During the final months of the Great War, the loss of human life was not confined to the battlefields of Western Europe. The Spanish influenza virus was rapidly spreading around the globe¸ and would ultimately leave millions dead in its wake. Some American groups, both public and private, saw the pandemic as a blessing in disguise. They interpreted the pandemic as a sign that their work, whether religious, political, commercial, or health, was more vital to the world than ever before. Influenza reinforced their existing beliefs in the rightness and necessity of their causes, and used the pandemic as a call to increase their activities. American missionaries interpreted the pandemic and its spread as a sign of the backwardness of native peoples, and they argued that the United States and Americans had an increased duty after the War and pandemic to help foreign populations with education, sanitation, and religion. For American diplomats, the pandemic was a nuisance to their work of promoting and expanding American trade. Although it devastated societies, it was not destructive to international commerce. It did, though, provide an opportunity for Americans to teach foreign peoples about better health to protect them from future diseases, and to strengthen commercial ties with the rest of the world. The U.S. Government was greatly distracted with the war effort when the epidemic hit, and refused to take it seriously. They appropriated a small amount of money to the United States Public Health Service (PHS) to deal with the epidemic. This appropriation, although small, continued a trend of the federal government becoming more involved in health efforts at the expense of states, and was used as a justification for later federal health initiatives. The PHS actively used the influenza epidemic to push for their own expansion, arguing that their success in combatting influenza showed their merit, and used it to ensure that they would maintain their power and authority after the epidemic ceased. For all of these groups, the Spanish influenza epidemic provided an opportunity for their work, and reinforced their beliefs that their efforts were needed and vital to the nation and world.

This dissertation studies a small American religious group that survived unscathed during the Third Reich. Some fifteen thousand members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Mormons, lived under National Socialism. Unlike persecuted Jews and Jehovah's Witnesses, and other small American-based sects that suffered severe restrictions, the Mormons worshiped freely under Hitler's regime. They survived by stressing congruence between church doctrine and Nazi dogma. Mormons emphasized their interest in genealogical research and sports, sent their husbands into the Wehrmacht and their sons into the Hitler Youth, and prayed for a Nazi victory in wartime. Mormon leaders purged all Jewish references from hymnals, lesson plans and liturgical practices, and shunned their few Jewish converts. They resurrected a doctrinal edict that required deference to civil authority, which the Mormons had not always obeyed. Some Mormons imagined fanciful connections with Nazism, to the point that a few believed Hitler admired their church, copied its welfare program, and organized the Nazi party along Mormon lines. This dissertation builds upon Christine Elizabeth King's theory of a common Weltanschauung between Mormons and Nazis, and Steven Carter's description of the Mormons' "accommodation" with National Socialism. Instead of a passive approach, however, the Mormons pursued aggressive and shameless "ingratiation" with the Nazi state. This work also examines memory. Mormons later tried to forget their pandering to the Nazis, especially when large numbers of Germans immigrated to Utah in the post-war period. When the story of a martyred Mormon resister, Helmuth Hubener, emerged in the 1970s, church officials interfered with the research of scholars at Brigham Young University. They feared that Hubener's example would incite Mormon youth to rebel against dictators abroad, hurt the church's relations with communist East Germany, and would offend recent German Mormon immigrants in Utah. A few Mormons shunned and harassed Hubener's surviving coconspirators. In recent years, Hubener?excommunicated for rebellion against the Nazis but later restored to full church membership?has been rehabilitated as a recognized hero of Mormonism. A new collective memory has been forged, one of wartime courage and suffering, while the inconvenient past is being conveniently discarded.

This thesis examines the role of missionaries, the colonial government, and leprosy patients in the formation of leprosy settlements in Uganda, from the first inception of the settlements in 1927, until 1951 when the nature of leprosy control in Uganda changed, with the government appointment of a Protectorate leprologist and the creation of more treatment centres. It focuses on four leprosy settlements opened between 1930 and 1934 by the Anglican Church Missionary Society (CMS) and the British and Irish Catholic Franciscan Missionary Sisters for Africa (FMSA) and Mill Hill Mission (MHM). Firstly, this thesis explores the ways in which the differing goals, ideologies, and resources of the Protestant CMS and the Catholic FMSA and MHM shaped the formation of and social environment within leprosy settlements in a highly Christianised and denominationally divided Uganda. Secondly, it examines the relationship between the CMS and Franciscan leprosy missions and the government, exploring the cooperation and conflict that their spiritual and medical priorities had upon the social lives of patients within Uganda’s leprosy settlements. Thirdly, this thesis assesses the extent to which missionaries consciously endeavoured to engineer a social environment for leprosy patients within settlements that conformed to their ideal of Christianised, modern African communities, as well the roles that healthy and leprous Ugandans chose to play in response to these attempts at social engineering. Missionaries and Ugandan leprosy patients had different priorities, but far from being passive receptacles of the ‘civilising’ mission, most leprosy patients were active agents in pursuing their own medical, social, and economic priorities through life in the settlements.

