The use of unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAV) is relativity new with the first known lethal strike taking place in 2001. Few systems are operational but many are in development. The use of UCAVs is debated and many claim that UCAVs make it casual for the pilots to kill, and the pilots are not able to differentiate the ethics of what they do from those of a video game. When researched it is found that some factors regarding the use of UCAVs may make a pilot less reluctant to execute a remote lethal strike, yet it does not make it casual. The pilots know that what they do has real world implications and what they see on their screens are real people. Contrary to some people’s beliefs, UCAV pilots may have a greater connection with their victim as well as a greater reluctance towards killing compared to bomber pilots. / Användandet av bestyckade obemannade flygande farkoster (UCAV) är relativt nytt. Det första kända fallet där en UCAV:s vapensystem nyttjats för att döda skedde 2001. Få system är operativa men flera är under utveckling. Användandet av UCAV:er är debatterat. Flera hävdar att hur de nyttjas leder till att piloten blir likgiltig till att döda och att piloten inte kan skilja på det piloten gör och att spela ett tv-spel. När ämnet studerats så har det visat sig att flertalet av de faktorer som spelar in i användande av UCAV:er gör det lättare för piloter at övervinna det motstånd en person känner till att ta en annans liv. Dock så blir piloten inte likgiltig till det. Piloterna är medvetna om att deras handlingar har en påverkan på den riktiga världen och vad de ser på sina skärmar är riktiga människor. I motsatts till vad vissa tror så har UCAV piloter en större koppling till de piloterna dödar samt upplever ett större motstånd till att döda än bombpiloter. / <p>SA skriven i Tjeckien vid University of Defence i Brno genom ERASMUS.</p>

In modern military operations, the usage of command, control and communication systems is ever increasing, where Geographical Information Systems are used to increase the commanders’ situational awareness. The use of cross-country movement models in a Geographical Information System can further aid commanders in their decision-making and narrow down possible advancements on the battlefield. This study’s purpose is to examine the Czech Republic’s available methods for presenting cross-country movement in a geographical information system, to recognize what procedures the Swedish Armed Forces have to conduct in the future to have equivalent or better ability in calculating and presenting cross-country movement.  In order to determine this, Swedish geodata has been analysed with a simplified Czech cross-country model and compared to an extended analysis made in the Czech Republic. The method for information gathering was literature studies in the field of geography and cross-country movement, collection of geodata from the Swedish authority Lantmäteriet and two interviews about Swedish geodata and the current situation with Geographical Information Systems in the Swedish Armed Forces. The result shows that the available digital elevation model over Sweden is not accurate enough and that the vegetation database is limited. However, the available geodata over soil is adequate enough in structure to use in cross-country movement models. The author’s suggestion for the Swedish Armed Forces is to determine domestic trafficability parameters and create models that consider Sweden’s specific geographical conditions, with use of similar models that the Czech Republic uses. Further research should focus on investigating necessary parameters and how the cross-country models can be incorporated in a command, control and communication system.

The goal of my project is a detailed analysis of the technological culture of the United States Air Force from a Science and Technology Studies (STS) perspective. In particular, using the metaphor of the Air Force as religion helps in understanding a culture built on matters of life-and-death. This religious narrative—with the organizational roles of actors such as priests, prophets, and laity, and the institutional connotations of theological terms such as sacredness—is a unique approach to the Air Force. An analysis of how the Air Force interacts with technology—the very thing that gives it meaning—from the social construction of technology approach will provide a broader understanding of this relationship. Mitcham's dichotomy of the engineering philosophy of technology (EPT) and the humanities philosophy of technology (HPT) perspectives provides a methodology for analyzing Air Force decisions and priorities. I examine the overarching discourse and metaphor—consisting of techniques, technologies, experiences, language, and religion—in a range of historical case studies describing the sociological and philosophical issues of the Air Force. As the Air Force is the offspring of the U.S. Army, these examples begin with the Civil War era and the invention of the Gatling gun before moving to the interwar period's Air Corps Tactical School and its seminal organizational thinking about the aircraft. Moving to the more modern times after the birth of the Air Force, I describe and compare the Advanced Airlift Tactics Training Center and the Air Mobility Warfare Center, two organizations interacting with technology from different organizational archetypes. The final example is the Department of Defense Readiness Reporting System, an information technology application at the focal point of cultural change affecting not just the Air Force but the entire Department of Defense. Finally, I will conclude with a chapter on policy considerations and recommendations for the Air Force based on the Air Force religion, a balance of both people and technology, and with an eye toward the future of U.S. military operations. The primary goal is to answer three questions: is the U.S. Air Force truly a religion? If so, how should that affect its approach to technology and technological change? With an eye toward consciously building the future, how has the Air Force religion shaped the organization in the past? [The attached document is cleared by the Department of Defense for public release (OSR Case 09-S-0496).] / Ph. D.

