This paper examines the prevalence of sexual violence in American media with particular focus on attitudes of sexual violence as a contribution to rape culture. Included is a content analysis of the prevalence of sexually violent lyrics in popular rap music, and a literature review of articles and studies on the effects of sexually violent media. The media discussed in the literature review includes films, television, and pornography. The relationship between the presence of sexually violent media and its impact on public opinion on sexual assault and rape proclivity are analyzed. The literature reviewed includes studies on differences in response to sexually violent media based on gender. Also included are explanation and summary of a study utilizing the excitation transfer theory and the social learning theory as they apply to the understanding of the perpetuation of rape myth acceptance based in the viewing of sexually violent media. These studies utilize the rape myth acceptance scale, the acceptance of interpersonal violence scale, and the adversarial sexual beliefs scale, among other scales of measurement to assess rape myth acceptance and rape proclivity. The high prevalence of sexual assault in the United States calls for an analysis of the acceptance of beliefs that perpetuate sexual assault and the media which support and increase the presence of these beliefs.

In 2008 it was reported that there are approximately 28,258 internet users viewing pornography every second, and that men look at pornography online more than any other subject matter (Eberstadt 2009). Pornography has become a primary tool of sex education for young men (Bowater 2011) with the average age of first exposure being age 11 (Stefan 2012). However, research on viewer understanding and interpretation of the images is scarce. What are boys learning about sexuality as they watch pornography? Do they use pornography as a ‘how-to’ manual expressing a desire to mimic the onscreen act or do they use pornography as a general stimulant expressing a generalized pleasure, interpreting the act in alternative ways? The pro-pornography stance stresses the agency of the viewer, meaning the viewer has the ability to access a broad array of content creating a poly-semiotic or figurative experience. The anti-pornography stance stresses the agency of the industry, meaning the industry pushes a dominant design creating a mono-semiotic or literal experience. The purpose of this study is to look at how viewers of online pornography interpret what they see. By analyzing viewer comments sampled from free pornographic tube sites, this study seeks to understand the extent of viewer agency; do men interpret pornographic images literally or figuratively?

The main aim of this thesis was to examine the ‘Men Going Their Own Way’ (r/MGTOW) community on Reddit. This aim was carried out by exploring (1) the themes perpetuated in the community, (2) how r/MGTOW fits in the contemporary ‘manosphere’, (3) the linguistic identity of its users, (4) the presence of hegemonic and inclusive masculinity, and lastly (5) the role of social media logics on r/MGTOW. The theoretical framework was comprised of theories about the characteristics of the manosphere, linguistic identity, hegemonic masculinity theory and inclusive masculinity theory, discourse, and social media logics.The analysis was comprised of research tools from Thematic Analysis, Content Analysis, and Foucauldian discourse analysis. The Content Analysis was facilitated by qualitative and quantitative software, WordStat. Through the use of these tools it was found that female nature, feminism, masculinity, society, and self-improvement were common themes in the community. Furthermore, masculinity, the dismissal of femininity, and a distinct lingua franca were elements that created a common antifeminist identity among the r/MGTOW users. Alleged scientific theories and beliefs about female nature and feminism were used as means to justify the position of men as victims. And lastly, most of the ideals of hegemonic masculinity, except for stoicism, were accepted.Taking social media logic into account, we see that users on certain platforms can boost certain content. This principle also applies to Reddit, which is the platform that hosts r/MGTOW. Therefore, research should further explore if online platforms can be held accountable for user-generated content. Additionally, further research should look into other methods for conduction the analysis, such as interviews, and should consider cross-fertilization of ideas between different manospherian communities. And ultimately, concepts such as victimization and identity formation online ought to be examined in this setting to acquire a broader understanding of the manosphere. The limitations of this thesis are the short timeframe of study and the lack of data triangulation.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivos: em primeiro lugar, arrolar, traduzir e analisar epigramas de Marcial em que a mulher é objeto de invectiva; em segundo lugar, visa a rastrear, na tradição anterior ao poeta, o tema da misoginia, desde Hesíodo, no célebre episódio de Pandora (Teogonia, vv. 570- 612), passando pelos poetas iâmbicos arcaicos (Arquíloco, Hipônax e Semônides), até o uso que poetas latinos, como Catulo, Horácio e Juvenal, fizeram do tema, entendido agora como tópos. Em terceiro lugar, o presente trabalho pretende observar de que maneira o epigrama, ou melhor, sua possibilidade invectiva, se apropriou da misoginia, adequando-a às características principais do gênero, a saber, brevidade e agudeza, e, finalmente, tentar demonstrar que o vitupério a mulheres em Marcial é regulado e percebido mediante práticas retóricas (como os progymnásmata) e alguns trópoi (como a écfrase), que à época do poeta participavam da formação educacional do cidadão. Nesse sentido, pretendemos estudar particularmente as relações que a invectiva mantém, nos epigramas de Marcial, com a construção de imagens viciosas de mulher e suas relações com o gênero epidítico. / The aims of the present work are first, to list, translate and analyse Martial\'s epigrams in which women are the object of invective; second, to try to investigate, in the former tradition, the theme of misogyny, both in Greece (from Hesiod, in the celebrated episode of Pandora (Teogony, vv. 570-612), to the archaic iambic poets, Archilochus, Hipponax and Semonides), and in Rome (how misogyny, as a tópos, is treatead by Catullus, Horace and Juvenal). In the third place, the present research intends to study in what manner epigram, or more precisely, its vituperative possibility, appropriated the theme of misogyny, adapting it to the main characteristics of the genre, such as conciseness and acuteness. Finally, we attempt to demonstrate that the vituperation against women, in Martial, is regulated and perceived through various rhetorical practices (such as the progymnásmata) and trópoi (such as ekphrasis) that at the poet\'s time were an important part of the citizen\'s education. Therein, we intend to study, in particular, the analogies that the invective maintain, in Martial\'s epigrams, non only with the construction of images in which women are corrupted, but also with the relationship between these images and the epidictic genre.

