Im Kontext von In-Memory-Datenbanksystemen nehmen leichtgewichtige Kompressionsalgorithmen eine entscheidende Rolle ein, um eine effiziente Speicherung und Verarbeitung großer Datenmengen im Hauptspeicher zu realisieren. Verglichen mit klassischen Komprimierungstechniken wie z.B. Huffman erzielen leichtgewichtige Kompressionsalgorithmen vergleichbare Kompressionsraten aufgrund der Einbeziehung von Kontextwissen und erlauben eine schnellere Kompression und Dekompression. Die Vielfalt der leichtgewichtigen Kompressionsalgorithmen hat in den letzten Jahren zugenommen, da ein großes Optimierungspotential über die Einbeziehung des Kontextwissens besteht. Um diese Vielfalt zu bewältigen haben wir uns mit der Modularisierung von leichtgewichtigen Kompressionsalgorithmen beschäftigt und ein allgemeines Kompressionsschema entwickelt. Durch den Austausch einzelner Module oder auch nur eingehender Parameter lassen sich verschiedene Algorithmen einfach realisieren.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:48:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PriscillaVD_DISSERT.pdf: 2033070 bytes, checksum: 27c8a6f6a0e802c19b0f74553cc6db23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-28 / The field of Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks (WSAN) is fast increasing and has attracted the interest of both the research community and the industry because of several factors, such as the applicability of such networks in different application domains (aviation, civil engineering, medicine, and others). Moreover, advances in wireless communication and the reduction of hardware components size also contributed for a fast spread of these networks. However, there are still several challenges and open issues that need to be tackled in order to achieve the full potential of WSAN usage. The development of WSAN systems is one of the most relevant of these challenges considering the number of variables involved in this process. Currently, a broad range of WSAN platforms and low level programming languages are available to build WSAN systems. Thus, developers need to deal with details of different sensor platforms and low-level programming abstractions of sensor operational systems on one hand, and they also need to have specific (high level) knowledge about the distinct application domains, on the other hand. Therefore, in order to decouple the handling of these two different levels of knowledge, making easier the development process of WSAN systems, we propose LWiSSy (Domain Language for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks Systems), a domain specific language (DSL) for WSAN. The use of DSLs raises the abstraction level during the programming of systems and modularizes the system building in several steps. Thus, LWiSSy allows the domain experts to directly contribute in the development of WSANs without having knowledge on low level sensor platforms, and network experts to program sensor nodes to meet application requirements without having specific knowledge on the application domain. Additionally, LWiSSy enables the system decomposition in different levels of abstraction according to structural and behavioral features and granularities (network, node group and single node level programming) / As Redes de Sensores e Atuadores Sem Fio (RSASF) v?m emergindo rapidamente e t?m atra?do o interesse da comunidade de pesquisa e da ind?stria, gra?as a v?rios fatores, dentre eles a aplicabilidade desse tipo de rede nos mais diversos dom?nios de aplica??es (avia??o, engenharia civil, medicina, dentre outros). Al?m disso, avan?os na comunica??o sem fio e miniaturiza??o dos componentes de hardware tamb?m contribu?ram para a r?pida prolifera??o dessas redes. Apesar disso, ainda existem alguns desafios a serem transpostos a fim de se atingir o pleno potencial de utiliza??o das RSASF. Dentre estes, o desenvolvimento de sistemas de RSASF aparece como um dos mais relevantes atualmente, haja vista a quantidade de vari?veis envolvidas no processo de desenvolvimento. Atualmente, uma vasta gama de plataformas de RSASF e diversas linguagens de programa??o de baixo n?vel podem ser empregadas no desenvolvimento desses sistemas. Dessa forma, ? necess?rio que o desenvolvedor possua tanto conhecimento de