Главная цель работы – исследовать вопрос конверсии предприятий оборонно-промышленного комплекса и диверсификации их производственных мощностей. В работе разобраны типичные проблемы, с которыми сталкиваются отечественные предприятия ОПК, выпуская на своих производственных мощностях гражданскую продукцию. Также рассмотрены основные преимущества оборонных производств, которые могут позволить им преодолеть вышеуказанные трудности. В работе приведены основные способы проведения эффективной диверсификации производств, разобраны примеры успешного опыта решения подобных задач. На примере изделия одного из предприятий проведен функционально-стоимостной анализ: выявлены основные группы потребителей и конкурентов, определены потребительские ценности и конкурентоспособная цена изделия. В проектной части разработаны функциональная модель и структурно-элементная схема изделия, составлена структурно-функциональная матрица, сопоставлена стоимость узлов с потребительской ценностью функций, разработана функционально-стоимостная диаграмма. В результате выявлен конструкционный резерв изделия, который может повысить его конкурентоспособность. / The main goal of the work is to study the issue of conversion of enterprises of the military-industrial complex and diversification of their production capacities. The paper examines the typical problems faced by domestic defense industry enterprises that produce civilian products at their production facilities. The main advantages of defense industries that can allow them to overcome the above difficulties are also considered. The paper presents the main methods of effective diversification of production, analyzes examples of successful experience in solving such problems. For example, products of one of the enterprises conducted functional and value analysis: identified key consumer groups and competitors, identified customer value and competitive price products. In the design of the developed functional model and a structural-element driving product composed of a structural-functional matrix associated cost of the nodes with the consumer value functions, developed functional cost diagram. As a result, the structural reserve of the product was identified, which can increase its competitiveness.

No description available.

The purpose of this thesis is to explain why states obtain nuclear weapons and the role various actors and interests play in the making of states´ nuclear policies. The main questions are as follows: (1) What big theories exist concerning states obtaining nuclear weapon and nuclear armament in International Relations and what relevance do they have of the post cold-war period?, (2) What is the meaning of the perspective of the Military-Industrial Complex (MIC)?, and (3)Are there empirical studies which supports the existence of a MIC in the United States? The focus lies on actors and driving forces that are internal to states and it is also important to investigate if the theories have relevance for the post 9/11-era. The study uses the method of qualitative literature-study with some quantitative segments. It is claimed that states might be interested in justifying their behaviour in a morally appealing way and that real reasons may be hidden. There are many reasons for states to obtain and keep nuclear weapons and related technology (which includes many of the most lucrative elements of the arms industry´s sales). Among this reasons are that arms and related technology may be used to influence other states and nuclear weapons-construction and modernisation might be used to protect the state from external threats, stop unwanted interference from other actors, secure job and gain recognition and prestige in world politics. For security reasons states might hold onto their own nuclear weapons and try to hinder other actors from getting access to them. The internal actors and driving forces we look at are bureaucratic, economical and political, and the MIC-perspective. The military can be said to have interests in as much resources and capabilities as possible, which includes advanced weaponary such as nuclear weapons and related technologies, at its disposal because of the goal to defend the state from all possible threats and for officers career reasons. Much of its influence is said to come from its expert knowledge and position and it is said to be especially influential in matters of foreign policy, military spending and foreign policy. The major economical actors mentioned are big corporations involved in military spending and these have interests in maximizing profits. Nuclear weapons making and maintenance and the related areas of missile defense and delivering methods for nuclear weapons seem to be areas with high changes of being profitable for the involved major companies. The actors wield influence for example through lobbying and campaign contributions. An economic driving force claim is that state spending is necessary for stimulating the economy and defense spending is easily justified in other ways. Political actors and driving forces concerns politicians interest in promoting the interests of supporting groups, there are indications that the weapon industry is such a group. Research have shown various results about the extent politicians tend to further the interests of supporting groups. The MIC-perspective talks about groups with interest in high levels of military spending. Most researchers seem to agree that the complex exists but there are different opinions about what actors belongs to it and its power on various issues. There is some mention of the core of the complex consisting of such internal actors as mentioned above. MIC-related empirical research has been conducted and this author finds that the MIC is a relevant analytical tool for the post cold war – and 9/11 era.

The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the degree of influence of the military-industrial complex on the foreign policy decision-making process of the state by examining the examples of certain countries with a large and developed defense industry. In terms of this thesis there were analyzed the contemporary trends in global military expenditures and the dynamics of the global arms transfers. A critical point is evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of the extensive investing in the military-industrial complex of state.