In this thesis I investigate the portrayal of women in Hip Hop as either a sista' or a ho, a dichotomy that mirrors the Freudian Madonna-whore complex prevalent in Western Society. Belittled and disparaged by the sexism implied by this dichotomy, women have become victims of various forms of misogynistic abuse. Queen Latifah stands up against this misogyny, using Hip Hop in the very way it was designed to be used “as a voice for the disenfranchised“ speaking out against the sexism in Hip Hop in the same way African American males use Hip Hop against White mainstream society. She thus challenges the sista'-ho dichotomy and becomes empowered to decry gender discrimination in the same way African American males become empowered to denounce racism through the performance of Hip Hop.

<p>This study investigates how an ambivalence surrounding men and masculinity has been expressed and exploited in Pop literature since the late 1980s, focusing on works by German-speaking authors Christian Kracht and Benjamin Lebert and American author Bret Easton Ellis. I compare works from the United States with German and Swiss novels in order to reveal the scope - as well as the national particularities - of these troubled gender identities and what it means in the context of recent debates about a "crisis" in masculinity in Western societies. My comparative work will also highlight the ways in which these particular literatures and cultures intersect, invade, and influence each other. </p><p> In this examination, I demonstrate the complexity and success of the critical projects subsumed in the works of three authors too often underestimated by intellectual communities. At the same time, I reveal the very structure and language of these critical projects as a safe haven for "male fantasies" of gender difference and identity formation long relegated to the distant past, fantasies that continue to lurk within our cultural currencies.</p> / Dissertation

Den här uppsatsen handlar om hur normer, förväntningar och traditioner inom måleribranschen styr hur målare handskas med säkerhetsfrågor i sitt arbete. Syftet är att studera kvinnliga målares upplevelse av säkerhet och risker i måleribranschen. Valet av ämne grundar sig i hur jag på nära håll fått följa en familjemedlems arbete inom måleribranschen och oron jag känt över att risker och säkerhetsfrågor inte verkade tas på allvar av fackförbund, företagsledning eller kollegor. Detta upplevde jag som anmärkningsvärt då en målares arbete tar plats i en ofta smutsig och farlig miljö som följaktligen kan vara skadlig för hälsan. Jag har intervjuat tre målare och deras svar tyder bland annat på att de är bekanta med risker inom måleribranschen och att säkerhetsfrågor från företagsledning, kollegor tas på varierande allvar. Respondenterna ger uttryck för att bli motarbetade av kollegor och arbetsledare när de vill måna om den egna säkerheten. Jag har studerat mina resultat i ljuset av genusteorier, maskulinitetsteorier och minoritetsteorier. De slutsatser jag dragit från min studie är att målarens kropp står i centrum i arbetet då den används som ett verktyg i likhet med en målarpensel. Respondenterna måste dessutom handskas med kvinnofientliga yttringar från de aktörer som de interagerar med i arbetet. Denna kvinnofientliga attityd, visar tidigare forskning, får många kvinnor att lämna branschen. Mina resultat ger mig en bild av en bransch med lågt i tak när det gäller samtal om risker och säkerhet och en trång norm om hur en målare ska vara. Min studie ger en bild av att maskulinitetsnormen begränsar det fria samtalet när det gäller risker och säkerhet i arbetet för målare. / This essay is about how, norms, expectations and traditions within the painting industry has an influence on the way painters deal with security issues in their labor. The purpose with this essay is to study female painter’s experiences of security matters and risks within the painting industry. The choice of theme of essay is based on the working life experiences in the painting industry of one of my family member´s. I felt worried about the painting union, managers of the painting enterprise and colleagues of my family member’s lack of interest regarding security matters. I found this attitude regarding security matters remarkable when knowing how dangerous and dirty the working environment is for painters and how high the risks of getting injured are. I have studied my results from my interviews in the light of gender, masculinity and minority theories. The conclusions I have made from my study are that a painter’s body is seen as a tool just like, for example, a brush. Security – and risk issues are not seen as priorities in my respondents working environments, these issues rather tend to get counteracted by colleagues and managers. My respondents also have to deal with the misogyny their working surroundings express. This misogynist attitude, show early studies, forces a great amount of female painters to leave the painting industry. My study gives me the notion of an industry with a narrow discussion climate when it comes to security and safety issues and a narrow norm about how the ideal painter is.

