>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Prostate cancer, commonly referred to as adenocarcinoma of the prostate, is the leading cause of cancer death in men in 46 countries, and it was estimated that by the end of 2018 there would approximately be 1.3 million new cases of prostate cancer worldwide. Currently, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved biomarker for prostate cancer disease diagnostics Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) is not specific to the disease itself but extends to other cases such as Benign Prostate Hyperplasia (BPH) a condition in which the prostate grows uncontrollably. This biomarker is then detected in blood samples via conventional methods which require a qualified individual to operate and are often time consuming. Examples of these methods are spectrophotometry and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Hence, a more efficient biomarker and method of detection is needed for prostate cancer disease diagnostics, as early detection of the disease means early treatment, which could ultimately save lives. Currently, an emerging biomarker for prostate cancer known as Alpha-Methyl CoA Racemase (AMACR) has shown to be more specific to the disease with advantages such as being a non-invasive biomarker. AMACR has been reported to be present in urine, and thus may be detected via a non-invasive method. This study proposed an economical, non-invasive electrochemical biosensor for the rapid detection of AMACR based on mercaptosuccinic acid capped tungsten telluride (MSA-WTe3) quantum dots (QDs). Nanomaterial has shown promise in terms of increasing the sensitivity and specificity of sensors. MSA-WTe3 QDs was successfully synthesized using easy, inexpensive method and was studied by various techniques such as High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HR-TEM) where the size was confirmed to be within the nanometer scale and was reported to be 2.65 nm with a good crystallinity. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the structural properties and chemical composition of the QDs and it is reported that the QDs are rich in both tellurium and tungsten and comprise of a hexagonal structure. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) confirmed the successful immobilization of aptamer sequence specific to AMACR onto the electrode surface by showing a distinct conformational change when aptamers were introduced to the QDs under study. This study reports the successful detection of AMACR using an MSA-WTe3 QDs based aptasensor immobilized onto a screen printed glassy carbon electrode, with a detection limit of 0.35651 ng/mL and a limit of quantification calculated to be 1.08033 ng/mL.

L'objectif de cette thèse est la synthèse d'un matériau modèle de la dioxygénase à manganèse, une enzyme oxydant des cycles aromatiques type catéchol grâce au dioxygène. Pour ce faire, nous avons découpé notre stratégie trois étapes constituant les différents chapitres de ce manuscrit : - La synthèse et la caractérisation des complexes de manganèse(II) avec des ligands tridentates. - L'optimisation d'une synthèse de silice mésoporeuse par micro-onde. - La fonctionnalisation des matériaux et le greffage des complexes, ainsi que les tests catalytiques préliminaires.Les ligands utilisés sont des amines tertiaires avec un bras alcyne et deux coordinants type pyridine, imidazole ou carboxylate. Ces complexes ont été cristallisés et/ou caractérisés par IR, RPE, SQUID et voltampérométrie cyclique. La synthèse par micro-onde, basée sur des conditions de synthèse hydrothermale classiquenous a permis de réduire le temps de synthèse d'un jour à deux heures. La qualité de ces nouveaux matériaux a été vérifiée par IR, ATG, BET, et DRX sur poudre. Ces matériaux sont ensuite bifonctionnalisés en utilisant une méthode de pochoir moléculaire avec une fonction azoture pour le greffage du complexe via "click-chemistry" ainsi qu'une fonction pyridine ou triméthylsilyle pour créer un environnement coordinant ou non proche du métal.Ces complexes et matériaux sont actifs dans l'oxydation du catéchol. / The objective of this work is the synthesis of model material for manganese dioxygenase which is an enzyme that oxidizes catechol-like substrates with dioxygen. Our strategy comprises three main steps that form the different chapters of this thesis: - Synthesis and characterization of manganese(II) complexes with tridentate ligands. - Optimization of a microwave-assisted synthesis of a mesoporous silica. - Functionalization of these materials and complex grafting, as well as preliminary catalytic tests. The ligands used are tertiary amines containing an alkyne arm and two coordinating arms with functions such as pyridine, imidazole or carboxylate. The complexes were crystallized and/or characterized by IR, EPR, SQUID and cyclic voltamperometry. Microwave synthesis, based on the conditions of classical hydrothermal synthesis, allowed us to reduce the synthesis time from one day to two hours. The quality of these new materials was verified by IR, TGA, BET and powder XRD. These materials are then bi-functionalized using a molecular stencil patterning mehod with a an azide function for complex grafting via click chemistry and a function pyridine or trimethylsilyl to control the coordinating ability of the metal environment. These complexes and materials are active in catechol oxidation with O2.