baixo n?vel relativo ? plataforma da RSASF, quanto conhecimento espec?fico do dom?nio de cada uma das aplica??es presentes no sistema. A fim de efetuar o desacoplamento da utiliza??o destes conhecimentos durante o processo de desenvolvimento, de forma a facilitar tal processo, este trabalho prop?e LWiSSy (Domain Language for Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks Systems), uma linguagem para modelagem de sistemas para RSASF baseada no uso de DSLs (Domain Specific Language). As DSLs, pelo fato de aumentarem o n?vel de abstra??o da programa??o e modularizarem a constru??o de sistemas em v?rias etapas, permitir?o que ambos os especialistas envolvidos (dom?nio e redes) possam contribuir diretamente durante o desenvolvimento do sistema e de maneira mais desacoplada do que ocorre atualmente. Al?m dos benef?cios supracitados, LWiSSy possibilitar? ainda a decomposi??o do sistema em diferentes n?veis de abstra??o, haja vista a necessidade de representar diferentes caracter?sticas (estrutural e comportamental) e granulosidades (programa??o em n?vel de rede, em n?vel de grupos de n?s e em n?vel de n?) em um ?nico sistema

Submitted by RENATO Kogeyama (rkogeyama@gmail.com) on 2018-10-19T21:14:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 final_version.pdf: 1117817 bytes, checksum: f74b9b8398397e1c4fdc399a581996a8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2018-10-25T20:18:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 final_version.pdf: 1117817 bytes, checksum: f74b9b8398397e1c4fdc399a581996a8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-29T20:13:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 final_version.pdf: 1117817 bytes, checksum: f74b9b8398397e1c4fdc399a581996a8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-20 / Literature on modularity acknowledges its relevance to innovation, but it rarely addresses the relationship between modularity and the structure of competition in technological markets. In this dissertation, I seek to extend received wisdom by shedding light on this relationship, and I find that modularity affects the structure of competition by shifting the locus of value capture. An empirical test provides evidence that interfaces are pivotal for prevalence in technological markets due to the network effects created by the use of modularization at the component level, on the design stage. Also, I demonstrate that the location of modularity asymmetrically affects the performance of firms. Firms which adopt modular components performs better than firms that adopt proprietary components when horizontal differentiation is more important than vertical differentiation. Lastly, I examine the effect of participation in Standard Setting Organizations to job mobility and I find an unexpected consequence of competition in technological markets: participation in the standardization effort may inadvertently lead firms to leak intellectual capital due increased job mobility of their inventors. / A literatura atual em modularidade reconhece sua relevância para a inovação, mas raramente discute a relação entre modularidade e a estrutura da competição em mercados tecnológicos. Nesta tese, eu busco expandir o conhecimento neste tema, e identifico que a modularidade afeta a estrutura da competição ao alterar o foco da captura de valor. Um teste empírico fornece evidências de que as interfaces são fundamentais na competição em mercados tecnológicos por causa dos efeitos de rede gerados a partir da modularização no nível do componente, na etapa de projeto. Além disso, eu demonstro que a localização da modularidade afeta assimetricamente o desempenho das empresas. As empresas que adotam componentes modulares obtêm desempenho superior que as empresas que adotam componentes proprietários quando a diferenciação horizontal é mais importante que a diferenciação vertical. Por último, eu examino os efeitos da participação em Organizações de Padronização na taxa de mudança de empregos, e encontro uma consequência inesperada da competição em mercados tecnológicos: a participação em processos de padronização de tecnologias pode inadvertidamente levar empresas a perder capital intelectual para a concorrência devido a um aumento da taxa de mudança de empregos de seus inventores.

