A partir dos pressupostos teóricos dos pesquisadores da Nova História e dos estudos literários do comparativismo, este trabalho analisa o Amadis de Gaula entre os dois códigos: o da cavalaria de Ramon Llull expressão do ideal cristão do cavaleiro virtuoso e perfeito , e o do amor cortês, de André Capelão, que expressa os ensinamentos do refinado amor cortesão, dentro de uma ética feudo-vassálica. Entre os interstícios desses códigos e numa Península Ibérica marcada por uma ascese cristã, erige uma história de amor que se constitui num paradigma da expressão do desejo carnal e da busca do re(encontro) com o feminino. É na via oposta ao contexto peninsular da Reconquista ibérica que se efetua a caminhada de Amadis rumo à perfeição amorosa ao encontro do Amor / The theoretical presuppositions of the researchers of the New History and the literary studies of comparativism are the starting point of this paper to analyze the Amadis de Gaula between the two codes: the chivalry by Ramon Llull the expression of the christian ideal of the virtuous and perfect knight , and the courteous love, by André Capelão, the schooling of the refined courteous love, inserted in a feud-vassal ethics. A love story is put up between the gaps of these codes in an Iberian Peninsula encarved by a christian ascese. It is compounded in an instance of the carnal desire and the search for the (re)encounter with the feminine. It is in the opposite way to the peninsular context of the Iberian Reconquest that Amadis enhances his way towards the loving perfection to meet Love

abstract: Arnold Schoenberg's 1908-09 song cycle, Das Buch der hängenden Gärten [The Book of the Hanging Gardens], opus 15, represents one of his most decisive early steps into the realm of musical modernism. In the midst of personal and artistic crises, Schoenberg set texts by Stefan George in a style he called "pantonality," and described his composition as radically new. Though stylistically progressive, however, Schoenberg's musical achievement had certain ideologically conservative roots: the composer numbered among turn-of-the-century Viennese artists and thinkers whose opposition to the conventional and the popular--in favor of artistic autonomy and creativity--concealed a reactionary misogyny. A critical reading of Hanging Gardens through the lens of gender reveals that Schoenberg, like many of his contemporaries, incorporated strong frauenfeindlich [anti-women] elements into his work, through his modernist account of artistic creativity, his choice of texts, and his musical settings. Although elements of Hanging Gardens' atonal music suggest that Schoenberg valued gendered-feminine principles in his compositional style, a closer analysis of the work's musical language shows an intact masculinist hegemony. Through his deployment of uncanny tonal reminiscences, underlying tonal gestures, and closed forms in Hanging Gardens, Schoenberg ensures that the feminine-associated "excesses" of atonality remain under masculine control. This study draws upon the critical musicology of Susan McClary while arguing that Schoenberg's music is socially contingent, affected by the gender biases of his social and literary milieux. It addresses likely influences on Schoenberg's worldview including the philosophy of Otto Weininger, Freudian psychoanalysis, and a complex web of personal relationships. Finally, this analysis highlights the relevance of Schoenberg's world and its constructions of gender to modern performance practice, and argues that performers must consider interrelated historical, textual, and musical factors when interpreting Hanging Gardens in new contexts. / Dissertation/Thesis / D.M.A. Music 2012

O presente trabalho tem por objetivos: em primeiro lugar, arrolar, traduzir e analisar epigramas de Marcial em que a mulher é objeto de invectiva; em segundo lugar, visa a rastrear, na tradição anterior ao poeta, o tema da misoginia, desde Hesíodo, no célebre episódio de Pandora (Teogonia, vv. 570- 612), passando pelos poetas iâmbicos arcaicos (Arquíloco, Hipônax e Semônides), até o uso que poetas latinos, como Catulo, Horácio e Juvenal, fizeram do tema, entendido agora como tópos. Em terceiro lugar, o presente trabalho pretende observar de que maneira o epigrama, ou melhor, sua possibilidade invectiva, se apropriou da misoginia, adequando-a às características principais do gênero, a saber, brevidade e agudeza, e, finalmente, tentar demonstrar que o vitupério a mulheres em Marcial é regulado e percebido mediante práticas retóricas (como os progymnásmata) e alguns trópoi (como a écfrase), que à época do poeta participavam da formação educacional do cidadão. Nesse sentido, pretendemos estudar particularmente as relações que a invectiva mantém, nos epigramas de Marcial, com a construção de imagens viciosas de mulher e suas relações com o gênero epidítico. / The aims of the present work are first, to list, translate and analyse Martial\'s epigrams in which women are the object of invective; second, to try to investigate, in the former tradition, the theme of misogyny, both in Greece (from Hesiod, in the celebrated episode of Pandora (Teogony, vv. 570-612), to the archaic iambic poets, Archilochus, Hipponax and Semonides), and in Rome (how misogyny, as a tópos, is treatead by Catullus, Horace and Juvenal). In the third place, the present research intends to study in what manner epigram, or more precisely, its vituperative possibility, appropriated the theme of misogyny, adapting it to the main characteristics of the genre, such as conciseness and acuteness. Finally, we attempt to demonstrate that the vituperation against women, in Martial, is regulated and perceived through various rhetorical practices (such as the progymnásmata) and trópoi (such as ekphrasis) that at the poet\'s time were an important part of the citizen\'s education. Therein, we intend to study, in particular, the analogies that the invective maintain, in Martial\'s epigrams, non only with the construction of images in which women are corrupted, but also with the relationship between these images and the epidictic genre.