Vi lever i en värld där teknikutvecklingen går allt snabbare och till synes exponentiellt och oförtröttligt kommer att fortsätta öka. Hur detta påverkar Försvarsmaktens val av tekniknivå för framtida sensorförmåga för artillerilokalisering kopplat mot operativa krav, interoperabilitet och ekonomi blir extra intressant när radartekniken befinner sig i ett generationsskifte. Beprövad teknik, internationella och militära krav på en artillerilokaliseringsradar ställs mot ny radarantennteknik, svensk forskning och utveckling av Aktiva Elektroniskt Styrda Antenner (AESA). Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida ny teknik är ett nödvändigt tekniksteg för artillerilokalisering eller är "gårdagens" teknik lika bra eller kanske till och med bättre i vissa användningsområden och situationer? Är AESA ett nödvändigt tekniksteg för artillerilokalisering? Metoden för uppsatsen är en jämförande litteraturstudie d.v.s. en kvalitativ textanalys utifrån en given teoriram. Uppsatsen är också undersökande och beskrivande där jag har kopplat empiri genom studiebesök med intervjuer och informationsinhämtning hos bl. a Saab EDS, FMV samt FOI. Resultatet visar att den nya radartekniken tillför nya förmågor och kan förbättra sensorprestanda men att enbart nyttja AESA-teknik för artillerilokalisering blir både dyrt och exklusivt. Den aktiva antenntekniken lämpar sig även för multifunktionalitet vilket kan komma att ha en avgörande betydelse i framtiden. / We are living in a world where technology development is accelerating and seemingly exponentially and tirelessly will continue to increase. How this will affect the Armed Forces' choice of technology for future generations of sensor capability regarding weapon location systems and related to operational requirements, interoperability and economics is particularly interesting when the radar technology is in a generation shift. Proven technology, international and military requirements for a weapon locating radar system are set against new antenna technology and the Swedish research and development of the Active Electronically Scanned Arrays (AESA). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether new technology is necessary for weapon locating systems or is "yesterday's" technology as good as, or maybe even better, in certain applications and situations than AESA? Is AESA technology a necessary step for weapon locating systems? The method of this paper is a comparative literature study, i.e. a qualitative textual analysis from a given theoretical framework. This essay is also investigating where I have linked theory with empirical data from interviews with Saab EDS, FMV and FOI. The results show that the new radar technology adds new abilities and can improve sensor performance, but to only use AESA technology for weapon locating purposes is both expensive and exclusive. The active antenna technology is also suitable for multi-functionality, which may play a crucial role in the future.

Theoretical understandings of war have been dominated by the thought of Clausewitz for a number of decades. His thought is valid in many respects, but for various reasons it is open to misinterpretation and misunderstanding; furthermore, a number of his observations (particularly on the prevalence of chance and uncertainty in war) are not fully explored and substantiated theoretically. This thesis is an attempt to present and elucidate a new theoretical understanding of war's nature which complements Clausewitz's theories and addresses these concerns: this is the understanding of war as a form of violent conflict which is not bound by rules. The thesis consists of five main chapters. The first is an in-depth study of Clausewitz, which will provide an exegesis of his theories and highlight the deficiencies in his thought, before positing how understanding war as ‘violent conflict without rules' could be used to address and explain them. The second chapter is a study of the theory of rules, examining in particular the role they play in moderating conflict: we can find that amongst other things, rules lend predictability and psychological security to a contest, restrict the scope of physical harm and tend to preserve the political and social status quo. As war lacks rules (in the sense that there are no ‘rules of war' as there are ‘rules of chess'), it therefore lacks these benefits. A following chapter on the laws and customs of war will address cases where war appears to be bound by rules, and clarify my position. The final two chapters explore the implications of war's lack of rules with reference to two areas which are most commonly associated with war. The fourth chapter on strategy will explore how this military concept is necessitated by war's ruleless nature; the final chapter will examine the uniquely violent, physical nature of war through the same theoretical prism, and will show how the technological innovation associated with war is a consequence of its lack of regulation, and a potent contributor to the chance and uncertainty which plagues warfare.