Im Kontext von In-Memory-Datenbanksystemen nehmen leichtgewichtige Kompressionsalgorithmen eine entscheidende Rolle ein, um eine effiziente Speicherung und Verarbeitung großer Datenmengen im Hauptspeicher zu realisieren. Verglichen mit klassischen Komprimierungstechniken wie z.B. Huffman erzielen leichtgewichtige Kompressionsalgorithmen vergleichbare Kompressionsraten aufgrund der Einbeziehung von Kontextwissen und erlauben eine schnellere Kompression und Dekompression. Die Vielfalt der leichtgewichtigen Kompressionsalgorithmen hat in den letzten Jahren zugenommen, da ein großes Optimierungspotential über die Einbeziehung des Kontextwissens besteht. Um diese Vielfalt zu bewältigen haben wir uns mit der Modularisierung von leichtgewichtigen Kompressionsalgorithmen beschäftigt und ein allgemeines Kompressionsschema entwickelt. Durch den Austausch einzelner Module oder auch nur eingehender Parameter lassen sich verschiedene Algorithmen einfach realisieren.:1 Einleitung 1 2 Modularisierung von Komprimierungsmethoden 5 2.1 Zum Literaturstand 5 2.2 Einfaches Schema zur Komprimierung 7 2.3 Weitere Betrachtungen 11 2.3.1 Splitmodul und Wortgenerator mit mehreren Ausgaben 11 2.3.2 Hierarchische Datenorganisation 13 2.3.3 Mehrmaliger Aufruf des Schemas 15 2.4 Bewertung und Begründung der Modularisierung 17 2.5 Zusammenfassung 17 3 Modularisierung für verschiedene Kompressionsmuster 19 3.1 Frame of Reference (FOR) 19 3.2 Differenzkodierung (DELTA) 21 3.3 Symbolunterdrückung 23 3.4 Lauflängenkodierung (RLE) 23 3.5 Wörterbuchkompression (DICT) 24 3.6 Bitvektoren (BV) 26 3.7 Vergleich verschiedener Muster und Techniken 26 3.8 Zusammenfassung 30 4 Konkrete Algorithmen 31 4.1 Binary Packing 31 4.2 FOR mit Binary Packing 33 4.3 Adaptive FOR und VSEncoding 35 4.4 PFOR-Algorithmen 38 4.4.1 PFOR und PFOR2008 38 4.4.2 NewPFD und OptPFD 42 4.4.3 SimplePFOR und FastPFOR 46 4.4.4 Anmerkungen zur differenzkodierten Daten 49 5.4 Simple-Algorithmen 49 4.5.1 Simple-9 49 4.5.2 Simple-16 50 4.5.3 Relative-10 und Carryover-12 52 4.6 Byteorientierte Kodierungen 55 4.6.1 Varint-SU und Varint-PU 56 4.6.2 Varint-GU 56 4.6.3 Varint-PB 59 4.6.4 Varint-GB 61 4.6.5 Vergleich der Module der Varint-Algorithmen 62 4.6.6 RLE VByte 62 4.7 Wörterbuchalgorithmen 63 4.7.1 ZIL 63 4.7.2 Sigmakodierte invertierte Dateien 65 4.8 Zusammenfassung 66 5 Eigenschaften von Komprimierungsmethoden 69 5.1 Anpassbarkeit 69 5.2 Anzahl der Pässe 71 5.3 Genutzte Information 74 5.4 Art der Daten und Arten von Redundanz 74 5.5 Zusammenfassung 77 6 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 79

H2 Green Steel AB was founded in 2020 to build a large-scale green steel factory in Boden, Norrbotten, Sweden. The factory consists of green hydrogen production, iron production and steel production. In 2030, the factory’s annual steel production will be 5 million tonnes annually. The objective of the thesis was to build a concept to improve a recommendation for a Hydrogenproduction site in an early stage of engineering. It included improving the understanding and basis for three criteria. The first criteria consisted of technical and customer requirements, seeing the requirements for the specific application of hydrogen as the critical factor. The second criteria consisted of further investigating how existing interfaces and utilities can be used in hydrogen production and building the basis for qualification. The third criteria consisted of adapting the concept to existing internal design tools by building it forward compatible. The thesis was initiated by bench-marking possible activities related to the recommendation acting as technical support and extensions to existing solutions. The research approach used was Design Research Methodology (DRM), held as the framework for execution. The result from the thesis delivers a database model built upon three linked packages providing a methodology of increased technical information, forward compatibility and a modular approach for design.

