Submitted by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-01-17T15:31:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 1421811.pdf: 11185903 bytes, checksum: 252f4b166837f4ae16d2dca89a39a844 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-01-17T15:31:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1421811.pdf: 11185903 bytes, checksum: 252f4b166837f4ae16d2dca89a39a844 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2012-01-17T15:31:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 1421811.pdf: 11185903 bytes, checksum: 252f4b166837f4ae16d2dca89a39a844 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-01-17T15:31:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1421811.pdf: 11185903 bytes, checksum: 252f4b166837f4ae16d2dca89a39a844 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / O tema central desta dissertação esta voltada para a importância do microcrédito como uma ferramenta de combate a pobreza e inclusão social, e geradora de emprego e renda direcionada a pessoas de baixa. Primeiramente, foram expostos os temas como pobreza, desenvolvimento econômico embasado na teoria de Schumpeter, crédito e os conceitos de microfinanças e microcrédito. Além disso, alguns exemplos de instituições mundiais e locais da cidade de Belém. A pesquisa foi realizada no Amazônia Florescer, um programa de crédito produtivo e orientado na cidade de Belém e no interior do estado do Pará, criado com o apoio do Banco da Amazônia, para atender o micro e pequeno empreendedor. Os levantamentos dos dados sobre a pesquisa foram feitos a partir do banco de dados em carteira ativa do banco. Assim foram tabulados os dados levando em conta o perfil, ocupação, sexo, idade, renda, atividade. Por fim, o resultado demonstrou que o microcrédito em Belém é uma política publica que colabora para o desenvolvimento social e econômico da população de baixa renda da cidade. / The central theme of this dissertation focused on the importance of microcredit as a tool to combat poverty and social inc1usion, and generating employment and income-low targeted. Firstly people were exposed to topics such as poverty, economic development, grounded in the theory of Schumpeter, credit, and the concepts of microfinance and microcredit. In addition, some examples of global institutions and places of the city of BetWehem The survey was conducted in Amazon Bloom, a credit program productive and focused in Bethlehem and in the state of Para, created with support from the Banco da Amazonia to meet the micro and small entrepreneurs. The survey data about the research were made from the database in active portfolio of the bank. Thus the data were plotted taking into account the profile, occupation, sex, age, income, activity. Finally, the results showed that microcredit in Bethlehem is a public policy that contributes to the social and economic development of lowincome population ofthe city.

Even though the idea of microcredit is to stimulate entrepreneurial activities in developing countries, there is an ongoing debate whether this is achieved. Many argue that only providing credit is not enough and see a need for additional components in promoting entrepreneurial activities for the stimulation of economic growth. Moreover, the importance of including women in economic development is widely acknowledged. In Lao People's Democratic Republic where many women run their own businesses and a majority of microcredit borrowers are women, we aimed to examine the relation between microcredit and female entrepreneurship. This was accomplished by conducting semi-structured interviews with 13 Laotian female microcredit borrowers running businesses, as well as interviews with seven representatives from organizations related to microcredit and female entrepreneurship. To understand the female entrepreneurs and the environment in which they operate, we developed a model where factors related to the loan agreement, networking, motivation, gender division of labor and training were identified as important components in the context of Lao PDR. The results support the view that a credit only approach is not enough for the development of female entrepreneurship in Lao PDR.

