendido trabalhadores na faixa etária de 30 anos ou mais, os quais já estiveram participando, de alguma forma, do mercado formal de trabalho. A população jovem, neste caso, não participa dessas políticas, da mesma forma que não há no âmbito desses programas a intenção de qualificar esses cidadãos para o autoemprego, bem como confiar crédito suficiente para iniciarem seu próprio negócio. O que se pretende, portanto, é mostrar em que contexto os programas de políticas públicas de empreendedorismo e microcrédito, oferecidos pela cidade de São Paulo, estão estruturados, a fim de entender as razões desse distanciamento entre o poder público e os jovens universitários

nÃo hà / Este estudo visou desenvolver mecanismos capazes de classificar um indivÃduo em usuÃrio ou nÃo usuÃrio de microcrÃdito a partir da determinaÃÃo dos fatores que influenciam a sua decisÃo por este tipo de microfinanciamento, ou em se tratando de usuÃrio, identificar preventivamente a sua potencialidade de deixar de ser usuÃrio deste tipo de microemprÃstimo, podendo ser aplicados, complementarmente, em momentos distintos. Na prÃtica, se percebe que a decisÃo do tomador potencial por microcrÃdito rompe as suas caracterÃsticas pessoais. Empiricamente, este empreendedor faz uma anÃlise das condiÃÃes do seu microempreendimento e da viabilidade do atendimento das suas necessidades empresariais frente Ãs condiÃÃes dos ofertantes de microcrÃdito. Nessa perspectiva, buscando atender a trÃplice condiÃÃo para o tomador ser usuÃrio de microcrÃdito a investigaÃÃo convergiu para trÃs modelos logÃsticos especÃficos. Os modelos 1 e 2, sob o mÃtodo de regressÃo logÃstica multinomial buscaram determinar os fatores determinantes na decisÃo do tomador em ser usuÃrio de microcrÃdito dadas as suas caracterÃsticas pessoais e dadas Ãs condiÃÃes do micronegÃcio, respectivamente. O modelo 3, usando a regressÃo logÃstica binÃria, objetivou estimar a probabilidade de o tomador deixar de ser usuÃrio de microcrÃdito dada Ãs condiÃÃes da oferta e do micronegÃcio. O uso de trÃs modelos em processos diferentes justificou-se pela pretensÃo de formular modelos simples e de fÃcil aplicaÃÃo prÃtica. Os resultados auferidos concluÃram que os proprietÃrios de micronegÃcios com atitude para resultado e perfil empreendedor buscam expandir seu negÃcio e và no microcrÃdito um instrumento para este fim. Este trabalho irà contribuir no despertar para a necessidade de revisÃo de conceitos enraizados na forma de fazer microcrÃdito e estimular à inserÃÃo no papel do microcrÃdito de uma funÃÃo de transitoriedade que favoreÃa o desenvolvimento empresarial do micronegÃcio. / This study sought to develop mechanisms capable of classifying an individual as user or nonuser of microfinance starting from the determination of the factors that influence a decision for a given type of microfinance, and in the case of microfinance users, to preventively identify the potential for attrition, with full applicability at any moment in time. In practice, it is noteworthy that that the decisions of a potential microcredit user stem from his or her broader personal characteristics. Empirically, the entrepreneur generates an analysis of the conditions of his or her microenterprise and the viability of meeting his or her business requirements and links this back to the terms of the microfinance service. From this perspective, hoping to simulate the conditionality behind becoming or remaining a microcredit user, this study generated three specific logistical models. Models 1 and 2, based on multinomial regression, sought to identify the decisive factors for an individual to be a microcredit user, based on his or her personal characteristics and the characteristics of the microbusiness, respectively. Model 3, based on binary regression, attempted to estimate the probability of the individual to desist using microfinance services, based on the terms of the microfinance as well as the characteristics of the microbusiness. The use of three models in different processes was justified as the pretense of formulating simple models and of easy practical application. The results concluded that entrepreneurial results-oriented microbusiness proprietors look to expand their businesses and view microcredit as an instrument for this goal. This work will contribute to the awakening of a new examination of the conceptual roots of how microcredit is structured and to shift the role of microcredit towards a function for improving the administration of micro businesses.