This dissertation identifies and rank orders key factors that motivate and influence Campus Crusade for Christ Staff members, during their college experience, to accept the calling of God and enter vocational Christian service. By investigating these factors, this study can aid in developing laborers for the harvest. The research consisted of administering the research instrument with one hundred and eighty-five research participants. The instrument provided both demographic and motivational factor data for analysis. The targeted population for this study was the new staff of Campus Crusade for Christ in the summer of 2004. The analysis and findings of the data relate to four motivational factors: Theological, Relational, Mentoring, and Ministry experiences. The first research question measured six theological motivational factors: the lostness of man, eternal perspective, lordship of Christ, stewardship of life, the great commission, and spiritual calling. The findings of the study indicated the eternal perspective factor as the most influential theological factor. A casual observation from the research also found that of the four motivational factors, (e.g., Theological, Relational, Mentoring, and Ministry experiences) the Theological motivational factors were ranked the most important. The second research question tested the influence of six relational factors: current church, small group, other peers, parental, mentor, and professional minister. The mentor relationship was found to be the most influential relational factor. Along with the relational factors, the third research questioned measured the type of mentoring and the influence of mentoring on the participants. The intensive staff mentoring category was found to be the most influential category of mentoring. The last motivational factor measured in the study involved eleven different ministry experiences. The findings found that the ministry experiences were the second most influential category of motivational factors. It was concluded that the ministry experiences had a cumulative impact on the participants as the experience was often accomplished in a relational atmosphere. The current study indicates that numerous factors motivate one to accept the call of God and enter Vocational Christian Service. / This item is only available to students and faculty of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary. If you are not associated with SBTS, this dissertation may be purchased from <a href="http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb">http://disexpress.umi.com/dxweb</a> or downloaded through ProQuest's Dissertation and Theses database if your institution subscribes to that service.

A proposta deste trabalho é examinar a tradução dos Clássicos Chineses realizada pelo missionário português Joaquim A. de Jesus Guerra S.J. (1908-1993). Nossos objetivos principais serão: a) caracterizar as diferentes posições no debate entre Joaquim Guerra e James Legge (eminente missionário e sinólogo escocês do séc. XIX) quanto a interpretação do confucionismo; b) elucidar, do ponto de vista da sinologia, aspectos decisivos da tradução de Joaquim Guerra, em particular a tradução do caracter Tian [] como \"Deus\" a qual se abre como chave hermenêutica para a interpretação universalizante do tradutor português. / The purpose of this work is to examine the translation of the Chinese Classics conducted by the Portuguese missionary Joaquim A. de Jesus Guerra S.J. (1908-1993). Our main objectives are: a) to characterize the different positions in the debate between Joaquim Guerra and James Legge (eminent Scottish missionary and sinologist of nineteenth century) regarding the interpretation of Confucianism; b) to clarify, from the point of view of sinology, key aspects of the translation of Joaquim Guerra, in particular the translation of the character Tian [] as \"God\" which unfolds as a hermeneutical key for the universalizing interpretation of the Portuguese translator.