Agroamigo is a program of rural microcredit inserted in the Methodology of the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture and National Program for Oriented Productive Microcredit (PNMPO). IT IS Operated at Banco do Nordeste do Brasil in the Northeastern and Northern States of Minas Gerais and Espirito Santo through partnership with Instituto Nordeste Cidadania. Its mission is to promote rural development through the granting of small financing (quantitative vision) for investments and costing in agricultural and non-agricultural activities, whether or not rotating, as well as credit counseling and technical monitoring (qualitative vision) over the term Of the financing. As a productive and oriented rural credit, Agroamigo transcends the mere granting of bank credit and is an instrument of a local and regional development policy, which should be integrated with other regional development policies such as PAA, PGPAF, Proagro, The Family Grant, the Light for All, etc. in order to maximize its social and economic effects. The objective of this work is to explain the effects of the individual perspective and the loco-regional perspective, with Agroamigo, considering the vertiginous and ascending growth in the quantitative of contracted operations in this methodology. It investigates whether this quantitative growth has been accompanied by social and financial changes in the borrowers and their socioeconomic externalities in the municipalities, by inducing a greater flow of capital and circulation of goods and services. The regional area analyzed is the main municipalities "borrowers" in the State of Sergipe, having defined the timeline from 2005 to 2015. It begins with a conceptual and historical-factual approach on PRONAF, the emergence of Agroamigo and Their inclusion in the PNMPO methodology. It proceeds with the presentation of the data collected, the field research performed, the expected results. Finally, it discusses the data and information in light of the thesis raised of the effects of Agroamigo in the regional development. The analysis of the data ratified the positive impacts of Agroamigo on income generation and its effects on the local economy, which justifies the choice of the theme as a relevant issue within the framework of regional development policy and in the process of organizing the rural area. / O Agroamigo é um programa de microcrédito rural inserido no contexto metodológico do Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar e do Programa Nacional de Microcrédito Produtivo Orientado (PNMPO). É Operacionalizado no Banco do Nordeste do Brasil nos Estados do Nordeste e norte de Minas Gerais e Espírito Santo através de parceria com o Instituto Nordeste Cidadania. Sua missão é promover o desenvolvimento rural através da concessão de pequenos financiamentos (visão quantitativa) para investimentos e custeio, em atividades agropecuárias e não agropecuárias, de forma rotativa ou não, bem como orientação creditícia e acompanhamento técnico (visão qualitativa) no decurso do prazo do financiamento. Como crédito rural produtivo e orientado, o Agroamigo, transcede à mera concessão de crédito bancário e figura como instrumento de uma política de desenvolvimento local e regional, que deverá estar integrado às outras políticas de desenvolvimento regional como o PAA, o PGPAF, o Proagro, o Bolsa Família, o Luz Para Todos, etc, de forma a maximizar seus efeitos sociais e econômicos. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo explicitar quais efeitos na perspectiva individual e na perspectiva loco-regional vem trazendo o Agroamigo, considerando o crescimento vertiginoso e ascendente no quantitativo de operações contratadas nessa metodologia. Investiga se esse crescimento quantitativo vem sendo acompanhado de mudanças sociais e financeiras nos tomadores de crédito e suas externalidades socioeconômicas nos municípios, ao induzir maior fluxo de capital e circulação de bens e serviços. O espaço regional analisado são os principais municípios “tomadores de crédito” no Estado de Sergipe, tendo sido definido a linha de tempo de 2005 a 2015. Inicia-se com uma abordagem conceitual e histórico-factual sobre o PRONAF, o surgimento do Agroamigo e sua inserção na metodologia PNMPO. Prossegue com a apresentação dos dados coletados, a pesquisa de campo realizada, os resultados esperados. Por fim discute os dados e informações à luz da tese levantada dos efeitos do Agroamigo no desenvolvimento regional. A análise dos dados ratificou os impactos positivo do Agroamigo na geração de renda e seus efeitos na economia local, o que justifica a escolha do tema como problemática relevante no âmbito da politica de desenvolvimento regional e no processo de organização do espaço rural. / São Cristóvão, SE