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:18:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Estevam Cesar Silva.pdf: 1866758 bytes, checksum: 2821bf7288288157803b0b38b03b6c68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The question of income is confirmed as a means of survival, which in its full manifestation is established by consumption. An income that can be obtained for work done and paid, the transfer and redistribution between social classes and the credit granted in anticipation of the value of future income. Experiments on redistribution and income transfers provide the recipient's claim of his involvement in the consumption of goods and services provided by the reigning model, suggesting their integration into society. These individuals need skill and practice in the consumer world, lacking fitness and preparation for the models of social life in order to meet the expectations of the capitalist system for training new users. How goal to be reached indicates the attribute of belonging, suggesting that this insertion in society takes place through access to goods and services. This introduction to the first system meets the aspiration of the current economic and financial system for the formation of "entrepreneurs", starting from the appropriation of the reality of the individual and their individualized needs that are constructed and emerge as essential to survival. Governments, pressured to meet the growing mass of people excluded from the process of economic and financial training, create a precondition for this endowment giving values of "minimum income" for the survival of the individual. The receipt of securities, planned and monitored, introduces this individual in solo practice for the use of current resources - bank cards, electronic passwords, etc - with disciplined and controlled counterparts focused on education and health becoming essential for maintenance of his life. This practice serves as a stimulus to these "beneficiaries" promoting the activity of consumption. Is formed, then the individual's culture and this income is established consecutively to the proposed transfer for redistribution. The following condition is to grant credit in small amounts pursuing the concepts of previous practice as' disciplinarian and educators of conscious consumption. " It is the precondition of preparing individuals for entry into the consumer with the prospect of membership in a social life using the tools of microfinance, such as micro-oriented and production, training of entrepreneurs and micro-entrepreneurs from the current term economic and financial. The issue of income contained in programs to reduce poverty through income redistribution by the transfer, such as Bolsa Familia, and microcredit People's Bank, as government policy for granting credit in small amounts in their proposals seek preliminary training of entrepreneurs sites. We seek to assess what impact the program has the credit offered by the People's Bank of Sorocaba, São Paulo, which acts in anticipation of future income for the applicants, and to study the proposed link of continuity, announced by the federal government to harness the redistribution program income to lending. The first hypothesis seeks to elucidate the question of deprivation of basic capabilities of the individual by the lack of income as a factor to remain in subordinate social status and confirmed that condition subordinate it down in place (locus) where people live and conduct giving continue the social reproduction of poverty. The second hypothesis track the path of deconstruction of the forms of income obtained by the work that brought many people of their abilities, contributing to informality in the working world and perpetuating conditions of dependence and subordination, exclusion and poverty / A questão da renda confirma-se como meio de sobrevivência, que na sua plena manifestação se estabelece pelo consumo. Uma renda que pode ser obtida pelo trabalho realizado e remunerado; pela redistribuição e transferência entre classes sociais e pelo crédito concedido como valor de antecipação de renda futura. As experiências sobre redistribuição e transferência de renda proporcionam ao beneficiário a pretensão de sua participação no mundo do consumo, de bens e serviços ofertados pelo modelo reinante, sugerindo sua inserção na sociedade. Estes indivíduos necessitam de habilidade e prática no mundo do consumo, carecendo de preparo e adequação para os modelos de vida social, de forma a atender as expectativas do sistema capitalista para formação de novos consumidores. Como horizonte a ser alcançado sinaliza-se o atributo do pertencimento, sugerindo que a inserção na vida em sociedade se realiza pelo acesso a bens e serviços. Esta introdução ao sistema atende primeiramente a aspiração do atual sistema econômico e financeiro para a formação de empreendedores , iniciando-se a partir da apropriação da realidade do individuo e das suas necessidades particularizadas que se constroem e emergem como essenciais à sobrevivência. Os governos, pressionados para o atendimento da crescente massa de pessoas excluídas do