Os materiais luminescentes convencionais produzidos industrialmente e aplicados em dispositivos fotônicos são baseados em matrizes inorgânicas contendo íons terras raras (TR). Entretanto, devido à grande flutuação de preço nas matérias primas de óxido de terras raras, se torna necessário a busca por materiais alternativos. Dessa forma, materiais luminescentes baseado em matrizes inorgânicas dopadas com íons Tin+ foram preparadas. Os materiais luminescentes de ZrO2 não dopado e dopado com íons Tin+ e TR3+ foram preparados pelo método sol-gel com diferentes razões W = [H2 O]/[TBZ] (TBZ: butóxido de zircônio) e calcinado a diferentes temperaturas (500, 600, 800 e 1000 °C). Além disso, o método de aquecimento dielétrico assistido por radiação micro-ondas foi utilizado para preparar a série de oxissulfetos de terras raras (TR2O2S; TR: La, Gd e Y) e Lu2O3 dopados com íons Ti e Mg, bem como o material Y3Al5O12 dopado com íons Ce3+. Os materiais foram caracterizados estruturalmente pela técnica de difração de raios X pelo método do pó, seguida do refinamento pelo método de Rietveld para extração dos parâmetros estruturais. Diferentes composições de fase tetragonal (t-) e monoclínica (m-) de ZrO2 foram obtidas com a variação dos parâmetros de síntese. Os resultados indicaram que a fase cristalina influencia diretamente nas propriedades ópticas dos materiais. As fases tetragonal e monoclínica da matriz de ZrO2, exibem cores de emissão azul e verde, respectivamente. Os dados de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foram utilizados para caracterizar os nanocristais que possuem tamanho de partícula média de 50 nm. Os estados de valência dos íons TR dopados nos materiais de ZrO2 foram analisados utilizando a técnica de XANES, enquanto que a valência do íon Ti foi sondada pela técnica de EPR. A espectroscopia XANES por radiação Síncrotron foi utilizada para estudar a variação de valência dos íons Pr e Tb dopados na matriz de ZrO2 quando co-dopadas com íons Gd3+ que favorecem a formação de vacâncias de óxido, que possibilitam a redução TRIV → TR3+. Os materiais de ZrO2 foram estudados espectroscopicamente com a finalidade de inferir que a luminescência da matriz é oriunda de íons Ti3+ presentes como impurezas na rede cristalina. Todos os materiais dopados com íons Ti apresentaram bandas de emissão largas e intensas de cores sintonizáveis desde o azul até vermelho, devido aos diferentes deslocamento das bandas relacionadas aos níveis 3d1 do íon Ti3+ em diferentes ambientes químicos. Os íons S2- promovem um deslocamento das bandas de emissão para região do vermelho. Também foi investigado o fenômeno da luminescência persistente dos materiais dopados com íons Ti e estudado a influência da co-dopagem de íons geradores de vacâncias de óxido na duração da luminescência persistente. Os dados permitiram o desenvolvimento de mecanismos da luminescência persistente em função das matrizes e íons dopantes. Também, o fósforo Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ foi montado a base de um polímero óptico de silicone e utilizando um LED de GaN de alta potência. O dispositivo de iluminação de estado sólido gera luz branca de alta intensidade com rendimentos quânticos (Φ) da ordem de 80%. Por fim, os processos fotoluminescentes do íon Tin+ e Ce3+ dopado em diferentes matrizes proporcionaram a ampliação da gama de materiais inorgânicos para conversão de energia, que contribui para a pesquisa em materiais economicamente viáveis e sustentáveis. / The most commercially available luminescent materials to be applied in devices are based on inorganic matrices containing rare earth ions (RE). However, due to the large price fluctuation of rare earth oxides, it is necessary to search for new alternative materials. Therefore, luminescent materials based on inorganic matrices doped with titanium ions were prepared. The undoped and Ti and RE3+ doped ZrO2 materials were prepared by sol-gel method and calcined at different temperatures (500, 600, 800 and 1000 °C). Besides, the dielectric heating method assisted by microwave radiation was used to prepare the rare earth series of oxysulfides (TR2O2S; RT: La, Gd and Y) and Lu2O3 doped with Ti and Mg ions, as well as the Ce3+ doped Y3Al5O12 phosphors. The materials were structurally characterized by X-ray powder diffraction technique along with the Rietveld refinement method for