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The present dissertation deals with the logic / meaning of the structure and functioning of the Agroamigo Program in the city of Arapiraca / AL and its insertion in the dialectical movement of financialisation of social policies, reproduction of poverty and social inequality in the countryside. Its main objective is to analyze the particularities of the Microcredit Program as a public policy of the Program for Rural Productive Inclusion (part of the strategies to combat poverty of the Brazil Without Poverty Plan) directed at the peasant families of the above-mentioned locality. The guiding questions are asked about the limits and contradictions of the Rural Productive Inclusion Program, via Microcredit Program, in the said municipality? Do the actions of the State, through credit policies, stimulate the overcoming of poverty or the financial inclusion of family farmers by the banks? To what extent can a policy based on the bank lending strategy be able to address poverty? We take as a guiding hypothesis the assertion that the inclusive production strategy in the field, from the perspective of microcredit (Agroamigo), although it constitutes a mechanism for coping with rural poverty for Arapiraca peasant families, contradictorily produces and reproduces new expressions of old social issues. We dedicate theoretical treatment to the historical-structural foundations of the capitalist mode of production, with emphasis on the new dynamics of accumulation in the scenario of the financial globalization of capital, establishing mediations for the understanding of microcredit programs and territorial policies to combat rural poverty Are the basis for the understanding of the object studied here. For the successive approximations and apprehension of the reality, we are guided in the critical perspective from the dialectical method. This is an exploratory, qualitative-quantitative research. For data collection, we used bibliographic, documentary and empirical research techniques, which were performed through a semi-structured interview, with the coordinator and agent of the program, and also with the farming families of microcredit borrowers. As a result, we highlight that Agroamigo, as a policy of rural productive inclusion disseminated in the municipality of Arapiraca-AL, besides not facing the root of poverty, reproduces a mass of indebted farmers with the bank, reifying the contradictory logic of public policies in the state capitalist. / A presente dissertação trata sobre a lógica/significado da estrutura e funcionamento do Programa Agroamigo no município de Arapiraca/AL e sua inserção no movimento dialético de financeirização das políticas sociais, reprodução da pobreza e da desigualdade social no campo. Tendo como objetivo central analisar as particularidades do referido Programa de Microcrédito, como política pública do Programa de Inclusão Produtiva Rural (parte das estratégias de combate à pobreza do Plano Brasil Sem Miséria) dirigida as famílias camponesas da localidade supracitada. As questões norteadoras indagam-se sobre quais os limites e contradições do Programa de Inclusão Produtiva rural, via Programa de Microcrédito, no referido município? As ações do Estado, por meio de políticas de crédito, estimulam a superação da pobreza ou a inclusão financeira dos agricultores familiares pelos bancos? Em que medida uma política baseada na estratégia de concessões de empréstimos bancários é capaz de promover o enfrentamento a pobreza? Tomamos como hipótese diretriz a assertiva de que a estratégia de produção inclusiva no campo, sob a perspectiva do microcrédito (Agroamigo), embora se constitua num mecanismo de enfrentamento à pobreza rural para as famílias camponesas arapiraquenses, contraditoriamente, produz e reproduz novas expressões da velha questão social. Dedicamos tratamento teórico aos fundamentos histórico-estruturais do modo de produção capitalista, com destaque para a nova dinâmica da acumulação no cenário da mundialização financeira do capital, estabelecendo as mediações para a compreensão dos programas de microcrédito e das políticas territoriais de combate à pobreza rural que são a base para a compreensão do objeto aqui estudado. Para as aproximações sucessivas e apreensão da realidade, pautamo-nos na perspectiva crítica a partir do método dialético. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório, de natureza quali-quantitativa. Para a coleta de dados, utilizamos as técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e empírica, a qual foi realizada através de entrevista semiestrutura, com o coordenador e agente do programa, e, também, com as famílias agricultoras mutuárias do microcrédito. Como resultados alcançados destacamos que o Agroamigo, como política de inclusão produtiva rural disseminada no município de Arapiraca-AL, além de não enfrentar a raiz da pobreza, reproduz uma massa de agricultores endividados com o banco, reificando a lógica contraditória das políticas públicas no estado capitalista. / São Cristóvão, SE

In course of time the role of the individual being has become increasingly important in the fight against poverty. Through its microcredit programmes, the organization Grameen Bank offers “aid to self-help” to poor women on the countryside in Bangladesh. The purpose of this essay is to investigate how participation in Grameen’s microcredit programmes can affect these women’s social situation and working situation. In order to achieve the purpose the following questions have been formulated: How does microcredit affect women’s self-esteem, influence in the household, and exposure to domestic violence? How does microcredit affect women’s occupational situation, to what extent do they have control over their loans, and how is microcredit regarded in comparison with permanent jobs, as a way to reduce poverty? The research, which has been carried out as a qualitative text analysis, shows that Grameen plays an important role when it comes to improving women’s living conditions. The access to microcredit helps women increasing their working activity as well as their self-esteem and influence in the household. However, microcredit does not merely create positive consequences. There are cases where microcredit increases the risk of domestic violence. Often the loans are transferred within the household, and then controlled by men. In addition, women’s use of microcredit is still confined to activities traditionally performed by women. These factors are important to consider when evaluating Grameen’s programmes, since they counteract Grameen’s vision of creating development for women.