processo de formação econômico-financeiro, criam a condição preliminar para esta investidura concedendo valores de renda mínima para a sobrevivência do individuo. O recebimento de valores, programado e monitorado, introduz as pessoas na prática individual da utilização dos meios para acessar os atuais recursos financeiros - cartões de banco, senhas eletrônicas, etc - com contrapartidas disciplinadoras e controladoras focadas nas áreas da educação e saúde transformando-se em essenciais para a manutenção de sua vida. Esta prática atua como estímulo a esses beneficiários fomentando a atividade do consumo. Forma-se, então, no individuo a cultura da renda e esta se estabelece consecutivamente à proposta de transferência por redistribuição. A condição seguinte é a concessão do crédito em pequenos valores prosseguindo nos conceitos da prática anterior como disciplinadores e educadores do consumo consciente . É a condição preliminar de preparação dos indivíduos para a inserção no mundo do consumo com a perspectiva de pertencimento na vida social utilizando uma das ferramentas das microfinanças, como o microcrédito orientado e produtivo, para a formação de empreendedores e micro-empreendedores a partir do atual conceito econômico-financeiro. A questão da renda contida nos programas de redução da pobreza com redistribuição de renda pela transferência, a exemplo o Bolsa Família, e o microcrédito do Banco do Povo, como política governamental de concessão de crédito em pequenos valores visam em suas propostas preliminares a formação de empreendedores locais. Este trabalho busca avaliar qual o impacto alcançado pelo programa de concessão de crédito ofertado pelo Banco do Povo de Sorocaba, São Paulo, que atua antecipando a renda futura para os pretendentes, e estudar a proposta de relação de continuidade, anunciada pelo governo federal para atrelar o programa de redistribuição de renda ao de concessão de crédito. A primeira hipótese busca elucidar a questão da privação das capacidades básicas do individuo através da ausência de renda como fator de permanência na condição de subalternidade social e se, confirmada essa condição subalterna, ela se estabelece no local (lócus) onde as pessoas vivem e se realizam dando continuidade à reprodução social da pobreza. A segunda hipótese trilha o caminho da desconstrução das formas de renda obtidas pelo trabalho que destituiu muitos indivíduos de suas capacidades, contribuindo para a informalidade no mundo do trabalho e perpetuando condições de dependência e subordinação, exclusão e pobreza

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T14:54:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Luciano Schmitz Simoes.pdf: 888642 bytes, checksum: 74b5843dab0c3ac9218845967d5fb0f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-25 / This research aims to discuss the reach of Entrepreneurship and Microcredit Brazilian public policies programs which might generates employment, work and income. In recent years, these mechanisms of public policies have been incorporated by Federal, State and local governments in order to be used as alternative tools for social inclusion, because of its ability to create work, employment and income. The starting point of this research are two studies conducted by us recently. The first study identifies the barriers faced by local governments, specifically, when trying to establish an effective relationship promoting a group organization and its entrepreneurial skills. From this evidence, was proposed a collective action among multilateral social agents (SEBRAE, NGOs, etc.), community and local government. This empirical research was developed with artisans in the City of Juiz de Fora, southeastern of Minas Gerais State, which was disjointed and has been showing no social representativeness. The result was the strengthening of this social group and the founding of the Artisans Association of Juiz de Fora city. The second study evaluates the effectiveness of social and economic development of the Heliopolis favela, in the city of São Paulo, throughout SPConfia, a city policy microcredit. The purpose of this study is to highlight the relationship between the microcredit institution and its assisted target, that uses this kind of resource to generate jobs and income. Both studies indicate that these policies aligned with its goals were developed for workers over 30 years old, which, somehow, had being already participating the formal labor market. Young people, in this case, does not integrate these programs. At the same time, these public programs neither have intention to qualify young people professionally for self-employment, nor trust enough credit to start up their own business. Therefore, the aim is to present the context in which the programs of public policies for entrepreneurship and microcredit