extracting structural parameters. It was possible to obtain different crystalline phase composition of tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 by varying the synthetic parameters. The experimental data show that the crystalline structure affects the photonic properties in a direct way. For example, the tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 phases show blue and green emission, respectively. The transmission electron microscopy indicated that the nanocrystals have 50 nm of average size. The valence states of the RE ions were analyzed using XANES technique, whereas the valence of the Ti ion was probed by the EPR technique. The Synchrotron Radiation XANES spectroscopy was used to study the valence changes of Pr and Tb doped in ZrO2 matrix when co-doped with Gd3+ ions that favors the formation of oxide vacancies, leading to the reduction REIV → RE3+. The ZrO2 materials were studied spectroscopically and it was possible to infer that the luminescence of the ZrO2 matrix is derived from Ti3+ ions present as impurities in its crystal lattice. All materials doped with Ti ions showed intense broad emission bands with tunable colors from blue to red due to different splitting of 3d1 energy levels of the Ti3+ ion in different chemical environments. The chemical environments containing S2- ions promote a redshift of the emission bands. All Ti doped materials showed the phenomenon of persistent luminescence and the role of co-dopants were investigated as well. Based on these optical results, the mechanisms of the persistent luminescence were developed. Also, the luminescent Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ material obtained by the rapid microwave proved to be suitable for mounting a solid state lighting device having quantum yields (Φ) of 80%. The device was assembled to an optical base polymer of silicone and using a high-power GaN LED, generating high intensity white light. Finally, the photoluminescent processes of the Ti and Ce3+ ions doped in different matrices provided the expansion of the range of inorganic materials for energy conversion, which can contribute to the research on more economically viable and sustainable materials.

Os materiais luminescentes convencionais produzidos industrialmente e aplicados em dispositivos fotônicos são baseados em matrizes inorgânicas contendo íons terras raras (TR). Entretanto, devido à grande flutuação de preço nas matérias primas de óxido de terras raras, se torna necessário a busca por materiais alternativos. Dessa forma, materiais luminescentes baseado em matrizes inorgânicas dopadas com íons Tin+ foram preparadas. Os materiais luminescentes de ZrO2 não dopado e dopado com íons Tin+ e TR3+ foram preparados pelo método sol-gel com diferentes razões W = [H2 O]/[TBZ] (TBZ: butóxido de zircônio) e calcinado a diferentes temperaturas (500, 600, 800 e 1000 °C). Além disso, o método de aquecimento dielétrico assistido por radiação micro-ondas foi utilizado para preparar a série de oxissulfetos de terras raras (TR2O2S; TR: La, Gd e Y) e Lu2O3 dopados com íons Ti e Mg, bem como o material Y3Al5O12 dopado com íons Ce3+. Os materiais foram caracterizados estruturalmente pela técnica de difração de raios X pelo método do pó, seguida do refinamento pelo método de Rietveld para extração dos parâmetros estruturais. Diferentes composições de fase tetragonal (t-) e monoclínica (m-) de ZrO2 foram obtidas com a variação dos parâmetros de síntese. Os resultados indicaram que a fase cristalina influencia diretamente nas propriedades ópticas dos materiais. As fases tetragonal e monoclínica da matriz de ZrO2, exibem cores de emissão azul e verde, respectivamente. Os dados de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foram utilizados para caracterizar os nanocristais que possuem tamanho de partícula média de 50 nm. Os estados de valência dos íons TR dopados nos materiais de ZrO2 foram analisados utilizando a técnica de XANES, enquanto que a valência do íon Ti foi sondada pela técnica de EPR. A espectroscopia XANES por radiação Síncrotron foi utilizada para estudar a variação de valência dos íons Pr e Tb dopados na matriz de ZrO2 quando co-dopadas com íons Gd3+ que favorecem a formação de vacâncias de óxido, que possibilitam a redução TRIV → TR3+. Os materiais de ZrO2 foram estudados espectroscopicamente com a finalidade de inferir que a luminescência