Thesis (M.A.)--The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Jun. 4, 2009). Advisor: Christopher Hodgkins; submitted to the Dept. of English. Includes bibliographical references (p. 27-29, p. 54-55).

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-17T15:01:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 436183 bytes, checksum: e844f6aecd4060fd3bb5b9b328dfe352 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The statements, texts, stories, are always telling the human existence, life is understood as "real" life or "invented." But those linguistic structures say a lot more than what we see on the surface. The words contain information beyond its linguistic constitution. Thus, because we know that there is information that we intend to analyze the text discursively O Santo Inquérito, the writer Dias Gomes, that, in general, tells the story of Branca Dias, a New Christian (former Jew), tried, convicted and killed in the fire of the Holy Inquisition. We intend to fundamentally identify the brands of power and misogyny contained in this work. However, we would not reach our goal if not for the valuable contribution of the assumptions of discourse analysis, which, as a method of interpretation, the approach of the countless ways that make up the narrative. Throughout the work, and present considerations discussed by various authors on subjects that are related to our object of study, including: Novinsky (2007) and Niskier (2006), who study the issue of the New Christians in Brazil; Muraro (1991) and Beuavoir (2009), who study gender and misogyny, and Pecheux (1995) and Bakhtin (2003), that support the discussions of Discourse Analysis. / Os enunciados, os textos, as histórias, estão sempre narrando a existência humana, seja a vida entendida como real ou a vida inventada . Acontece que essas estruturas linguísticas dizem muito mais do que aquilo que percebemos superficialmente. As palavras contêm informações para além de sua constituição linguística. Dessa forma, por sabermos que há essas informações é que nos propomos a analisar discursivamente o texto O Santo Inquérito, do escritor Dias Gomes; que, em linhas gerais, narra a história de Branca Dias, uma cristãnova (ex-judia), julgada, condenada e morta na fogueira da Santa Inquisição. Pretendemos, fundamentalmente, identificar as marcas de poder e misoginia contidas na referida obra. Contudo, não atingiríamos nosso objetivo se não fosse a valiosa contribuição dos pressupostos da Análise do Discurso, que, enquanto método de interpretação, nos aproxima dos incontáveis sentidos que compõem a narrativa. Ao longo do trabalho, discutimos e apresentamos considerações de vários autores, sobre assuntos que estão relacionados ao nosso objeto de estudo, dentre eles: Novinsky (2007) e Niskier (2006), que estudam a questão dos cristãos-novos em território brasileiro; Muraro (1991) e Beuavoir (2009), que estudam sobre gênero e misoginia; e Pêcheux (1995) e Bakhtin (2003), que embasam as discussões sobre a Análise do Discurso.

A partir dos pressupostos teóricos dos pesquisadores da Nova História e dos estudos literários do comparativismo, este trabalho analisa o Amadis de Gaula entre os dois códigos: o da cavalaria de Ramon Llull expressão do ideal cristão do cavaleiro virtuoso e perfeito , e o do amor cortês, de André Capelão, que expressa os ensinamentos do refinado amor cortesão, dentro de uma ética feudo-vassálica. Entre os interstícios desses códigos e numa Península Ibérica marcada por uma ascese cristã, erige uma história de amor que se constitui num paradigma da expressão do desejo carnal e da busca do re(encontro) com o feminino. É na via oposta ao contexto peninsular da Reconquista ibérica que se efetua a caminhada de Amadis rumo à perfeição amorosa ao encontro do Amor / The theoretical presuppositions of the researchers of the New History and the literary studies of comparativism are the starting point of this paper to analyze the Amadis de Gaula between the two codes: the chivalry by Ramon Llull the expression of the christian ideal of the virtuous and perfect knight , and the courteous love, by André Capelão, the schooling of the refined courteous love, inserted in a feud-vassal ethics. A love story is put up between the gaps of these codes in an Iberian Peninsula encarved by a christian ascese. It is compounded in an instance of the carnal desire and the search for the (re)encounter with the feminine. It is in the opposite way to the peninsular context of the Iberian Reconquest that Amadis enhances his way towards the loving perfection to meet Love