Denna uppsats ger ett bidrag till frågeställningen runt hur en obemannad undervattensfarkost (UUV) kan ge operationsfördelar för en konventionell ubåt. Uppsatsen grundar sig på en analys av den amerikanska flottans UUV-planer samt en operativ kommersiell undervattensfarkost (HUGIN) från företaget Kongsberg i Norge. Syfte är att identifiera lämpliga förmågor, samt undersöka möjliga operationsfördelar med att applicera dessa på en svensk ubåt inom insatsförsvaret.Metodmässigt bygger uppsatsen på en jämförelseanalys mellan en konventionell ubåt som är utrustad med dessa UUV-förmågor och en utan, för att därmed klargöra operationsfördelar. Resultatet av den genomförda analysen med fokus på det internationella uppdraget ger att den slutliga helhetsjämförelse visar att UUV-förmågor som förbättrar ubåtens spaningsförmåga är de mest lämpliga att implementera. Denna inkluderar förbättrad lägesbild med framskjuten sensor, karteringsmöjligheter medförande bottennavigeringsmöjlighet, en bättre planering och utnyttjande av sensorer och vapen. (Fördel även för minjaktsstyrkor), möjlighet att operera på fler områden samtidigt, bättre kommunikationsmöjligheter samt förbättrad informationsoperationsförmåga.Ubåtsjaktsförmåga förbättras genom möjlighet att övervaka flera trånga passager samtidigt och därmed öka sannolikheten för detektion avsevärt. Specialföretagsförmåga ökas något genom ökad handlingsfrihet och lägre risktagande genom möjlighet att slussa ut specialstyrkorna på längre avstånd från kust.Anfallsföretag påverkas endast indirekt genom en förbättrad spaningsfunktion. Mineringsförmåga påverkas endast genom förbättrad utläggning och positionering av minor och med tanke på att denna förmåga inte är efterfrågad bedöms denna som ej lämplig. / This thesis will contribute to the question if and how an unmanned undersea vehicle (UUV) will improve submarine capability. The thesis is based on the USA Navy Unmanned Undersea Vehicle Master Plan and the Norwegian AUV called HUGIN. The purpose of the thesis is to identify UUV capabilities suitable for submarines and how they can contribute to the Swedish submarine capabilities. The methodology of this essay is based on a comparison, between a conventional submarine with UUV capability and one without, to clarify the operational advantages. The result of the analysis, with focus on international missions, shows that the biggest advantage of implementing UUV functions for the submarine are in the intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions. This implementation will improve the situation awareness. The functionality of collecting ocean environment including bottom mapping will improve tactical decision aid and battlespace preparation. The UUV will also improve communication and information operations capability.The anti-submarine warfare function will be improved with enhanced capability to monitor more than one chokepoint. Special operations from submarines will gain some advantages within freedom of action, depending on the possibility of launching the special operation at a longer distance from shore.The attack capability is only in an indirect way influenced, which is by a better surveillance function. The mine-laying capability will only improve within deployment and positioning of the mine. The mine-laying capability is not requested in the international missions and therefore this capability is not recommended for implementation. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP T 04-06