Les missionnaires catholiques arrivent au Rwanda en 1900. En collaboration avec le pouvoir colonial, ils entreprirent des transformations économiques, sociales, politiques et culturelles. Le rôle de l'Église était l'évangélisation, elle avait aussi en charge l'instruction de la société rwandaise. Au fur et à mesure que les années avançaient, les rwandais étaient initiés à la culture de récrit aux dépens de l'oralité. Très vite le besoin de vouloir entretenir les néophytes dans la foi chrétienne et surtout prolonger la formation dispensée au rabais dans les catéchuménats, ils décident de mettre en place une presse catholique en fondant une série de journaux publiés dans la langue vernaculaire et en français. En plus des enseignements religieux, les articles publiés abordaient les problèmes sociaux, politiques. A titre d'exemple grâce au premier journal "Kinyamateka", les autorités tant de l'administration coloniale qu'autochtones faisaient parvenir leurs directives à la population. La ligne éditoriale a subi des modifications s'intéressant davantage aux problèmes sociaux et politiques du pays sans laisser de côté les aspects de la vie chrétienne. Cette presse a contribué grandement dans la conscientisation des lecteurs face aux courants politiques déclenchés à la veille de l'accession à l'indépendance. Pendant une trentaine d'années (1931-1961) elle est parvenue à jouer son rôle de former, d'informer et d'orienter l'opinion de ses lecteurs. / Roman Catholic missionaries arrived in Rwanda in 1900. ln collaboration with the colonial power, they began with economic, social., political and cultural transformations. The role of the Church was evangelization : it was also in charge of the education of the Rwandan society. As the years progressed, the Rwandans were introduced to the culture of writing at the expense of oral practices. Soon the need of wanting to maintain those new baptized people to the Christian faith and especially to extend the training of catechumen which were not efficiently formed, they decided to set up a PRINT MEDIA based in a series of papers published either in the vernacular or in French language. ln addition to the religious teachings, the articles addressed the social and political problems. For example with the first newspaper to be implemented, " Kinyamateka", the authorities the colonial as indigenous used it to send their instructions to the population. After several years the editorial line has been modified and became more concerned with social and political problems of the country without neglecting aspects of the Christian life. This catholic press has contributed greatly to the awareness of readers deal with political currents triggered the eve of independence. For thirty years (1931-1961) it was able to play its role to educate, inform and guide the opinion of its readers.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cintia Gemmo Vilani.pdf: 1579666 bytes, checksum: ad0a72552cec7a44e034d9f1a9155081 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-03 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Christian missionaries from historic Protestant churches Baptist, Presbyterian, Methodist and Lutheran have performed important work to spread their faith across a variety of countries. Given that their activities overseas involve a number of variables, including issues such as bureaucracy and corruption in the workplace; that they may have to work within a different social or political context than that of their homeland, having to adapt to the local culture mastering the language, coping with the different lifestyle (cognitive flexibility and acculturation) ; and that emotional problems occasionally emerge in the process, this Thesis set out to study the mental health of Brazilian Protestant missionaries in cross-cultural settings. We conducted quantitative and qualitative research, using a set of assessment instruments consisting of a demographic questionnaire; Wilson s Revised Sociocultural Adaptation Scale (SCAS-R) (2013); Martin & Rubin s Cognitive Flexibility Scale (1995); and Beck s inventories of anxiety (BAI) and depression symptoms (BDI) (2001). For statistical analysis, we used non-parametric tests such as Pearson s chi-square, Spearman s correlation, the Kruskal-Wallis, and Multiple Linear Regression, in order to understand how the variables related to the symptoms of anxiety and depression. The continuous variables were entered using a simple average, and the information obtained in the essay questions, categorized into themes for assimilation. We found an adult, gender-balanced sample of 20 men (41%) and 29 women (59%), many (20, or 41%) of whom were 31-40 year-olds, mostly (30, or 61%) married. The cross section included missionaries working in 21 identified countries and in one country that remained unnamed for safety reasons. Most respondents were with the Brazilian Baptist Convention s World Missions Committee (Junta de Missões Mundiais); 25 (or 51% of) participants had completed high school and 23 (48%) of them had an undergraduate degree; 36 (74%) were already acting as cross-cultural missionaries and 18 (37%) had been working abroad for 6 or 10 years. Of those interviewed, 49% developed the missionary activity as a career; 43 (88%) were engaged exclusively in religious activities; and their work time in the mission field averaged 45.8 hours a week.. It was observed that 35 participants had higher than expected level of anxiety for