offered by the city of São Paulo are structured and, then, better understand the reasons that creates a gap between government and university students. / A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo discutir o alcance de dois programas de políticas públicas de emprego, trabalho e renda: o Empreendedorismo e o SPConfia. Nos últimos anos, estes dois importantes instrumentos têm sido incorporados pelas administrações públicas federal, estadual e municipal para serem utilizados como meios alternativos de inclusão social, pela capacidade de gerar emprego, trabalho e renda. Para tanto, partimos de dois estudos realizados por nós em anos recentes. O primeiro estudo1 identificou as dificuldades que o poder público local, principalmente, tem em estabelecer uma relação que promove efetivamente a organização de um grupo e sua qualificação empreendedora. A partir dessa constatação, propôs uma ação conjunta2 entre agentes multilaterais (SEBRAE, ONGs, etc.), comunidade e governo local. O objeto de análise deste estudo foi os artesãos do sudeste mineiro Juiz de Fora, MG, grupo até então desarticulado e sem representatividade social. O resultado foi o fortalecimento social desse grupo e a fundação da Associação dos Artesãos da Cidade de Juiz de Fora. O segundo estudo3 avalia a efetividade do desenvolvimento social e econômico da favela de Heliópolis, no município de São Paulo, por meio da política pública municipal de microcrédito, o SPConfia. A proposta do estudo é colocar em evidência as relações entre essa entidade e o público alvo, que necessita desse tipo de recurso para gerar trabalho e renda. Os dois estudos apontam que essas políticas em consonância com seus objetivos, têm atendido trabalhadores na faixa etária de 30 anos ou mais, os quais já estiveram participando, de alguma forma, do mercado formal de trabalho. A população jovem, neste caso, não participa dessas políticas, da mesma forma que não há no âmbito desses programas a intenção de qualificar esses cidadãos para o autoemprego, bem como confiar crédito suficiente para iniciarem seu próprio negócio. O que se pretende, portanto, é mostrar em que contexto os programas de políticas públicas de empreendedorismo e microcrédito, oferecidos pela cidade de São Paulo, estão estruturados, a fim de entender as razões desse distanciamento entre o poder público e os jovens universitários

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:25:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vania Rosatti de Siqueira.pdf: 636275 bytes, checksum: a16be8a6db840089b4bb3645148a7376 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-10 / The Grameen Bank experiences with microcredit operations have been imitated in various countries, mainly the ones related to the two great innovations in this market: the credit agent s role and the solidary group mechanism. The massification of the operations and the reduction in their costs become vital for economies of scale to be achieved, as well as a greater appetite for the MFIs to expand their activity in the microcredit market. In this context, the next great innovation in the microcredit market will be the introduction of credit scoring models in such operations. This will speed up the process, reduce the risks and consequently the costs. Historical information about microcredit operations was taken into account for the creation of a credit model. It was then possible to identify key variables that help to distinguish between the good and the bad borrowers. The results show that as machine learning techniques bagging and boosting are added to the traditional methods of credit analysis discriminant analysis and logistic regression , an improvement in the performance of the credit scoring models for microcredit can be achieved. / As experiências do Grameen Bank com operações de microcrédito têm sido reproduzidas em vários países, principalmente as relacionadas com as duas grandes inovações neste mercado: o papel do agente de crédito e o mecanismo de grupo solidário. A massificação das operações e a redução de custos tornam-se imprescindíveis para que haja economia de escala e maior apetite para as IMFs ampliarem sua atuação neste mercado. Neste cenário, a implantação de modelos de credit scoring será a próxima inovação do microcrédito e proporcionará agilidade, redução de riscos e, conseqüentemente, redução dos custos. Com base em informações históricas de operações de microcrédito foi elaborado um modelo de crédito. Foram identificadas variáveis chave que permitem distinguir os bons e maus pagadores. Os resultados mostram que, acoplando-se técnicas de linguagem de máquina bagging e boosting aos métodos tradicionais de análise de crédito análise discriminante e regressão logística , obtém-se melhora na performance dos modelos de credit scoring para microcrédito.