High Power Microwave-våpen (HPM-våpen) representerer et fremtidig våpensystem som har denegenskapen at de nøytraliserer og ødelegger kapasiteter hos en motstander, dog uten direkte tap avmenneskeliv. HPM-våpen bør således være meget interessante å studere som en mulig fremtidigkapasitet i Försvarsmakten (FM).Målet med denne studien er å undersøke hvorvidt HPM-våpen har en operativ fremtid innenfor densvenske FM. Hensikten er således mer detaljert å undersøke hvorvidt HPM-våpen kan utgjøre eneffektiv beskyttelse mot luftmål for landstridsavdelinger. Oppsatsen gjør en kobling til utviklingen oginnføringen av Nettverksbasert Försvar i FM, og gjennomfører undersøkelsen med utgangspunkt i detre basiskapasitetene påvirkning, beskyttelse, og ledelse. Oppsatsen undersøker det operative grunnlagfor utvikling og implementering av HPM-våpen i rollen som luftvern (LV)/luftforsvar til støtte forlandstridsavdelinger.Hovedkonklusjonene indikerer at det finns gode operative argumenter for å satse på en utvikling ogimplementering av HPM-våpen i FM. Spesielt blir en slik bekjempnings- og beskyttelseskapasitetviktig for det Nettverksbaserte Försvar (NBF). Samtidig påvises tekniske/fysiske og operativebegrensninger som indikerer at HPM-våpen alene ikke kan forventes erstatte dagens tradisjonelleluftvernsystemer. Den beste løsning ligger ventelig i en kombinasjon, der man samtidig kan rendyrkedet enkelte delsystems kapasiteter innenfor NBF. / High Power Microwave-weapons (HPM-weapons) represent a future weapons system with the ability toneutralize and destroy enemy capabilities, though without a direct loss of lives. Therefore, furtherstudies of HPM-weapons and their capacities could be relevant and interesting to The Swedish ArmedForces.The purpose of this research paper is to investigate whether or not HPM-weapons have a future in theSwedish Defence Forces. The aim is to develop a theoretical and technical foundation in order toinvestigate HPM-weapons in a developed scenario. The research paper has a strong connection to thedevelopment and implementation of the Swedish Network Based Defence (NBF) programme. Theconducted analysis is based on three fundamental capabilities; affect, protect, and command and control(C2). The research paper investigates the foundation of development and implementation of HPMweaponsin the Air Defense (AD) role in support of army units.The main conclusions indicate that there are strong arguments to move forward the development andimplementation of HPM-weapons in the Swedish Armed Forces. As both an offensive and a defensivecapability, HPM-weapons could be essential in the Swedish Network Based Defense programme. At thesame time, technological and physical limitations do exist, and it is therefore not likely that HPMweaponsalone can replace and take over the role of conventional AD-systems of today. The optimalsolution seems to consist of a mix of HPM-weapons and conventional AD-systems (cannon/rocket).Nevertheless, it is important that future weapons systems are fully integrated in the Network BasedDefense concept, and can counter a wide threat spectrum. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-uppsHylla: Upps. ChP T 02-04

Då marina enheter numera deltar i internationella missioner, kommer den nya miljön som enheterna opererar i att påverka bland annat deras sensorer. Den här studien avhandlar några av de nu framtagna självsanerande ytbeläggningarna och ger en presentation av hur de fungerar på några marina elektrooptiska sensorers yttersta linser. Studien försöker ge svar på ytbeläggningarnas transmittans och hur effektivt de kan sanera bort oönskade saltlager tillsammans med andra nedsmutsande partiklar från sensorlinserna samt den militära nyttan av att använda självsanerande ytbeläggning. / This study deals with now developed self-cleaning coatings and gives a presentation of how they work on some electro-optical sensor lenses used in the navy. The study also examines the coatings transmittance and how efficient they can clean the sensor lenses from undesired salt layers and other soiling particles. After the introduction the study presents basic facts of the chosen sensors, nanotechnology, surface wettability and also salts and salinity. Thereafter the study describes current nano-research on self-cleaning coatings and possible results there of, when the coatings are applied on the different sensors. In the study I give my opinion of the military benefit of using self-cleaning coatings, which from a general point of view is that there mostly are positive effects using such a coating, in a technical perspective. The study ends with conclusions that there are self-cleaning coatings based on TiO2-nanoparticles which can transmit within the visual spectra and also can clean undesired soiling particles. But can not confirm that these coatings have the desired effect on salt crystals, or transmit within wavelengths spectrum for IR-detectors and lasers. / ChpT 08-10