Stärker verteilte Systeme in der Planung und Produktion verbessern die Agilität und Wartbarkeit von Einzelkomponenten, wobei gleichzeitig jedoch deren Vernetzung untereinander steigt. Das stellt wiederum neue Anforderungen an die semantische Beschreibung der Komponenten und deren Verbindungen, wofür Informations- und Datenmodelle unabdingbar sind. Der Lebenszyklus dieser Modelle ist dabei von Änderungen geprägt, mit denen umgegangen werden muss. Heutige Revisionsverwaltungssysteme, die die industriell geforderte Nachvollziehbarkeit bereitstellen könnten, sind allerdings nicht auf die speziellen Anforderungen der Informations- und Datenmodelle zugeschnitten, wodurch Möglichkeiten einer konsistenten Evolution verringert werden. Im Rahmen dieser Dissertation wurde ein Revision Management System zur durchgängigen Unterstützung der Evolution von Informations- und Datenmodellen entwickelt, das Revisionsverwaltungs- und Evolutionsmechanismen integriert. Besonderheit ist hierbei die technologieunabhängige mathematische und semantische Beschreibung, die eine Überführung des Konzepts in unterschiedliche Technologien ermöglicht. Beispielhaft wurde das Konzept für das Semantic Web als Weiterentwicklung des Open-Source-Projektes R43ples umgesetzt. / The increased distribution of systems in planning and production leads to improved agility and maintainability of individual components, whereas concurrently their cross-linking increases. This causes new requirements for the semantic description of components and links for which information and data models are indispensable. The life cycle of those models is characterized by changes that must be dealt with. However, today’s revision control systems would provide the required industrial traceability but are not enough for the specific requirements of information and data models. As a result, possibilities for a consistent evolution are reduced. Within this thesis a revision management system was developed, integrating revision control and evolution mechanisms to support the evolution of information and data models. The key is the technology-independent mathematical and sematic description allowing the application of the concept within different technologies. Exemplarily the concept was implemented for the Semantic Web as an extension of the open source project R43ples.

<p>Systems engineering (SE) is an increasingly relevant domain in an increasingly interconnected world, but the demand for SE education is impeded by the challenges of effectively teaching interdisciplinary material that emphasizes the development of a mentality over specific skills. A modularized, asynchronous, distributed course configuration may provide an advantageous alternative to more traditional hybrid course designs. Online courses have been a topic in the educational field since the establishment of the internet. However, the widespread disruptions to higher education due to the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the demand for and difficulty of developing deliberate and robust learning environments designs that consider a variety of traditional and non-traditional students. This thesis presents a case design of a learning environment for an interdisciplinary-focused, introductory graduate-level systems course that has previously been designed for, and taught in, a hybrid environment. The case design will emphasize the information architecture (IA) and user experience (UX) prototype design of the learning environment as informed by user-centric principles, cognitive theories and analyses, the IA literature, and existing course content. This focus on learner knowledge development (“beyond-the-screen”) factors rather than the direct user interface (“at-the-screen”) provides design recommendations and insights that are robust to changing user interface trends and preferences. A distribution of learners with varying backgrounds, learning needs, and goals associated with the material will be identified. These individual differences can dramatically impact the effectiveness of potential interventions, particularly when different types of learners have directly conflicting needs. Thus, the online learning environment will utilize adaptable interfaces to move away from a “one-size-fits-all” design approach. Content modularization and non-sequential, tag-based navigation were utilized to address the challenges of teaching highly interdisciplinary material. This thesis emphasizes a learning environment design that aims to teach highly interdisciplinary systems subject matter to a variety of learners with a variety of characteristics in an asynchronous, online format while making use of existing course material. </p>