Cette thèse contribue à analyser dans quelles mesures les coopératives financières concourent à laréduction de la pauvreté.De ce point de vue, nos analyses ont porté aussi bien sur l’adéquation du cadre conceptuel de cesinstitutions que sur leurs impacts sur les sociétaires. Par rapport au fonctionnement, nos analysesmontrent dans le cas du Bénin, que les principes coopératifs sont globalement appliqués. Toutefois, ellessont confrontées à des problèmes de viabilité financière et de gouvernance liés à la croissance dusociétariat.En ce qui concerne leurs impacts sur les sociétaires, nos résultats suggèrent dans le court terme, que lecaractère intégré de ces institutions s’est avéré globalement pertinent. Par rapport à la dimensionfinancière, il ressort des résultats obtenus que le crédit communautaire contribue favorablement àl’accroissement du revenu des ménages, à la promotion de l’investissement en capital humain des enfants àtravers à l’accroissement des dépenses d’éducation et de santé, mais avec une portée relativement faible.Par contre, le crédit communautaire n’a pas eu d’effet sur l’accroissement de l’épargne. Par rapport à ladimension non financière, nos résultats suggèrent que les services non financiers offerts exercent à traversle statut de sociétariat, une influence favorable sur la constitution du revenu des ménages bénéficiaires ducrédit coopératif.Dans le même ordre d’idées, du point de vue de la mobilité économique, les résultats suggèrent à courtterme, une mobilité des ménages bénéficiaires relativement faible et liée à l’état initial de bien-Être. Defaçon comparative, les résultats suggèrent dans une certaine mesure qu’il y a eu une mobilité ascendanteélevée au niveau des ménages bénéficiaires comparés aux non bénéficiaires. Sur un horizon de long terme,nos résultats suggèrent une convergence très lente des sociétaires vers l’état de bien-Être supérieur si lescoopératives ne subissent pas de mutation en termes de stratégie de réduction de la pauvreté.Par ailleurs, de l’analyse de l’influence du degré de la contrainte de crédit révélée par les sociétairesbénéficiaires du crédit communautaire, il ressort que l’existence de la contrainte de crédit du côté del’offre ne semble pas avoir influencé le niveau de vie des bénéficiaires ayant jugé la valeur du montant ducrédit obtenu « insuffisante ou très insuffisante », dans le court terme. Par contre, par rapport auxbénéficiaires qui ont jugé la valeur du montant du crédit obtenu « suffisante », nos résultats suggèrent dansun premier temps, l’existence d’un biais de sélection et dans un second temps, que la chance de sortir de lapauvreté est plus faible pour cette catégorie de bénéficiaires comparée au reste de la population quipossède les mêmes caractéristiques mais qui s’estiment très contraints « crédit obtenu très insuffisant » oupartiellement contraints «crédit obtenu insuffisant ».En somme, nos résultats soulignent que le caractère intégré des coopératives peut contribuer à lacroissance économique et l’amélioration du bien-Être sociétaires pauvres et vulnérables, mais à conditionque ces structures définissent clairement une stratégie dans ce sens et qu’elle soit étalée sur un horizon detemps bien défini. En outre, pour y parvenir, ces institutions nécessitent d’être appuyées par des dotationsexternes ou d’autres programmes complémentaires au regard de leur mode endogène de mobilisation deressources qui pourraient donner lieu à des contraintes apparentes de crédit. / This thesis contributes to analyze the extent to which financial cooperatives contribute to povertyreduction. From this point of view, our analysis focused on both the adequacy of the conceptualframework of these institutions and their impact on members. As for their operation, our analysis showsin the case of Benin that cooperative principles generally applied. However, they face problems offinancial sustainability and governance related to the growth of membership.With regard to their impact on shareholders, our results suggest that in the short term, the integratednature of these institutions has proven globally relevant. As for the financial dimension, it appears fromthe results that the community loan contributes positively to the growth of household income, theincrease of investment in human capital for children through higher education and health spending, butwith a relatively small range. However, the community loan had no effect on the growth of savings. As forthe non-Financial dimension, our results suggest that non-Financial services offered exercise through thestakeholder-Status, a positive influence on the formation of the income of households that arebeneficiaries of the cooperative loan.In the same vein, in terms of economic mobility, our results suggest, in short-Term a relatively lowmobility of recipient households which is also related to the initial state of well-Being. In other words, thefrequency of mobility is upward for all states of welfare for all recipients, except for the poorestshareholder households. Compared to non-Beneficiaries, our results suggest in some ways, a high upwardmobility for beneficiary households. Over a longer term, our results suggest a very slow convergence ofmembers to a state of higher well-Being when the cooperatives are not subject to change in their povertyreduction strategies.In addition, the analysis of the influence of the degree of credit constraints revealed by the shareholderswho were beneficiaries of the community loan, shows that the existence of credit constraints in the supplyside does not seem to have influenced the living standards of beneficiaries who rated the value of the loanreceived as "insufficient" or "very insufficient" in the short term. But, compared to recipients who foundthe value of the loan received "sufficient", our results suggest at first, the existence of a selection bias andin a second step, the chance to escape poverty is lower for this category of beneficiaries compared to therest of the population with the same characteristics but who feel very constrained ("loan received is veryinsufficient") or partially constrained ("loan received is insufficient".)In total, our results highlight that the integrated nature of cooperatives can contribute to economic growthand improve the welfare of poor and vulnerable members, provided that these cooperatives clearly definea strategy in that direction and spread it over a defined period of time. In addition, to achieve this, theseinstitutions need to be supported by external grants or other complementary programs, when oneconsiders their endogenous mode of resource mobilization.

