This master thesis deals with the topic of the so called Spanish economic miracle. It describes vast economic changes which started in the 1960s in Spain. The thesis offers a political context of dictatorship of Francisco Franco (1939-1975) and a review of economic development before and during this phenomenon (which is the most discussed). The economic boom is illustrated on an example of tourism. The thesis describes development of tourism and connection between tourism and the so called economic miracle.

TITLE: The Influence of Theological and Philosophical Thinking Not Only in the Exact Sciences AUTHOR: Jana Follprechtová DEPARTMENT: Social Sciences and Philosophy Department SUPERVISOR: Prof. PhDr. Anna Hogenová, CSc. ABSTRACT: This thesis attempts to discover and characterise the interfaces at which the sciences meet and provide incentives for interdisciplinary dialogue. It is not the aim of this thesis to show the need for their fusion into one universal science. The aim is to show that it is important to re-establish communication between scientists with humanities and exact science education, as their results affect our society. Although an analytical method is used in the first chapters, the emphasis in the majority of this thesis is placed on comparison with possible subsequent synthesis. On this basis, the thesis not only examines the philosophy of R. Descartes and the consequences of his thinking today, which stands in opposition to the views of J. A. Comenius, but also the issue of education, which is one of the ways of re-establishing dialogue. All sciences have an ontological basis; thereby they must not only take the concept of creation seriously, but also the anthropic principle. The sciences are united by the limitations of their λογων, which are symbols meant to encourage efforts to review...

Art, health and faith.. These three topics are the main elements of the thesis. I am interested in the point when faith and art meet and offer to a person support certainty or hope. In the thesis I deal with the phenomenon of searching places of pilgrimage, which spiritually fulfilled people and in time those places have become the reflection of culture and mentality of a nation. Exactly in these places happened miraculous recoveries the most often and because of it, the people started believing in strength and magic. The thesis examines if even today we visit cultural and artistic events with the same ambition and energy as the original pilgrims. The basic element of my final part is the video of my personal places of pilgrimage which I visited within the last year. The second part deals with my newly founded online gallery which maps modern forms of pilgrimage. The whole installation is supported by the third part which is my pilgrim coat which I customized during my last travels to suit my needs.

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This dissertation examines early modern (seventeenth-mid-nineteenth century) Japanese religion through a study of a cult devoted to the popular deity Fudō Myōō ("The Immovable King of Illumination") at Naritasan Temple (also known as Shinshōji Temple) in Shimōsa Province (present-day Chiba Prefecture). It discusses how Naritasan developed a distinctive corpus of miracle tale literature centered around its sacred statue of Fudō, and how these tales interwove doctrinal and sectarian traditions with local geography and history to produce a regionally-specific brand of the deity. This process of individuation became central to the creation of Naritasan's identity and religious activities, its promises of material and spiritual rewards, and to the way stories were used to spread the cult among the populace through recreational and commercial enterprises. I demonstrate how these narratives can thus be read in light of the temple's evolution and socio-economic changes affecting early modern Japan as a whole. By employing a locally-based and trans-sectarian approach to the study of the Fudō cult at Naritasan, this dissertation seeks to illuminate a number of issues: how the temple used miracle tales to domesticate and transform Fudo into a trademark "Narita Fudō", a process central to the religious and commercial identities of temples; how the Narita Fudo was not static but evolved over time to became an object of worship shared across a variety of religious and popular traditions; and finally, how the deity therefore resists convenient categorizations afforded him by modern scholarship, thus challenging the ways we understand one of Japan's oldest and most important deities. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser comment la littérature et le cinéma ont représenté la ville de Milan au cours de la décennie 1955-1965, qui précède et suit de peu ce que la grande majorité des historiens appelle maintenant « le miracle économique » des années 1958-1963. Avec cette étude, nous avons essayé de retracer le portrait réel et imaginaire d’une ville qui, au moment du « miracle économique », semble connaître et contenir toutes les dynamiques de changement, qu’à une plus grande échelle connaît le pays tout entier. Pour ce faire, nous avons adopté une démarche interdisciplinaire qui nous a conduit à étudier les formes réelles de la ville à travers des ouvrages d’histoire, d’architecture, d’urbanisme et de sociologie pour ensuite les confronter avec leurs représentations imaginaires dans la littérature et le cinéma. Ce choix était dicté par la conviction que la complexité de la ville, en tant qu’objet d’étude, intègre divers niveaux de structuration : physique, économique, social mais également temporel et imaginaire. Cette thèse est composée de cinq parties qui vont de l’analyse de la forme urbanistique de la ville à l’examen de sa composition sociale. Au terme de notre travail nous pouvons ainsi dégager trois « images », en apparence contradictoires, qui semblent définir la ville lombarde : « la ville dynamique », « la ville du capital » et « la ville cristallisée ». Ces trois images s’expriment au travers d’une grande variété de modalités de représentation, de styles et de tons, qui semblent former une vaste mosaïque d’expressions artistiques reflétant la complexité, les relations, les contrastes et les conflits qui caractérisent la ville de Milan au moment du « miracle économique ». / The aim of this dissertation is to analyse how literature and cinema have represented the city of Milan during the decade 1955-1965, which slightly precedes and follows what the majority of historians now call the “economic miracle” (1958-1963). This research attempts to retrace the real and the imaginary portrait of a city, whose experience and dynamics at the time of the “economic miracle”, appeared as a representative sample of Italy as a whole. This topic has been considered from an interdisciplinary perspective through works of history, architecture, urbanism and sociology, focusing first on the real forms of the city. These forms are then subsequently confronted with their imaginary representations through literature and cinema. This choice was dictated by the conviction that the complexity of the city, as an object of study, integrates various levels of structuration: physical, economic, social, but also temporal and imaginary. This dissertation is composed of five parts beginning with the analysis of the urban form of the city and ending with the examination of its social composition. After this investigation, three distinct, yet seemingly contradictory, images appear, which could define the Lombard city as “the dynamic city”, “the city of the capital” and “the crystalized city”. These three contradictory images are expressed through a large variety of modes of representation, styles and tones, which form a broad mosaic of artistic expressions reflecting the complexity, relations, contrasts and conflicts that characterize the city of Milan at the time of the “economic miracle”.