da matriz é oriunda de íons Ti3+ presentes como impurezas na rede cristalina. Todos os materiais dopados com íons Ti apresentaram bandas de emissão largas e intensas de cores sintonizáveis desde o azul até vermelho, devido aos diferentes deslocamento das bandas relacionadas aos níveis 3d1 do íon Ti3+ em diferentes ambientes químicos. Os íons S2- promovem um deslocamento das bandas de emissão para região do vermelho. Também foi investigado o fenômeno da luminescência persistente dos materiais dopados com íons Ti e estudado a influência da co-dopagem de íons geradores de vacâncias de óxido na duração da luminescência persistente. Os dados permitiram o desenvolvimento de mecanismos da luminescência persistente em função das matrizes e íons dopantes. Também, o fósforo Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ foi montado a base de um polímero óptico de silicone e utilizando um LED de GaN de alta potência. O dispositivo de iluminação de estado sólido gera luz branca de alta intensidade com rendimentos quânticos (Φ) da ordem de 80%. Por fim, os processos fotoluminescentes do íon Tin+ e Ce3+ dopado em diferentes matrizes proporcionaram a ampliação da gama de materiais inorgânicos para conversão de energia, que contribui para a pesquisa em materiais economicamente viáveis e sustentáveis. / The most commercially available luminescent materials to be applied in devices are based on inorganic matrices containing rare earth ions (RE). However, due to the large price fluctuation of rare earth oxides, it is necessary to search for new alternative materials. Therefore, luminescent materials based on inorganic matrices doped with titanium ions were prepared. The undoped and Ti and RE3+ doped ZrO2 materials were prepared by sol-gel method and calcined at different temperatures (500, 600, 800 and 1000 °C). Besides, the dielectric heating method assisted by microwave radiation was used to prepare the rare earth series of oxysulfides (TR2O2S; RT: La, Gd and Y) and Lu2O3 doped with Ti and Mg ions, as well as the Ce3+ doped Y3Al5O12 phosphors. The materials were structurally characterized by X-ray powder diffraction technique along with the Rietveld refinement method for extracting structural parameters. It was possible to obtain different crystalline phase composition of tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 by varying the synthetic parameters. The experimental data show that the crystalline structure affects the photonic properties in a direct way. For example, the tetragonal and monoclinic ZrO2 phases show blue and green emission, respectively. The transmission electron microscopy indicated that the nanocrystals have 50 nm of average size. The valence states of the RE ions were analyzed using XANES technique, whereas the valence of the Ti ion was probed by the EPR technique. The Synchrotron Radiation XANES spectroscopy was used to study the valence changes of Pr and Tb doped in ZrO2 matrix when co-doped with Gd3+ ions that favors the formation of oxide vacancies, leading to the reduction REIV → RE3+. The ZrO2 materials were studied spectroscopically and it was possible to infer that the luminescence of the ZrO2 matrix is derived from Ti3+ ions present as impurities in its crystal lattice. All materials doped with Ti ions showed intense broad emission bands with tunable colors from blue to red due to different splitting of 3d1 energy levels of the Ti3+ ion in different chemical environments. The chemical environments containing S2- ions promote a redshift of the emission bands. All Ti doped materials showed the phenomenon of persistent luminescence and the role of co-dopants were investigated as well. Based on these optical results, the mechanisms of the persistent luminescence were developed. Also, the luminescent Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ material obtained by the rapid microwave proved to be suitable for mounting a solid state lighting device having quantum yields (Φ) of 80%. The device was assembled to an optical base polymer of silicone and using a high-power GaN LED, generating high intensity white light. Finally, the photoluminescent processes of the Ti and Ce3+ ions doped in different matrices provided the expansion of the range of inorganic materials for energy conversion, which can contribute to the research on more economically viable and sustainable materials.