Existing research about the manosphere and the subculture of Incels is primarily focused on the discourse on the American online discussion forums. After several high-profile attacks performed by Incels, resulting in severe casualties, the phenomenon of Incels has reached the mainstream media as well as public interest in the forums where members of the manosphere communicate. The discourse displays a highly misogynistic worldview, where the belief in a hegemonic patriarchy is oozing with toxic masculinity. The shared misogyny has also led to discursive interactions between Incels and the alt-right movement. Men are considered to be entitled to women, and a rejection is an excuse for violence. This study aims to investigate if the of misogynistic discourse expressed in the American manosphere as well as in the alt-right has gained hold in a Swedish context. Mainstream media, as well as alternative media, have been investigated and analysed with discourse theory. In discourse theory, language plays an active role in constructing the social world and discourse creates a world that looks real or true for the writer. The Swedish online discussion forum Flashback is where most of the communication seems to take place for groups within the manosphere as well as the alt-right and where most of the misogynistic context can be identified. Themes and concepts from the American misogynistic manosphere can be recognised and has gained a strong hold in the alternative media as well as mainstream media in Sweden. The strong hold of the misogyny in a Swedish context may display a risk for future violent actions.

In recent years, have the focus on Incels increased due to various deadly attacks that have been associated with extreme misogynistic content. This study aims to discuss current online prevention methods’ applicability with respect to Incels and to comprehend if online prevention methods can mitigate future attacks in Nordic countries. To provide knowledge of current online prevention methods a systematic literature review in accordance with the PRISMA was conducted. Several databases e.g., Google Scholar and PsycINFO were searched for articles published in peer-reviewed international journals. Ten articles which included online moderation measures regarding extremist content and Incels were admitted. Additionally, a non-systematic review was conducted in relation to reports regarding Incels published by Nordic organizations. Four reports were found. The Routine Activity Theory was then applied to the results from the papers found in the systematic and the non-systematic review. One limitation of the review is that only a few articles have been included which makes generalizability difficult. Numerous methods can be applied regarding Incels when it comes to online prevention measures. However, current methods seem to consist of a duplexity, where the moderation methods influence different SoMe platforms, but also create echo chambers on encrypted platforms where an increase of Incel radicalization materializes. To mitigate future attacks the use of proactive online prevention methods, e.g., detection tools and connectivity tools should be used by different platforms and law enforcement, as the capable guardian, to allocate imminent threats from Incels.

The thesis examines how the logic of misogyny and post-feminism has perpetuated the negotiations of femininity in digital environments. Employing thematic analysis, the study explores online depictions of the phenomenon Not Like the Other Girls in order to explain its relation to internalized misogyny. The data has been formed as a case study of Instagram #Notliketheothergirls and Reddit - r/notliketheothergirls. The result of the analysis unveiled the expression of traditional notions of femininity and post-feminist ideas and be found, resulting in a paradoxical idea of femininity. Moreover, the method has developed three central themes repeated within the data around the phenomenon of Not Like the Other Girls. Their significance spurs on the opposition between the patriarchal and post-feminist ideal of woman and discovers a new term - internal dichotomies. The constant comparison throughout the paper requires analysis of the role of ‘the other’. As findings claim, it is an essential part of finding one’s position and developing a sense of belonging. The overall findings conclude that internalized misogyny can be explained as the driving power of phenomena such NLOGs. However, further research should focus on the age aspect of women protagonists of internalized misogyny, engaging in the negotiations of femininity.

The purpose of this study is to examine incels expressions of hate on a Swedish online forum. The term incel means involuntary celibacy and has come to attract mainly heterosexual men who have difficulty succeeding in romantic and sexual relationships. Furthermore, the incel community is characterized by misogyny and incitements to violence. The phenomenon, established on the internet, has in recent years grown and attracted more and more people. Previous studies show that Sweden might obtain the most incels in the world relative to the population. To acquire knowledge about the phenomenon, we intended to investigate how Swedish incels express hate, what the hate is directed to and to what purpose. The study was conducted using a netnographic method where posts on the Swedish forum Flashback were collected. The data was analyzed and sorted using a qualitative analysis of data which resulted in four categories of hatred; misogyny, hatred against the Swedish welfare society, xenophobia and self-hatred. Erving Goffman's theory of stigma and Raewyn Connell's theory of masculinity were used as a theoretical framework, and based on these theories, the main results show that incels hatred is based on the lack of sexual relationships which lead to crisis tendencies and perceived stigma. Hatred can be understood as frustration, the feeling of exclusion and a feeling of inadequacy as well as the experience of a threatened masculinity. The hatred amongst Swedish incels also function as a binding force in the incel community.