On October 11, 1963, artists Gerhard Richter and Konrad Lueg held the event “Leben mit Pop: Eine Demonstration für den kapitalistischen Realismus” (Living with Pop: A Demonstration for Capitalist Realism) at the Berges furniture store in Düsseldorf, Germany. Many scholars have treated this event as an image, useful only in outlining the trajectories of the later successful careers of Gerhard Richter, Konrad Lueg, and Sigmar Polke. Few have attempted to contextualize this event in its social, historical, and political settings or to consider its effects on and relationship to the audience at the event. In this thesis, I resituate “Living with Pop” in terms of its experiential effects and its socio-historical context and extend my investigation of “Living with Pop” to the contemporaneous paintings and drawings of Richter, Lueg, and Polke. I argue that their artworks, which parody and question domestic tropes of the postwar era, reveal the complexities and ambiguities underlying the notion of West Germany’ s Wirtschaftswunder, or “economic miracle.” I examine how Polke, Richter, and Lueg explored artistic and national identities, a postwar culture of consumerism, contemporary modes of communication, and theories of culture and aesthetics in the late 1950s and early 1960s. To investigate the relationships between artistic creation, artistic identity, and contemporary daily life, I use domestic design exhibitions, advertisements, the journal Magnum, and a few select texts on contemporary society and culture by Jürgen Habermas and Theodor W. Adorno as relevant sources. / text