Ce travail porte sur la synthèse et la caractérisation de fluorures à base d’alcalins, d’alcalinoterreuxet de terres rares et sur la réactivité de ces composés vis-à-vis de ReF6 pour lapurification de UF6. L’étude traite dans un premier temps de la synthèse de fluorures tels queKMgF3, MgF2 et CaF2 en couplant une voie solvothermale assistée par micro-ondes et uneétape de fluoration à partir de fluor élémentaire (F2). Les techniques de caractérisationutilisées mettent notamment en avant le caractère basique au sens de Lewis de ces composéset la possibilité de contrôler leur surface spécifique et leur taux d’oxygène, à l’origine dessites basiques, via la température de fluoration (F2) en phase gaz. Dans un second temps, lasolution solide Ce1-xZrxF4 à base de Ce4+ et Zr4+ a été obtenue par fluoration directe d’oxydesmixtes à partir de fluor élémentaire dilué. L’étude par DRX et RMN du 19F montre laprésence d’une solution solide pour des compositions voisines de x=0,5. Enfin, la réactivité deReF6 et UF6 sur KMgF3, MgF2 et CaF2 montre que KMgF3 est un très bon candidat pour lapurification de UF6 vis-à-vis de ReF6, qui dépend à la fois de paramètres intrinsèques auxfluorures divisés (surface spécifique, taux d’oxygène, basicité, cations mis en jeu…) maisaussi du procédé de purification (température, temps de contact). / This work deals with the synthesis and characterization of alkali, alkali-earth and rare earthbased fluorides and the reactivity of the latter with ReF6 for UF6 purification. In a first part,we focused our attention on the synthesis of KMgF3, MgF2 and CaF2 high surface area metalfluorides coupling both microwave assisted solvothermal process and a fluorination step withelemental fluorine (F2). The higher the surface area, the higher the oxygen rate. Thesenanofluorides exhibit Lewis basic character. In a second part, several compositions of theCe1-xZrxF4 solid solution were synthesized by direct fluorination of mixed oxides usingelemental fluorine (F2). XRD an 19F NMR characterizations show the occurence of a newsolid solution for compositions close to x=0.5. Finally, the reactivity between ReF6/UF6 andKMgF3, MgF2 and CaF2 leads to conclude that KMgF3 is the best candidate for thepurification of UF6. This study indicates that the purification depends on several parameters :intrinsic parameters of the divided fluorides (surface area, oxygen rate, basicity, cations…)and parameters directly related to the process (temperature, contact time).

Dans le cadre du développement durable, les procédés rapides, propres et peu énergivores sont très recherchés particulièrement en chimie pour les réactions d’oxydation. A part les solutions de génie des procédés, la catalyse est l’un des meilleurs atouts pour améliorer le processus. Le vanadium étant l’un des meilleurs métaux catalytiques pour de tels réactions, nous avions à nous attaquer son problème de relargage dans le milieu réactionnel en vue d’applications acceptables pour l’environnement. Nous proposons donc dans cette thèse des catalyseurs au vanadium fixé à l’intérieur des nano pores de silices mésoporeuses hexagonales de type MCM-41. La grande dispersion et la rétention du vanadium sont promues grâce à la présence d’ion d’ancrage : Al(III), Ti(IV), Zr(IV) and Ce(IV). Une grande variété de catalyseurs de type V-(Al/Ti/Zr/Ce)-MCM-41 ont été préparés à partir de trois méthodes de synthèse: l’une, ultra-rapide en une étape assistée par micro-onde, la seconde à étapes séquentielles multiples mettant en œuvre une technique de pochoir moléculaire et la troisième à nombre d’étapes réduites utilisant un traitement thermique partiel d’une surface préalablement organosilylée avant le greffage des métaux. Un large panel de techniques physicochimiques fut appliqué à la caractérisation de ces solides avec une attention