the Brazilian and global population and seven had levels of depression than expected for the world Brazilian population and global population. Cultural adaptation, as well as the type of support offered by the conjugal family (wife / husband / children); not work in gainful activities beyond the missionary service; education level, economic status and physical variables were correlated with the level of anxiety of the missionaries. With regard to depression was correlated with time missionary service performed outside Brazil; if the first experience of acting as a cross-cultural missionary and the burden of weekly working hours. Yet identified the tendency of participants to use religious coping resources as a way of coping with difficulties, many of which are not related to everyday life and faith. Pointed out the need for future research to better understand the phenomena related with the purpose of providing support and psychological care to missionaries working in cross-cultural context / Os missionários cristãos das igrejas protestantes históricas - batista, presbiteriana, metodista e luterana têm realizado um trabalho importante para a expansão do Cristianismo em diversos países. A despeito da vocação e relevância do trabalho tem sido identificado tanto pela literatura religiosa quanto a científica, a presença de dificuldades emocionais freqüentes, principalmente quadros de ansiedade e depressão. O objetivo desta tese foi identificar as variáveis associadas às condições de saúde mental de missionários brasileiros protestantes em contexto transcultural. Foi realizada uma pesquisa quanti-quali, utilizando-se um questionário com questões demográficas, acerca de significado do trabalho e apoio social; a Escala de Adaptação Sociocultural Revisada (SCAS-R) de Wilson (2013); Escala de Flexibilidade Cognitiva de Martin & Rubin (1995); e os inventários de sintomas ansiosos (BAI) e depressivos (BDI) de Beck (2001) que foi disponibilizada e respondida online por uma amostra em bola-de-neve. Tratou-se de uma amostra 49 adultos, equilibrada em relação ao sexo (20 homens e 29 mulheres); a maioria com idade entre 31 e 40 anos, casados e com filhos crianças atuando em 22 países, um dos quais não identificado. A maioria deles agenciados pela Junta Mundial de Missões 25; apresentavam alta escolaridade com 23 dos participantes com graduação completa; 36 já estava atuando como missionários transculturais sendo que 18 dos participantes estavam há 6 e 10 anos atuando no exterior. Dentre os missionários, 24 desenvolveram essa atividade como carreira; 43 não exerciam atividades extra-religiosas; possuindo em média, 45,8 horas/semanais em campo missionário. Observou-se que 35 participantes apresentaram nível de ansiedade superior ao esperado para a população brasileira e mundial e sete apresentaram nível de depressão acima do esperado para a população brasileira e mundial. Adaptação cultural, bem como com o tipo de apoio oferecido pela família conjugal (esposa/marido/filhos); não trabalhar em atividades remuneradas além do serviço missionário; nível de escolaridade, condição econômica e física, foram as variáveis correlacionadas com o nível de ansiedade dos missionários. No que se refere à depressão estava correlacionada ao tempo de serviço missionário executado fora do Brasil; se a primeira experiência de atuação como missionário transcultural e a carga de horário semanal de trabalho. Identificamos ainda a tendência dos participantes em utilizar recursos de coping religioso como forma de enfrentamento das dificuldades, muitas das quais de cotidiano e não relativas à fé. Aponta-se a necessidade de futuras pesquisas para compreender melhor os fenômenos relacionados, com a finalidade de proporcionar suporte e cuidado psicológico aos missionários que atuam em contexto transcultural

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:31:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Antonio Martins Ramos.pdf: 79760537 bytes, checksum: 072e64852f8492d854fe998965b071a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-18 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This work consists of research on the cultural-religious meeting held between Shamanism and Catholicism, focusing on Brazil, between the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, involving more directly European missionaries, especially the Jesuits, and Tupinambás shamans, known as pajés. This meeting resulted in a rivalry that, for large similarities in the relations of alterity, was inserted in a broader field, between different indigenous groups in South America, as the Guarani, and other Europeans of different nationalities, religious orders and lay people such as travelers and chroniclers, reaching up to the following centuries. By reading the European written sources, we can find descriptive elements of the Tupi-Guarani shamanism and also of the point of view of European alterity, through many commonalities among the various accounts. From the European point of view, we identify the condemnation of pajés and their association with witchcraft, that although discrediting their practices, they have served to them for their catechetical actions. About tupinambá shamanism, reports realize various practices such as medicinal cures, rituals, speeches and gestural actions, and spiritual intermediary through sacred symbols, such as the maraca, so it is possible to draw a profile of this shamanism. For the methodology of reading these