Em meio a violentos conflitos agrários, à baixa expectativa de vida, à seca e à fome, à falta de oferta educacional consistente e à expressiva migração de jovens, em 13 de março de 1998, agricultores da região de Monte Santo (BA) fundam, no meio da caatinga, a Escola Família Agrícola do Sertão (Efase). Propomos um percurso pela história deste acontecimento, evidenciando seu caráter de ruptura em relação a um fluxo esperado de continuidade e reprodução das condições sociais, fiando-se nas narrativas recolhidas dos seus fundadores e depreendendo delas gestos que concernem à reflexão filosófica em educação. A opção pela análise das narrativas deve-se à relação consubstancial que acreditamos existir entre essas atividades básicas que marcam a convivência intergeracional: narrar e educar. É por meio delas que propomos determinada compreensão acerca da fundação desta escola que a retrate como uma resposta significativa, singular e contextualizada a uma questão geral de grande relevância pública e política: a experiência escolar ainda pode guardar um significado político e existencial numa sociedade crescentemente burocratizada e submetida a imperativos econômicos globais? Percorremos o marco de mobilização, e referência simbólica, para aqueles sertanejos, Canudos, e a crescente mobilização em resposta à precariedade daquela vida por meio da ação de homens e mulheres, entendendo a fundação, a partir de Hannah Arendt, como um milagre humano, o aparecimento do novo. As narrações encontram seu lugar como memória da ação, forma de compreensão de um mundo que nos antecede. Em busca de respostas à questão de como poderiam permanecer juntos em um mundo que parecia se esfacelar, aqueles agricultores agiram na tentativa de que pudessem não apenas encontrar um espaço de comunhão, mas que pudessem também instituir um novo comum, a fim de partilhá-lo no tempo com os novos. / Amidst violent agrarian conflicts, low life expectancy, drought and famine, the lack of consistent educational provision, and the significant youth migration, on the 13th of March, 1998, farmers from the region of Monte Santo (a town in the state of Bahia, Brazil) founded, in the middle of the caatinga, the Escola Família Agrícola do Sertão (rural family school of the hinterland, Efase in its Portuguese acronym). A itinerary through the history of such event was intended, in order to highlight its disruptive nature in relation to an expected flow of continuity and reproduction of the social conditions, relying on the accounts gathered from the school´s founders and arising from them gestures that concern the philosophical reflection on education. Choosing to analyze the narratives results from the consubstantial relationship which I believe to exist between these basic activities that mark the intergenerational conviviality: narrate and educate. It is through them that a certain understanding of the foundation of this school is proposed, which portrays it as a remarkable, singular and contextualized response to a general question of great public and political importance: can the school experience still keep a political and existential meaning in an increasingly bureaucratic society, subject to global economic imperatives? I have run across the landmark of mobilization, and symbolic reference, for those hinterland people, Canudos, and the increasing mobilization in response to the precariousness of that kind of life through the action of men and women. The foundation of the school is understood, based on Hannah Arendt, as a human miracle, the emergence of the new. The narratives find their place as a memory of the action, a way of comprehending a world that came before. In the search for answers to the question of how would they be able to keep together in a world that seemed to crumble, those farmers acted in an effort to not only find a space of communion but also to establish a new common ground, in order to share it in time with the newcomers.

Este trabalho busca aprofundar a análise sobre os aspectos autoritários do sistema político brasileiro durante o período conhecido como Milagre Econômico (1969-1973), cujo suporte ideológico foi fundamentado e sustentado pela Doutrina de Segurança Nacional e Desenvolvimento, produzida pela Escola Superior de Guerra. Através de ampla pesquisa bibliográfica de autores que se debruçaram sobre o tema, dos manuais de segurança nacional e, sobretudo dos planos econômicos que correspondem ao período estudado, em especial o Plano de Ação Econômica, Programa Estratégico de Desenvolvimento e o Primeiro Plano Nacional de Desenvolvimento, percebemos o quanto o autoritarismo político foi necessário para que os governos militares impusessem um novo modelo econômico, que se de um lado propiciou o rápido desenvolvimento da economia e a redução da inflação, por outro, desvalorizou os salários dos trabalhadores, aumentou o processo de endividamento e de concentração de renda, aumentando ainda mais a desigualdade social no Brasil. Nossa pesquisa analisa também de que forma ocorre a renovação da tradição autoritária brasileira, do ponto de vista do sistema político que historicamente sempre reprimiu com violência movimentos de contestação a ordem vigente. Agora através da forte repressão política as forças de oposição aos militares, sob a égide do combate ao comunismo internacional no contexto da guerra fria. Por fim, o trabalho de pesquisa mostra que a acumulação capitalista do período estudado (1969-1973), só foi possível pelo emprego da violência institucional colocada em prática pelo Estado Autoritário, sob o comando das forças armadas. / This study seeks to deepen the analysis of the authoritarian aspects of the Brazilian political system during the period known as the Economic Miracle (1969-1973), whose ideological support was reasoned and supported by the National Security Doctrine and Development, produced by the War College. Through extensive literature survey of authors who have studied the subject, manuals and national security, especially economic plans that correspond to the period studied, in particular the Economic Action Plan, Strategic Program Development and the First National Development Plan, realize how the political authoritarianism that was necessary for the military government to impose a new economic model, which is a side facilitated the rapid development of economy and reducing inflation, on the other hand, played down the wages of workers, increased the process of borrowing and concentration of income, further increasing social inequality in Brazil. Our research also analyzes how is the renewal of the Brazilian authoritarian tradition, from the standpoint of the political system that has historically repressed violently protest movements established order. Now through strong political repression of opposition forces to the military, under the aegis of the fight against international communism in the context of the Cold War. Finally, the research work shows that the capital accumulation of the period studied (1969-1973), was made possible by the use of institutional violence put in place by authoritarian rule, under the command of the armed forces.