particulière portée à l’analyse de la bande de transfert de charge ligand-métal du vanadium au degré d’oxydation +5 dont le décalage vers le bleu est corrélé à la taille des clusters d’oxyde de ces ions. La rétention du vanadium dans le méthanol a été corrélée à la dispersion du vanadium comme la dégradation à l’air du 1,2-diphényle-2-méthoxyéthanol. Ce substrat fut choisi comme modèle pour étudier la dégradation de la lignine par clivage C-C ou C-O. Notons que ce bio-polymère produit du phénoxypropanol methylé bio-sourcé utilisé dans les bio-carburants et comme précurseur en chimie fine. Dans le cas présent, un balayage à haut débit de la dégradation de cette molécule mettant en œuvre 96 mini-réacteurs en parallèle a permis de sélectionner le solvant, le métal d’ancrage et la teneure des deux métaux donnant la plus haute conversion. Contrairement aux catalyseurs homogènes, nos catalyseurs présentent une très haute sélectivité en clivage C-C. / The search for practical large-scale, fast, clean and energy saving chemical processes are highly regarded in the frame of a sustainable development, particularly for the most problematic oxidation reactions. Apart from chemical engineering solutions, improving the process using heterogeneous catalysis is one of the most adapted solution. Vanadium being considered the best metal for such kind of reactions, one had to tackle the problem of its high dispersion on a support to minimize its high propensity for leaching and to optimize its stability for practicable, safe and clean uses. In the present thesis, vanadium is supported inside the nanopores of a mesoporous silica of MCM-41 type where the high dispersion is assisted by the presence of anchoring ions such as Al(III), Ti(IV), Zr(IV) and Ce(IV) ions. A large set of V-(Al/Ti/Zr/Ce)-MCM-41 catalysts was prepared according to three different methods of preparation: i) ultra-fast one-pot synthesis protocol using the assistance of microwave, ii) post-synthesis modification using molecular stencil patterning (MSP) technique and iii) partial thermal treatment (PTT) of the organo-silylated support. The catalysts were characterized thoroughly using a panel of physical techniques and, particularly, the blue shift of the optical gap measured from the vanadium charge transfer band known to correlated with the dispersion of the metal. In complement, the stability was tested from metal leaching using methanol as a corrosive solvent while their catalytic reactivity was estimated in the aerobic oxidation of 1,2-diphenyl-2-methoxyethanol. This is a model reaction that simulates the oxidative C-C bond cleavage in lignin, the most difficult and crucial step in the degradation of this biopolymer, then producing in a clean way valuable methoxylated phenoxy propanol units useful for biomass fuels or bio-sourced precursors for fine chemistry. A high throughput screening approach was applied to test this aerobic oxidation reaction running over 96 reactors in parallel at the same temperature and sorting out the best catalysts with the most suitable anchoring ions and metal loading for the highest catalytic efficiency. / 在可持续发展的背景下，对于清洁高效节能可行的大规模化工过程尤其是存在诸多问题的氧化反应过程的探索倍受瞩目。除化学工程解决方案之外，通过多相催化来改进反应过程也是最可行的途径之一。钒被认为是最适合于催化此类反应的金属之一，其亟待解决的问题是实现钒在载体上的高度分散，并最大限度地降低其浸出倾向，改善其稳定性，从而实现对其安全清洁有效的利用。本文提出将钒负载于MCM-41型六方介孔二氧化硅的纳米孔道中，通过锚定离子如Al(III)、 Ti(IV)、Zr(IV)、Ce(IV)离子的存在促进钒的高度分散和固载。采用三种不同的方法制备了一系列V-(Al/Ti/Zr/Ce)-MCM-41催化剂：1、超快微波一步合成法，2、使用分子复刻版技术改性的后嫁接法，3、对有机硅烷化载体进行部分热处理改性的后嫁接法。通过一系列物理化学技术对合成的催化剂进行了充分表征，特别是对与金属分散度相关的钒的电荷跃迁带的测量和与其对应的光谱带隙蓝移进行了分析。随后，以甲醇作为腐蚀溶剂对合成的钒催化剂进行了金属析出的稳定性测试。通过一种木质素模型化合物1,2-diphenyl-2-methoxyethanol的需氧氧化反应测试了所合成负载型钒催化剂的催化活性。在相同温度及反应条件下，用96通道高通量微反应器技术评价了所制催化剂对该反应的催化性能，筛选出具有最高催化效率的负载型钒催化剂及其最适合的锚定离子。该反应中的碳-碳键裂解反应是木质素降解的最关键也是最困难的步骤之一，可通过这类生物聚合物的降解以清洁的方式生产有用的生物质燃料或生物来源高附加值精细化学品前驱体。