The thesis demonstrates protection solutions that can be suitable for a camp during internationalmissions in order to resist complex threats. The threats could consist of small arms, machineguns,RPG 7, anti armour missiles, mortar, artillery, HPM-weapons, car bombs, biological and chemicalweapons as well as sabotage and theft. It’s not the technology itself that makes the threat scenariocomplex it’s the way the opponent acts during the operations. The opponent acts usually incivilian clothes and therefore he is difficult to distinguish from other civilians. To be able to resistthe complex threat scenario, new solutions of protection need to be suggested for example warningsystems.It’s important to see the protection solutions as a part of the whole camp concept. Amongst otherthings the geographical position of the camp and how the units are deployed in it, affects thepossibility of protection and the need for it. Some protection solutions are usable against severalthreats. A protection solution that involves a rapid establishment with sufficient protection ispreferable, instead of the very best adapted and time-consuming solution. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-uppsHylla: Upps. ChP T 02-04

I Sverige pågår en omfattande ominriktning av försvarsmakten. Som en del i denna ominriktning genomförsstudier inom ett flertal områden som syftar till att hitta den utrustning och de förbandsstrukturer som kommeratt uppfylla kraven efter 2010.Denna uppsats vill bidra till dessa studier genom att visa att framtidens stridsfält ställer nya och ökade krav påstridsfordon och dess sensorer.Genom att utgå från en analys av den framtida markstriden identifierar arbetet de förutsättningar och krav sominom sensorområdet kommer att bli dimensionerande. Utifrån dessa identifieras sedan tekniska möjligheter somlöser stridsfordonets behovet av elektrooptiska utblickar. Möjligheter kopplas sedan till områdena spaning,framföring, skydd samt förmåga till bekämpning. Bekämpningsförmågan avser både den direktriktade elden såväl som externa bekämpningssystem.Uppsatsen visar att multisensorkapacitet i kombination med nätverksbaserat informationsflöde förändrar rollenför stridsfordonet både på stridsfältet så väl som inom fordonet i sig. Genom ett sensortekniskt konceptbeskriver uppsatsen denna förändrade roll. Arbetet visar att genom utnyttjandet av elektrooptiska utblickar gårdet att optimera sensorerna inom respektive område och därigenom erhålla en bättre helhetslösning än idag. Attkombinera och optimera sensorsystemen utifrån respektive områdes behov underlättar för stridsfordonet attkraftsamla sin förmåga i tid och rum.Det påvisas även att allt inte behöver ändras och att vissa områden och funktioner skall behållas som de är idag. / In Sweden a huge readjusting of the armed forces is in progress. As a part ofthis readjusting there are, within different areas, several ongoing studiesfocusing on trying to find the organisation and equipment of the future. Thetime spans for these studies are beyond 2010.This thesis would like to contribute to this study by showing that the futurebattlefield demands new and more acute sensor capabilities. I will highlight thedemands and requirements for sensors on a combat vehicle by analysing of thefuture battlefield. From these demands I will identify the technical possibilitiesthat will solve the future needs of the combat vehicle in regard to electroopticalsensors.These possibilities are then linked to four separated areas within the vehicle.The areas are the capability to conduct surveillance, to manoeuvre, protectionand the use of firepower. The firepower capability includes that of the ownvehicle and that of other platforms.This analysis concludes that multi-sensor capacity, in combination withnetworked based information flows, will alter the role for the combat vehicle.Not only on the battlefield but also in regard to the users within the vehicleitself.This thesis makes an attempt to capitalize these changes by combining thepossibilities into a technical concept. This concept shows that by optimizingthe sensors for the different roles one also gets a maximized capability of thecombat vehicle in itself. It also concludes that not everything has to change andthat some of the old capabilities have to be kept. / Avdelning: ALB - Slutet Mag 3 C-upps.Hylla: Upps. ChP T 01-03