sources, we start from the assumption that it is possible to withdraw relevant information, if not the voice of the Indians, at least the European alterity and processes and facts of meeting and dispute. This is not only to deepen the history of catechesis and of shamanism, but also the elements that constituted the cultural exchange and its consequences / Este trabalho consiste na pesquisa sobre o encontro cultural-religioso ocorrido entre xamanismo e catolicismo, com foco no Brasil, entre os séculos XVI e XVII, envolvendo mais diretamente missionários europeus, especialmente os jesuítas, e os xamãs tupinambás, conhecidos como pajés. Este encontro resultou numa rivalidade que, por grandes semelhanças nas relações de alteridade, esteve inserida num campo mais amplo, entre diversos grupos indígenas da América do Sul, como os guaranis, e outros europeus de diversas nacionalidades, ordens religiosas, e também leigos, como viajantes e cronistas, alcançando até os séculos seguintes. Através da leitura das fontes escritas europeias, podemos encontrar elementos descritivos do xamanismo tupi-guarani e também do ponto de vista da alteridade europeia, através de muitos pontos em comum entre os mais diversos relatos. Do ponto de vista europeu, identificamos a condenação dos pajés e sua associação com a feitiçaria, que embora desacreditando suas práticas, serviram-se delas para suas ações de catequese. Sobre o xamanismo tupinambá, os relatos dão conta de práticas diversas tais como, curas medicinais, rituais, ações dircursivas e gestual, e intermediação espiritual através de simbologias sagradas, como a do maracá, de modo que é possível traçar um perfil deste xamanismo . Para a metodologia de leitura destas fontes, partimos da hipótese que é possível se retirar informações relevantes, quando não da voz dos índios, ao menos da alteridade europeia e dos processos e fatos do encontro e da disputa. Trata-se não apenas de se aprofundar a história da catequese e do xamanismo, mas também dos elementos que constituíram as trocas culturais e as suas consequências

Les missions catholiques auprès des populations nord-Amérindiennes canadienness’offrent à la recherche en sciences sociales comme un laboratoire d’expériences de la rencontreinterculturelle. Cette thèse se veut une anthropologie comparée de deux aires culturellesparticulièrement au sujet de deux points : les processus d’adaptation à l’altérité et la constructionculturelle du genre féminin. Nous proposons d’interroger la façon dont le contexte des missionspermet de mettre en comparaison deux cultures dans le rapport de chacune à l’altérité etcomment, dans cette altérité respective, il est possible d’observer deux versions du genre fémininse dessiner. Pour ce faire, les récits de vie des femmes missionnaires catholique ayant travailléavec les populations autochtones de l’Ouest canadien au XXe siècle sont au cœur de notrepropos, tout comme l’ethnographie classique nord-Amérindienne, ravivée et complétée par denouveaux témoignages. Notre propos s’éclaircit en trois temps. Tout d’abord, avec uneethnographie des acteurs de la rencontre, où religieuses missionnaires et populations autochtonesde l’Ouest canadien sont présentées dans une situation interactionnelle. L’analyse se poursuitensuite par l’interrogation des processus d’adaptation à l’altérité qui d’une part peuvent êtredéfinis par le principe d’inculturation et d’autre part par une logique d’adoption etd’appropriation. Enfin, nous proposons de mettre en lumière la construction culturelle du genreféminin à travers les expériences vécues dans ce contexte des missions. En interrogeant ladiversité culturelle, nous espérons mettre en relief les enjeux de production culturelle dans lesdialogues et négociations permanents entre ces deux mondes qui se rencontrent. / Catholic missions to North American Indian territories in Canada offer an experimental laboratory of the intercultural encounters for the social sciences. This doctoral thesis proposes a comparative anthropology of two cultural areas, particularly with regard to two points : the adaptation processes to alterity and the cultural construction of the female gender. We propose to ask how the context of the mission allows compare two cultures in their relation to each other, and how this respective alterity can highlight two versions of the female gender ? To do this, the focus will be on the life stories of Catholic missionary nuns who worked with the North American Indian people (from Western Canada in the twentieth century), just as well the classic North-Amerindian ethnography, completed and strengthened with new testimonies. Our questioning becomes clear in three stages. First, with an ethnography of the protagonists of the encounter : missionary nuns and Aboriginal peoples of Western Canada are presented. Then, the analysis continues with the questioning of the adaptation processes to alterity, which can be defined by the inculturation principle on the one hand, and by adoption and appropriation logic on the other. Finally, we propose to bring to light the cultural construction of the female gender through the experiences lived in this missionary intercultural encounter context. By questioning cultural diversity in this context, we hope to highlight the stakes of cultural productions in the permanent dialogues and negotiations between these two worlds that encounter each other.

Thesis (M.Ed.) -- University of the North, 1992 / Refer to the document