Сегодня развернут процесс масштабной реструктуризации оборонной промышленности. Чтобы выстоять в конкурентной борьбе, предприятия оборонно-промышленного комплекса (далее - ОПК) должны включиться в процесс интенсивного развития, который заключается в широком использовании инновационного потенциала, активизации инновационной деятельности и усилении доминанты конкурентных преимуществ. Именно эти предприятия обладают способностью создавать и воспринимать новшества. Создание интегрированных структур является основным направлением организационно-институционального реформирования ОПК и направлено на повышение эффективности и обеспечение устойчивости деятельности предприятий комплекса. Работа содержит следующие положения научной новизны: - предложена усовершенствованная организационная структура предприятия ОПК с внедренной системой позаказной организацией деятельности, позволяющая сформировать реестр центров финансовой ответственности, адаптированных к отраслевой специфике деятельности предприятий ОПК; - разработана схема формирования сводного бюджета предприятия ОПК с позаказной организацией управления, призванная обеспечить получение более точных прогнозных данных. / Today, the process of large-scale restructuring of the defense industry has been launched. In order to withstand the competition, enterprises of the military-industrial complex (hereinafter referred to as the defense industry complex) must join the process of intensive development, which consists in the wide use of innovative potential, activation of innovation and strengthening the dominant of competitive advantages. It is these businesses that have the ability to create and embrace innovation. The creation of integrated structures is the main direction of the organizational and institutional reform of the defense industry complex and is aimed at increasing the efficiency and ensuring the sustainability of the activities of the enterprises of the complex. The work contains the following provisions of scientific novelty: - an improved organizational structure of a defense-industrial complex enterprise with an implemented system of order-based organization of activities is proposed, which makes it possible to form a register of financial responsibility centers adapted to the industry specifics of the activities of defense enterprises; - a scheme for the formation of a consolidated budget for a defense industry enterprise with a custom-made management organization has been developed, designed to provide more accurate forecast data.

Работа содержит следующие положения научной новизны: усовершенствована методика оценки консолидированного финансового состояния предприятия ОПК как меры финансового риска; развита методика оценки финансовых рисков от невыполнения государственного оборонного заказа на предприятиях ОПК; предложена методика акцентированного управления рисками, основанная на авторском подходе к оценке финансовых рисков от невыполнения государственного оборонного заказа на предприятиях ОПК. Полученные в ходе выполнения работы результаты призваны обеспечить получение более точных прогнозных данных о финансовом состоянии предприятия ОПК, сформировать информационную основу реализации административных процедур по управлению рисками оборонно-промышленных предприятий, а также снизить корпоративные издержки на нивелирование рисковых ситуаций, при этом обеспечив предприятию целевой уровень устойчивости финансового состояния. / The work contains the following provisions of scientific novelty: - improved methodology for assessing the consolidated financial condition of a defense industry enterprise as a measure of financial risk; - developed a methodology for assessing financial risks from non-fulfillment of the state defense order at defense industry enterprises; - a methodology of accentuated risk management is proposed, based on the author's approach to assessing financial risks from non-fulfillment of the state defense order at defense industry enterprises. The results obtained in the course of the work are intended to provide more accurate forecast data on the financial condition of the defense industry enterprise, to form an information basis for the implementation of administrative procedures for managing the risks of military-industrial enterprises, and also to reduce corporate costs for leveling risk situations, while ensuring the enterprise the target level of sustainability financial condition.

Si, durant la Guerre Froide, les dépenses militaires américaines colossales étaient justifiées par une menace existentielle contre les États-Unis et leurs alliés, l'effondrement du camp et de l'idéologie communistes, suivi de la désintégration de l'Union soviétique, devrait inciter à une révision à la baisse de ces budgets militaires ou, à tout le moins, à les ramener à des niveaux proportionnels aux exigences du nouveau paysage sécuritaire international. Cette étude qui s'insère dans le cadre théorique de l'Economie de la Défense, est axée sur une exploration de la nature et des fondements réels des dépenses militaires américaines post-Guerre Froide. Elle suggère qu'elles semblent servir des finalités autres que la fonction constitutionnelle (besoin) de la défense de la nation américaine, qui sont celles de la préservation des intérêts politiques et matériels des élites politiques, économiques et militaires (une alliance d'intérêts créant une situation de dépendance chronique irréversible de l'économie américaine vis-à-vis des dépenses de défense). Ainsi, ces dépenses sont axées sur la projection de la puissance militaire à l'extérieur, servent à réaliser une hégémonie géopolitique et géoéconomique globales et non pas à pourvoir «la défense commune». / If, during the Cold War, the colossal U.S military expenditures were justified by an existential threat against the United States and their allies, the collapse of the communist camp and ideology, followed by the disintegration of the Soviet Union, should have pushed to revising downward those spending or, at least, brought them down to proportional levels, commensurate with the new international security landscape. This study, which falls within the scope of Defense Economics and which is centered on exploring the genuine rationales and determinants of the U.S. post-Cold War military spending, suggests that they seem serving purposes (needs) other than the constitutional function of defending the American Nation, which are those linked to preserving the interests of the political, economic and military elites (an alliance of interest creating a state of chronic and irreversible dependency of the U.S. economy on the Defense spending). Henceforth, those spending are articulated, in our own point of view, on the projection of the military power abroad, serving to achieve a global geopolitical and geo-economic hegemony and not the “common defense”.