O objetivo principal desta tese é argumentar a favor da intuição básica do realismo científico, com o apoio de uma versão fortalecida e articulada do argumento do milagre. O realismo científico é uma concepção filosófica da ciência que assume uma atitude epistêmica otimista frente aos resultados da investigação científica que abrangem aspectos do mundo tanto observáveis como inobserváveis. Segundo o realismo científico, as entidades inobserváveis postuladas pelas teorias científicas bem-sucedidas têm existência real e essas teorias são verdadeiras ou aproximadamente verdadeiras. Essa atitude positiva é contestada por diversas perspectivas filosóficas conhecidas coletivamente como formas de antirrealismo científico (positivismo lógico, instrumentalismo, empirismo construtivo, historicismo, construtivismo social etc.). Procuramos analisar e rebater três importantes modalidades de argumentação antirrealista: a subdeterminação empírica das teorias, a indução pessimista e a circularidade viciosa da inferência da melhor explicação. Argumentamos que não obstante as diferenças que se mantêm entre as concepções realistas da ciência, o chamado argumento do milagre constitui uma peça central na defesa do realismo científico. Esse argumento se expressa na célebre formulação de Putnam (1975, p. 73), [...] o realismo científico é a única filosofia que não faz do sucesso da ciência um milagre. Para o realista científico, a ciência é bem-sucedida em explicar e prever fenômenos, inclusive novos, porque suas melhores teorias (maduras, não ad hoc, bem-sucedidas empírica e instrumentalmente, provedora de previsões novas, fecundas etc.) são (parcial ou aproximadamente) verdadeiras e as entidades inobserváveis postuladas por essas teorias realmente existem. Argumentamos também que outros esquemas de explicação para o êxito científico baseados em visões antirrealistas ou não-realistas da ciência são insatisfatórios. Examinamos diversas formas de fortalecer o argumento do milagre mediante as qualificações de novidade preditiva e fecundidade teórica, e concluímos que esse argumento continua sendo basilar e estratégico na defesa do realismo científico. / The main objective of this thesis is to argue in favor of the basic intuition of scientific realism, with the support of a strengthened and articulated version of the miracle argument. Scientific realism is a philosophical conception of science that takes an optimistic epistemic attitude towards the results of scientific research concerning both observable and unobservable aspects of the world. According to scientific realism, the unobservable entities postulated by successful scientific theories actually exist, and these theories are true or approximately true. This positive attitude is challenged by various philosophical perspectives known collectively as forms of scientific antirealism (logical positivism, instrumentalism, constructive empiricism, historicism, social constructivism, etc.). We analyze and rebut three important modalities of the antirealist argument: empirical underdetermination of theories, pessimistic induction, and the vicious circularity of inference to the best explanation. We argue that despite the differences that remain between the realist conceptions of science, the so-called miracle argument is a centerpiece in the defense of scientific realism. This argument is expressed in Putnams famous formulation (1975a, p. 73): [...] realism is the only philosophy that doesnt make the success of the science a miracle. For the scientific realist, science is successful in explaining and predicting phenomena, including new ones, because its best theories (mature, not ad hoc, successful empirically and instrumentally, providing new forecasts, fruitful, etc.) are (partially or approximately) true and the unobservable entities postulated by these theories really exist. We also argue that other schemes of explanation of scientific success, based on antirealist or non-realist views of science, are unsatisfactory. We examine various ways of strengthening the miracle argument based on the notions of predictive novelty and theoretical fruitfulness, and we conclude that this argument remains fundamental and strategic in the defense of scientific realism.