Vi undersöker i denna studie en organisation, Grameen Bank, och vill på så vis upplysa om ett problem i världen. Det finns många hjälporganisationer som hjälper fattiga och utsatta länder men för att en bättre infrastruktur ska kunna etableras i u-länder krävs även nya metoder så att nya entreprenörer kan etablera sig på marknaden. Muhammad Yunus är en entreprenör, han skapade Grameen Bank i Bangladesh för att hjälpa den fattiga befolkningen att utvecklas och förbättra levnadsstandarden genom att låta dem ta mikrolån. Studiens syfte:  Undersöka hur Grameen Bankens organisation fungerar  Ta reda på Grameen Bankens syfte, mål och vision  Undersöka faktorer som påverkar Grameen Bankens effektivitet och utveckling / The purpose of this study is to analyze an organisation, Grameen Bank, and illustrate a relevant problem in the world. There are plenty of aid organizations that help countries, but to enable the build-up of an infrastructure, new methods are required that help the establishment of new entrepreneurs. Muhammad Yunus founded Grameen Bank in Bangladesh to help the poor population to develop and enhance their living standards by lending them micro loans. The purpose of this study:  Investigate how the organisation of Grameen Bank works  Acquire the purpose, goal and vision of Grameen Bank  Investigate the factors that influence the efficiency and development of Grameen Bank

<p>In course of time the role of the individual being has become increasingly important in the fight against poverty. Through its microcredit programmes, the organization Grameen Bank offers “aid to self-help” to poor women on the countryside in Bangladesh. The purpose of this essay is to investigate how participation in Grameen’s microcredit programmes can affect these women’s social situation and working situation. In order to achieve the purpose the following questions have been formulated: How does microcredit affect women’s self-esteem, influence in the household, and exposure to domestic violence? How does microcredit affect women’s occupational situation, to what extent do they have control over their loans, and how is microcredit regarded in comparison with permanent jobs, as a way to reduce poverty?</p><p>The research, which has been carried out as a qualitative text analysis, shows that Grameen plays an important role when it comes to improving women’s living conditions. The access to microcredit helps women increasing their working activity as well as their self-esteem and influence in the household. However, microcredit does not merely create positive consequences. There are cases where microcredit increases the risk of domestic violence. Often the loans are transferred within the household, and then controlled by men. In addition, women’s use of microcredit is still confined to activities traditionally performed by women. These factors are important to consider when evaluating Grameen’s programmes, since they counteract Grameen’s vision of creating development for women.</p>

Abstract Title: Client Information Needs of MFIs: A Case Study of ASA Bangladesh Author: Juber Ahmed Academic Advisor: Dr. Klaus Solberg Søilen Department: School of Management, Blekinge Institute of Technology Course: Master Thesis in Business Administration Purpose: To enrich the knowledge base of client’s needs of financial services and assessing the tools MFIs used to collect clients’ information and how they utilized the information for developing new products and services or modifying existing products and services or their terms and conditions to meet the needs of financial services of their clientele. Also how MFIs organized and managed the information and how they categorized their clients using that information. Method: The investigation conducted from both a theoretical and an empirical point of view. The deductive approach used for the study and the case study method deployed. I studied ASA which is an MFI renowned in Bangladesh and beyond. At first, I had gone through a secondary research for collecting a number of successful methods and standard types of information used by successful MFIs from existing literature. In primary research, I interviewed 10 Managers (Assistant Directors) for ASA to determine which of the methods found in the literature were more effective