In 2015, United Nations implemented seventeen Sustainable Development Goals along with 169 sub-targets with the ambition to transform the world through achieving sustainable development and, hence annihilate poverty. In light of the foregoing, both authoritative and non-governmental entities accentuated the significance of ‘financial inclusion’ which, in turn, has developed into an evangelical advocacy reminiscent of the extensive publicity that microfinance received at the end of last century which, in turn, has led to an unprecedented passion among philanthrocapitalists, transnational corporations, and other benefactors to financially and socially assist the impoverished. In order to attain the objectives enforced by the United Nations, it is essential to elevate the people located at the bottom of the social hierarchy by minimizing the wealth and gender inequalities that exist. By providing women with equal access to education, job opportunities, financial resources, and representation in economic and political decision- making processes, both domestic and international prosperity will follow. Upon providing access to microfinancial services, microfinance institutions and similar entities have developed into essential tools for empowering women. Academic evidence has previously illustrated a positive association between the probability of accessing these services and the possession of an adequate understanding of economic knowledge – financial literacy. However, the underlying mechanisms of financial literacy and their possible connections to the access of microfinance are complex processes that often have been neglected in current academia. Hence, the purpose of this study is to determine the significant factors of financial literacy and examine how they interplay with the access to microfinancial activities. Accordingly, the objective of this paper is to answer the following research question. How does financial literacy favor women’s access to microfinancial services in developing countries? In order to obtain a greater insight into the subject matter, this paper utilizes a single-case study of Hand in Hand Eastern Africa’s operations in Kenya. The empirical findings presented in this qualitative study were collected through semi-structured interviews with managers working on both a local and nationwide level. Upon analyzing the findings, the authors found support in the argument that it is essential for an individual to be financially literate in order to obtain microfinancial services such as microcredit, microinsurance, and loans in kind. Although external forces in the form of social capital, social learning, and dynamic capabilities do not impact the access to microfinance directly, the empirical evidence indicated that an indirect influence on financial literacy exists. A myriad of previous academia has gravitated to emphasize the correlation between financial literacy and women empowerment rather than justifying the association through the examination of the underlying mechanisms. Hence, this thesis should provide valuable acumen about the elements of financial literacy and how they influence the microfinancial machinery as well as women’s socio-cultural and economic empowerment.

The primary goal of development organizations is poverty reduction, but their initiatives have in recent years also been recognized as a potential tool in empowering women and raising their status. Previous knowledge on the topic is largely based in an understanding of empowerment that seems to miss or overlook limitations and impacts of initiatives which authors with a more feminist view on empowerment address. Thus, this thesis aims to increase the understanding of women’s empowerment in relation to development initiatives. A case study focusing on women who had previously participated in the business training and microcredit program of an NGO in Nairobi, Kenya was conducted. The study shows that through development organizations’ various initiatives women can be empowered on a personal and a collective level. For instance, the women’s self-confidence has increased and they see themselves as entitled to do things on their own, such as running a business. Further, through coming together as a group they gain access to new spaces and agency to act on their collective interests. However, little evidence of women’s empowerment on a relational level is seen. The study also shows that there are economic and gender-related barriers constraining the empowerment process. / Utvecklingsorganisationers primära mål är att minska fattigdom, men deras initiativ har på senare tid också kommit att erkännas som ett potentiellt verktyg för att främja kvinnors egenmakt och höja deras status. Tidigare kunskap om kopplingen mellan egenmakt och organisationers initiativ utgår i stor utsträckning från en förståelse av begreppet egenmakt som verkar missa eller förbise vissa begränsningar och effekter av initiativen, som andra med en mer feministisk syn på egenmakt lyckas belysa. Syftet med denna uppsats är därför att öka förståelsen för kvinnors egenmakt i förhållande till utvecklingsinitiativ och den har utförts som en fallstudie fokuserad på kvinnor som tidigare deltagit i ett entreprenörskaps- och mikrokreditprogram hos en ideell organisation i Nairobi, Kenya. Studien visar att genom organisationers olika initiativ kan kvinnors egenmakt stärkas på ett personligt och ett kollektivt plan. Bland annat har kvinnornas självförtroende ökat och de ser sin rätt att göra saker på egen hand, såsom att driva ett företag. Genom att samlas som grupp får kvinnorna dessutom tillgång till nya utrymmen och möjligheter att agera på sina kollektiva intressen. I studien ses emellertid svaga tecken på kvinnors egenmakt inom äktenskapet. Slutligen visar studien att det finns ekonomiska och könsrelaterade barriärer som begränsar utvecklingen av kvinnors egenmakt.

No description available.