This paper seeks to answer how misogyny is expressed in the forum incels.is, a discussion board forum where incel users engage in threads to talk to each other about the difficulties of not having sexual or romantic relations. The method chosen is netnography, which helps when studying sensitive subjects and communities, and requires the researcher to be aware of any bias that they carry.  The netnography was conducted in the prefixes Ragefuel and Blackpill, which resulted in seven categories of misogyny and how they are manifested in the threads on the forum. By looking at previous research of incels, incel communities and misogyny, and with the theories of virtual communities, subcultures, participation and groupthink, the results of the study are discussed to understand how misogyny manifests on the forum. It is concluded that misogyny is manifested through seven categories on the forum, and how seeing incels as a subculture would allow their participation of misogyny to be observed more closely, as their virtual community serves as a function of upholding the cultural specificities Cottee (2020) claims are typical of incels. Further, future research is recommended to focus on how algorithms and the forum (serving as an echo chamber) indoctrinate new users to hate women. / Denna studie ämnar att svara på hur misogyni är uttryckt i forumet incels.is, ett diskussionsforum där incelanvändare deltar i trådar för att prata om svårigheterna om att inte ha några sexuella eller romantiska relationer. Den valda metoden är netnografi, som är fördelaktig när man studerar känsliga ämnen och gemenskaper, och den kräver att författaren är medveten om fördomar som de möjligtvis har. Netnografin genomfördes i prefixerna Ragefuel och Blackpill, vilket resulterade i sju kategorier av misogyni och hur de är manifesterade i trådarna på forumet. Genom att titta på tidigare forskning om incels, incelgemenskaper och misogyni och med hjälp av teorierna virtuella gemenskaper, subkulturer, deltagande och grupptänkande, diskuteras resultaten för att förstå hur misogyni manifesteras på forumet. Till sist blir slutsatsen att misogyni manifesteras i sju olika typer på forumet, och genom att se på incels som en subkultur ger möjlighet till att närmare granska hur deras deltagande i misogyni uttrycks, då deras virtuella gemenskap blir en funktion av att upprätthålla kulturella särdrag som Cottee (2020) menar är typiska av incels. Vidare rekommenderas framtida forskning att fokusera på hur algoritmer och forumet (i funktion av en ekokammare) indoktrinerar nya användare till att hata kvinnor.

This thesis draws upon the qualitative findings of 20 interviews undertaken with female teachers in order to explore the topic of workplace friendships between women in an all-female organisational setting. The interview data sheds light on these friendships within the all-female workplace context, examining how the workplace setting can influence the forms of friendship women build with one another. This thesis explores this topic across three main areas: 1) the way in which women develop workplace friendships, and the forms that women-women relations take in all-female workplaces; 2) the importance of workplace friendships and the meanings attached to these friendships; and 3) the blurred boundaries between family and friends, which result in unique workplace-friendship relationships. This study contributes to current knowledge on friendship development and, specifically, the issues associated with women’s development of friendships within the all-female workplace context. The findings highlight the difficulties that some women experience in creating and developing friendships based on cultural boundaries. The findings also emphasise the weaker utility in female friendships, which remains both unacceptable and unchallenged yet nonetheless recognised by women. Furthermore, women are argued to create “other-self” friends and to experience another form of suffusion process in the workplace context. This study also contributes to the current literature on the barriers and opportunities associated with female friendship-building by highlighting how female misogyny employed in the workplace and that workplace friendship is a surviving tool used, adopting a sociological perspective to explore and analyse the findings.

The following document is a meta-commentary on the article, "La misogynie à visage féminin: Hircan's Role as Marguerite's Anti-feminist Voice in the Heptaméron (VII & XLIX)," co-authored by Dr. Robert J. Hudson and myself, which will shortly be submitted for publication. It contains an annotated bibliography of all our primary and secondary sources and an account of writing the article. Our article examines what Marguerite de Navarre, the sixteenth-century French Renaissance author of the Heptaméron (a collection 72 nouvelles, all supposedly true stories being told by a group of ten devisants to one another), intended by her inclusion of the misogynist, Hircan. As we demonstrate, current scholarships views Marguerite as one of the first authors to create a space for women in literature, and further, that the Heptaméron was meant to serve the didactic purpose of forming young ladies' perspectives and behavior. Given this, Hircan, whose debasing views on women are shared in each of his stories and interlocutory commentaries, seems an odd devsiant for Marguerite to create; and so, we ask, why did she include him? We conclude that Hircan serves as Marguerite's straw man for the worst aspects of sixteenth-century French society, allowing her to subvert him and demonstrate how Hircan (and by extension, French society's) views towards women ought to be considered inappropriate. To support our reading, we start by explaining the historical context, demonstrating that the attitudes Hircan represents did indeed exist and were prevalent. We then show how Marguerite undermines Hircan: first, by making him so grotesque that the reader finds his views repugnant, and second, in allowing other devisants—especially Parlamente and Oisille—to use superior arguments to overturn his perspectives. Finally, we demonstrate how Marguerite uses Hircan's own tales against him, by having his fellow devisants interpret his stories completely differently from his womanizing and debasing purposes—instead find praise for women in them.