<p style="text-align: justify;">U ovom radu sintetisani su hidrogelovi na osnovu akrilamida i akrilne kiseline, radikalnom polimerizacijom, primenom konvencionalne i mikrotalasne metode sinteze. Varirani su početni odnosi monomera i udeo umreživača, u cilju ispitivanja uticaja sastava reakcione sme&scaron;e na svojstva dobijenih hidrogelova. Optimizovani su uslovi sinteze u mikrotalasnom polju kao brže, jednostavnije i ekonomičnije metode. U cilju uspostavljanja korelacije između mehanizma sinteze, strukture i svojstava dobijenih hidrogelova, primenom relevantnih metoda karakterizacije, upoređena su apsorpciona, reolo&scaron;ka, toplotna i strukturna svojstva hidrogelova dobijenih dvema metodama.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Ustanovljeno je da se mikrotalasnom metodom sinteze na brži i jednostavniji način uz smanjen utro&scaron;ak vremena i energije dobijaju hidrogelovi konkurentni onima koji se dobijaju konvencionalnim zagrevanjem u vodenom rastvoru. Drugi deo doktorata obuhvata sintezu hidrofilnih polimernih mreža na osnovu natrijum karboksimetilceluloze (NaCMC) i karboksilnih kiselina, od kojih je jedna serija sintetisana prožimanjem linearnim kopolimerima akrilamida i akrilne kiseline u cilju povećanja potencijala primene u floku-lacione svrhe. Rezultati ispitivanja svojstava bubrenja, strukturnih toplotnih i flokulacionih svojstava pokazali su međusobno slaganje. Dobijeni rezultati pokazali su da od primenjenih karboksilnih kiselina, linunska kiselina u udelu od 15% u odnosu na masu NaCMC daje hidrogelove najboljih svojstava. Kombinacijom ove mreže sa kopolimerom akrilamida i akrilne kiseline u masenom odnosu 10/90, stvara se teorijska platforma za dobijanja flokulanta koji bi mogao da pokaže visoku efikasnost u preči&scaron;ćavanju vode u kojoj dominiraju pozitivno naelektrisane čestice, pravilnim izborom parametara flokulacije.</p> / <p>In this paper, hydrogels based on acrylamide and acrylic acid were synthesized using conventional and microwave synthetic methods via free-radical polymerization. The initial monomers ratio and amount of crosslinking agent were varied in order to investigate the effect of the composition of the reaction mixture on the properties of the obtained hydrogels. The conditions of synthesis in the microwave field as faster simpler and more economical method have been optimized. In order to establish a correlation between the mechanism of synthesis, structure and properties of the obtained hydrogels using the relevant methods of characterization, the absorption, rheological, thermal and structural properties of the hydrogels obtained by the two methods were compared. It has been found that the microwave synthesis is a faster and simpler method, which enables reduced consumption of time and energy and produces hydrogels competitive to those ones obtained by conventional heating in aqueous solution. The second part of the thesis includes the synthesis of hydrophilic polymer networks based on sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) and carboxylic acids, whereby one series is synthesized by interpenetration of the network using the linear acrylamide and acrylic acid copolymers in order to increase the potential application of hydrogels for flocculation purposes. The results of measurements of swelling, structural, thermal and flocculation properites have shown mutual agreement. The obtained results have shown that among applied carboxylic acids, citric acid in the amount of 15% per mass of NaCMC, has given the hydrogels with the best properties. The Combination of this network with a copolymer of acrylamide and acrylic acid in a mass ratio of 10/90 has created a theoretical platform for the production of flocculant which could show high efficacy in purifying of water dominated by positively charged particles.</p>