Les femmes, élément central de la vie économique et sociale, jouent un rôle important dans la société sénégalaise. Dans cette thèse nous avons voulu mettre en valeur le dynamisme et l'héroïsme quotidien des femmes sénégalaises, de la région de Diourbel en particulier. Ce dynamisme est étudié à travers leurs activités quotidiennes, la recherche d’autonomie économique, et leurs associations. Diourbel était le centre du bassin arachidier dont les contours se sont modifiés avec le développement de l’arachide et les mutations du milieu. Ces dernières ne manquent pas de conséquences sur la vie des populations, des femmes en particulier qui doivent trouver des moyens pour s'adapter et faire face au départ des hommes et à l'accroissement des charges familiales. En partant des difficultés multidimensionnelles du vieux bassin arachidier, étudiées à travers la mauvaise articulation des politiques agricoles coloniales et nationales, qui ont participé à la crise agricole qui a été aggravée par la combinaison de facteurs anthropiques et physiques, nous avons rappelé le rôle actif des femmes dans la sphère familiale, d’abord et rendu visibles les activités collectives ou individuelles qu’elles ont déployées. Ensuite, les associations féminines se caractérisent par leur diversité dans leurs formes, leurs objectifs, leurs moyens et leur tissu relationnel. Devant les mutations observées, elles sont devenues incontournables et sont perçues comme des réponses féminines. Devant tous ces changements, les femmes du Baol ont leur mot à dire et leur force à apporter pour que l'édifice familial et social reste debout. Face aux efforts déployés par les femmes, des perspectives s'ouvrent. / Women play an important role in Senegalese society occupying a central position in the economic and social life of the nation. In this thesis we will highlight the dynamism and the heroic levels of energy that Senegalese women invest in their daily tasks. Our observations will focus on the region of Diourbel. Their dynamism will be assessed throughout their daily activities, including their efforts to reach an economic self-sufficiency and their work within organizations. Diourbel used to be the center of the groundnut (peanut) basin. The borders of this region changed with shifts in the techniques of peanut farming and modifications in the environment. The latter has had effects on the living conditions of the inhabitants, particularly on women who had to find ways to adapt to such challenges as men migrating and increases in the cost of running a household. We highlight the active role women play within the family, demonstrating their collective and individual activities. These details are presented within the context of such multidimensional issues facing the old groundnut basin, as the incoherence of the colonial and national agricultural policies which have been aggravated by the combination of anthropogenic and physical factors. In addition the women´s associations are characterized by their variety, objectives, methods and internal relationships. The analysis will show them to be an inevitable feminine response to the observed social, economic and environmental changes. Women of Baol play a substantial role and exert significant influence on the process of maintaining both the social and familiar structures of their communities. As women carry out these efforts, our analysis will reveal how these efforts generate new perspectives.

LEANDRO, Charles Diniz. Os Bancos Comunitários e o Empoderamento dos Clientes? Avaliação da Experiência do Crediamigo do Banco do Nordeste. 2009. 45f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-graduação em Avaliação de Políticas Públicas, Fortaleza (CE), 2009. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-27T14:18:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009-DIS-CDLEANDRO.pdf: 216244 bytes, checksum: e7c8ae942f77038b6479f1aa55efe4e1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2013-09-27T14:50:32Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009-DIS-CDLEANDRO.pdf: 216244 bytes, checksum: e7c8ae942f77038b6479f1aa55efe4e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-27T14:50:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009-DIS-CDLEANDRO.pdf: 216244 bytes, checksum: e7c8ae942f77038b6479f1aa55efe4e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / The objective of this paper is to evaluate the experience of Banco do Nordeste’s Crediamigo program enhancing the methodology used in communal banks and its approach in addressing the issue of empowerment. To this end, the historical and political context in which the Banco do Nordeste do Brasil, its microfinance department and its Microcredit Program – Crediamigo were founded is examined. After which, the genesis and the trajectory of Crediamigo Comunidade during the period from August 2004 to December 2008 is presented and comments on the political and institutional context inherent in this product. Within this context enters a discussion of empowerment, comparing this concept with the characteristics present in the methodology of Crediamigo Comunidade. The third part of this document describes the socioeconomic profile of the public being served by this product and their perception of Crediamigo Comunidade which was gathered through interviews with these clients and an analysis of the data that was gathered in these interviews. This paper ends by identifying the limits and possibilities of social programs and microfinance public policy, empirically examining the horizons of empowering the poor communities served by Crediamigo. / O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a experiência do Crediamigo do Banco do Nordeste com os bancos comunitários, realçando a metodologia empregada para este fim e a problemática do empoderamento. Para o desenvolvimento do tema foi resgatado o contexto histórico e político em que foi constituído o Banco do Nordeste do Brasil, o seu Ambiente de Microfinanças e seu Programa de Microcrédito - Crediamigo. Em seguida é apresentada a gênese e a trajetória do Crediamigo Comunidade no período de Agosto/04 a Dezembro/08 e discorre-se sobre o contexto político e institucional inerente a este produto. Neste contexto insere-se a discussão sobre o empoderamento, confrontando este conceito com as características presentes na metodologia do Crediamigo Comunidade. A terceira parte deste documento traça o perfil sócio-econômico do público atendido e a percepção dos mesmos sobre o Crediamigo Comunidade, captados a partir das entrevistas realizadas com esses clientes e análise dos dados obtidos. Finaliza este trabalho apontando-se os limites e as possibilidades dos programas sociais e das políticas públicas de microcrédito, problematizando empiricamente os horizontes do empoderamento nas comunidades pobres atendidas pelo Crediamigo.