for collecting clients’ information for them and also asked them to add their ideas to the list. At last I asked interviewees to rate the methods and results presented in this paper. Theory: This study was an exploratory one where I discussed the related aspects for the study - Microfinance, Client Assessment, Clients of Microfinance, Information needs and Management Information System. Findings: The study showed that ASA utilized client information for developing their credit products and services and based on number of loans taken by the clients they categorized their clients and modified or developed new products and services for each category of clients. Although ASA executed several tools for collecting client information but the managers think that their staffs’ collection of information from regular meeting with clients was more effective than others for modifying products’ terms and conditions and modifying or developing new products and services to their women and small enterprise clients. The conducted study also revealed that in ASA impact study was necessary to know clients’ overall level of satisfaction but management needed specific information on what aspects of ASA and its credit products and services clients preferred and did not prefer and the reasons of the preferences. Also they needed action plan to address clients’ specific concerns, so they needed the information on a continual basis and they were successful to achieve this continuous flow of information. For ASA, the best way to get this type of information would be through client satisfaction Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), although they utilized several tools but not often as discussed in part 3 in chapter 5. ASA owned an MIS (AMMS) for monitoring and managing clients’ information and they utilized this to categorize their clients based on the collected information about their number of loans. Conclusion: This study revealed that ASA served only women and small enterprise clientele that included the vulnerable non-poor and could contribute to the profitability of ASA. There was no attempt to diversify the products to include all poor that should be the goal of microfinance to alleviate poverty. Moreover client treated as individual client but the loans used to fulfill household or family needs of the clients. There were tools for collecting information on household about impact of credit programs participation but they took seldom effort for collecting information of the household money management or in other words how they utilized the loans for variety of household needs. There is lack of access to a variety of financial services for poor clients, even though MFIs are mostly serving vulnerable non-poor instead of taking consideration of all categories of poor. It revealed from the study that MFIs could gain long term success by serving specific market segment but it should not be only focus of MFIs, their initiative should be to include all poor in their clients profile with a priority to a specific market segment. This could help them to become sustainable and to minimize risks by spreading it in different market segments. The study found that ASA considered FGDs as an effective tool for collecting clients’ information as their staffs and managers were familiar with this tool, moreover it was cost effective for them. It observed that they seldom followed Tool Selection Process and it was the top management that decided over the tools, the decision might influence by internal and external interest groups and the competition. MFIs should organize client information in a way so that they could be able to manipulate the specific client information to serve client better and to take effective decision, although it is imperative to argue that they may like to serve the wealthier clients. This research paper is also presenting some important findings from existing literature of microfinance and a number of recommendations based on the study experience and scholars opinions from existing microfinance study that may help MFIs to prepare themselves to adopt client-oriented approach by utilizing client assessment tools to fulfill the needs of financial services of their clients that may hopefully include all poor irrespective of their categories.