由於蘇聯的解體導致冷戰結束，原本由東西兩方所撕裂的世界對立已然消 失，正所謂「飛鳥盡，良弓藏，狡兔死，走狗烹」，原本用來阻止敵對勢力侵犯的軍隊自然面臨大量裁軍與刪除鉅額預算的困境。這種情況在冷戰剛結束後的世界各國皆如此，美國四個軍種都各自終止諸多高科技武器的研發項目，並大量裁減軍隊規模，歐洲亦然，而俄國的情況更惡劣，金融方面不僅缺乏稅收，盧布也巨幅貶值，不僅軍隊的薪餉無法發放，連裁退老舊武器的資金都還得靠西方國家資助，俄國軍隊面對前所未遇的巨大難關。 同時，俄國的軍工複合體也缺乏資金，面臨無以為繼的情況。不過此時有 個巨星從破敗的俄國軍工複合體中出現，就是－Su-27 家族戰機。 由上述假設命題衍生出來下列邏輯相關的子命題： （一）為何蘇愷戰機能得到冷戰後國際軍火市場的青睞？ （二）冷戰後外銷蘇愷戰機所得之外匯對於俄國經濟有何影響？ （三）冷戰後外銷蘇愷戰機所得之外匯對於俄國航空工業之影響為何？ （四）蘇愷戰機的外銷在冷戰後的俄國對外政策中扮演何種角色？ （五）綜合以上，可得到什麼結論？ Su-27 家族戰機是蘇聯在解體之前所完成開發的兩種第四代戰機之一，而且Su-27 家族是屬於重型戰機分類，所以無論在航程、武裝搭載量上都遠勝輕型戰機甚多，同時又因為Su-27 的先天不穩定設計，使Su-27 家族的機動性大幅提高，更重要的是Su-27 家族來自幣值與消費水準相對低的俄國，使的造價也相對低廉，再者，俄國相對於美國在出售武器方面的政治限制也較低，在以上諸多因素的交互作用之下，Su-27 便暢銷世界，成為冷戰後俄國軍工產業對外軍售最成功的產品之一，俄國軍機產業也因此保存了下來。因此本文將探討為何Su-27 能在如此艱困的大環境下還能如此逆勢成長。 / The collapse of the Soviet Union means the Cold War ends. The opposition between the East and the West had been disappeared. There is so called " when the fish is caught , the net is laid aside." So all the arming forces of each country were facing the reduction inquantity and in the budget. For example, all types of American arming forces were ended a lot of R&D plans and disarmament, and the European countries were facing the same situation. In Russia, the situation became much worse than the West. Not only lack of financial taxes support, the depreciation of the ruble was also huge. Let the salary of the military troopers could not be issued. And the Russian government was also lack ofmoney to retire the expired weapons. Russian troops faced an unprecedented dilemma. Meanwhile, the military industrial complex of Russia was also lack of funds. Butthere was a super star rising from the ashes, it was the Su-27 Flanker family. This thesis will explore why the Su-27 family could become one of the best-selling fighters of the world in the post-Cold War period. Propositions derived from the above assumptions the following logical propositions: (A) Why the Sukhoi fighters could be one of the best-selling fighters in the international arms market in the post-Cold War period? (B) The foreign exchange earnings from the selling the Sukhoi fighters brings what kind of influence to the Russian economy? (C) The foreign exchange earnings from the selling the Sukhoi fighters brings what kind of influence to the Russian aviation industry? (D) The export of the Sukhoi fighters in the post-Cold War plays what kind of role in the Russian foreign policy? (E) What can we conclude from the above questions? The Su-27 Flanker family belongs to the class of heavy fighter, it has high performance and less cost compare to the Western products. And the most important is, Russia could sell it to all countries which wants to buy it. Russian government realized the potential political power of the Su-27 family so it decided to put it into the international arms market. The interaction between government and the technicaladvantage of the Su-27 family makes the Su-27 family become one of the best-selling fighters in the world.

The thesis Higher Cicrcles in Defence Sector and Corruption in Defence Materiel Procurement in the Czech Republic deals with the question of presence of military-industrial complex (MIC) in the Czech society and economy after than more 65 years its constitution in Czechoslovakia by communist defence minister A. Čepička. His effort was initiated by a confidential wish expressed by J. V. Stalin in 1951 within a political meeting with defence ministers newly established people's republics in East Europa. Due to fact that MIC is usually linked with corruption, the thesis deals with the issue of corruption in acquisition of defence materiel; in particular, after 1994 when the first design of building-up the Czech military power was adapted as well as the first acquisition plan of military materiel was introduced for the next 10 years. So, the aim of the thesis is to verify the theory MIC's presence in the Czech Republic and to diagnose the stage of corruption in acquisition of military materiel at the Ministry of Defence. Author scrutinised the validity of two hypotheses: (H1) the MIC is in the Czech Republic omnipresent and (H2) the corruption in acquisition of military materiel at the Ministry of Defence is the stage of systemic corruption. With application of comparative analysis comparing the Czech...