Submitted by Geraldo José Martins dos Santos (gera-martins@uol.com.br) on 2014-12-22T23:36:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 20141222_Sistemas Informação_Geraldo dos Santos_DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1534634 bytes, checksum: 06a2fe20308e98b4a0f9357f758760dd (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2014-12-23T11:15:33Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 20141222_Sistemas Informação_Geraldo dos Santos_DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1534634 bytes, checksum: 06a2fe20308e98b4a0f9357f758760dd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-23T11:38:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 20141222_Sistemas Informação_Geraldo dos Santos_DISSERTAÇÃO.pdf: 1534634 bytes, checksum: 06a2fe20308e98b4a0f9357f758760dd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-01 / This study objects to identify aspects that can promote or limit the emergence of mobile payment arrangements (m-payments) that can be used in microcredit initiatives in Brazil. The microcredit theme was chosen not only for the huge potential to perform microcredit operations in Brazil but also for the aspect of economic and social integration that microcredit operations can provide. The choice of mobile payment theme was based on the versatility and innovation of this payment method, with potential for a major transformation of payment methods in the Brazilian market. The analysis of the use of mobile payment initiatives in microfinance arose due to the contributions this mode of payment can bring to perform microfinance operations. The objective of this qualitative study is to assist in understanding the supportive and limiting aspects for the use of mobile payment initiatives in microcredit, as well as to verify what contributions the use of mobile payment can bring to perform microfinance operations. Additionally, using the information obtained from the Relevant Social Groups (RSG) involved in these payment arrangements, this work also aims to identify the influences of these agents to form and to adapt these arrangements. Information to conduct this study was collected primarily through in-depth interviews with selected participants of RSG from these payment arrangements representatives. The interviews were transcribed at the end of this work and represent an important source of information to those interested in the subject, considering the richness of detail presented. For the understanding and interpretation of the object of study, the theoretical framework presented by Coase and Williamson (Transaction Costs), Gannamaneni e Ondrus (Multilevel Framework) was used. With the publication of Resolution 4.282 of Brazilian Central Bank in November 2013, establishing the regulatory framework that governs the authorization and operation of arrangements and payment institutions in Brazil, the subject of this study becomes even more relevant for the academic community participants in the microfinance market and RSG members of the mobile payment arrangements. We hope with this study contribute to a better understanding of the barriers and facilitators for adoption and development of mobile payment arrangements, but mostly that this study may contribute to a greater interaction of these arrangements with microcredit initiatives. / Este estudo tem por objetivo identificar os aspectos que podem promover ou limitar o surgimento de arranjos de pagamentos de mobile payment (pagamentos móveis) que possam ser utilizados nas iniciativas de microcrédito no Brasil. O tema microcrédito foi escolhido em função do enorme potencial para a realização de operações de microcrédito no Brasil, bem como pelo aspecto de integração econômico-social que as operações de microcrédito podem proporcionar. A escolha do tema mobile payment ocorreu em função da versatilidade e inovação desta modalidade de pagamento, com potencial para uma grande transformação dos meios de pagamentos no mercado brasileiro. A análise da utilização do mobile payment nas iniciativas de microcrédito surgiu em função das contribuições que tal modalidade de pagamento pode trazer para a realização de operações de microcrédito. O objetivo deste estudo qualitativo é auxiliar na compreensão dos aspectos limitadores e incentivadores para a utilização do mobile payment nas iniciativas de microcrédito, bem como verificar quais contribuições a utilização do mobile payment pode trazer para a realização de operações de microcrédito. Adicionalmente, por meio das informações obtidas junto aos Grupos Sociais Relevantes (GSR) envolvidos nos arranjos de pagamentos, a presente pesquisa pretende ainda identificar as influências destes agentes para a formação e adaptação desses arranjos. As informações para a realização deste estudo foram coletadas principalmente por meio de entrevistas em profundidade com representantes selecionados dos GSR participantes dos arranjos de pagamentos. As entrevistas realizadas foram transcritas e constam no final do trabalho, representando uma fonte importante de informação aos interessados no tema, em função da riqueza de detalhes apresentados. Para a compreensão e interpretação do objeto de estudo, foi utilizado o referencial teórico apresentado por Coase e Williamson (Teoria dos Custos de Transação), Gannamaneni e Ondrus (Multilevel Framework). Com a publicação da Resolução 4.282 do Banco Central do Brasil em novembro de 2013, instituindo o marco regulatório que disciplina a autorização e o funcionamento de arranjos e instituições de pagamento no Brasil, o objeto de análise em questão torna-se ainda mais relevante para a comunidade acadêmica, participantes do mercado de microcrédito e GSR integrantes dos arranjos de mobile payment. Espera-se com isso contribuir para um melhor entendimento das barreiras e facilitadores para a adoção e desenvolvimento dos arranjos de pagamentos de mobile payment, e, principalmente, que esta pesquisa possa contribuir para uma maior interação destes arranjos com as iniciativas de microcrédito.