This report presents a master’s thesis in Industrial Design Engineering at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. The project was conducted on behalf of Silva Sweden AB during the spring of 2023, with the goal of modularizing Silva’s current assortment of land compasses. The objectives included reducing the number of components and improving repairability while contributing to Silva’s sustainability framework. Additional objectives were to redesign vital components in order to enable a modular system that is implementable in a circular business model, benefiting both customers and Silva. The methodology of this project included researching, collecting data, mapping, testing and evaluating, ideating, developing, finalizing and communicating. Moreover, the focuses of this project have been the development of baseplates, the compass housing assembly and the mirror attachment. The final design and new compass assortment resulted in a reduction of 40 % of the total components. The most influencing factors for the reduction, besides standardization, were an improved housing assembly and a solution that joins the regular baseplate with a detachable mirror through a snap fit. In relation to the purpose of this project, all objectives are concluded as fulfilled as well as the deliverables which are successfully achieved as well. In conclusion, the result of this project provides a new and modular compass design that minimizes the number of components while contributing to the development of a sustainable compass assortment. / Detta är en masteruppsats inom Teknisk Design vid KTH Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan i Stockholm. Projektet genomfördes under våren 2023 på uppdrag av Silva Sweden AB med målet att modularisera Silvas befintliga sortiment av landkompasser. Syftet med projektet inkluderade minskning av antalet komponenter samt att utöka möjligheten för reparation av kompasser, och således bidra till Silvas pågående hållbarhetsarbete. Lösningen bör även möjliggöra ett modulärt system som ska kunna implementeras i en cirkulär affärsmodell till förmån för både kunder och Silva som företag. Metodiken i detta projekt inkluderade forskning, datainsamling, kartläggning, testning och utvärdering, idégenerering, utveckling, avslutning och kommunikation. Fokus för detta projekt varit att utveckla basplattan, nålhuset och spegelfästet. Den slutliga designen och det nya kompass sortimentet resulterade i en minskning på 40% av det totala antalet komponenter. De mest avgörande faktorerna för minskningen var den modulära lösningen som kombinerade den vanliga basplattan med en avtagbar spegel, samt standardiseringen av komponenter i det nya nålhuset. Utifrån de syften och mål som definierades i projektet så påvisar den slutgiltiga designen att alla dessa är uppfyllda. Sammanfattningsvis visar projektets resultat en ny och modulär kompassdesign som minskar antalet komponenter samtidigt som den bidrar till utvecklingen av ett hållbart kompass sortiment.

Today, one of the greatest concerns for companies is how well their business will fit their future markets. However, predicting how the future will unfold is almost impossible for many industries, but companies that fail to prepare their products for future markets will most likely face substantial problems. Consequently, many companies have drawn their interest to product development strategies that cope with an unpredictable future, and research has highlighted Modularization as one such strategy. Nevertheless, there are no current methods that integrate future studies into the modularization process. Besides, there are no methods that evaluate the resilience of modular configurations against future scenarios. In the absence of such methods, this study targets the gap between future studies and modularization. The objective is to explore how scenario modeling can be used in the modularization process to evaluate the fitness of modular configurations against future conditions. The study scope is a simplified inter-urban transport mission with a particular focus on battery-electric and fuel-cell electric trucks. To meet the objective, this study builds upon a scenario framework from previous research that provides possible but yet distinctive futures within the transportation industry. Further, the future scenarios are bridged to the modularization process by transitioning the most important customer values from the scenarios to measurable design variables. Subsequently, by assigning weights to the customer values in accordance with scenario narratives, the overall efficiency of 42 unique modular configurations could be evaluated against the presumed importance of future customer values. Those findings were used to assess the relative performance of modules with respect to multiple futures and to provide reflections on the most and least robust modular design and configuration choices across multiple futures. In summary, the contribution from this method is shown to be two-fold. On the one hand, the model can provide insights and directions on the future resilience of modular concepts in the early stages of product development processes. On the other hand, it can be used in recurring performance assessments of modular configurations and guide optimization of module variants to prepare modular product configurations for multiple scenarios. / Ett av de största bekymren för företag idag är alltjämt hur bra deras verksamhet kommer möta framtidens kundbehov. Emellertid är det nästan omöjligt att förutspå hur framtiden kommer utvecklas inom många branscher, men samtidigt möter företag överhängande operationella förluster om de misslyckas med att adressera framtidens behov. Föga förvånande har många företag börjat intressera sig för flexibla produktutvecklingsstrategier som kan hantera en oförutsägbar framtid och tidigare forskning har belyst Modularisering som en sådan strategi. Däremot finns det i dagsläget inga nuvarande metoder som tar hänsyn till framtidsstudier i modulariseringsprocessen. Dessutom verkar det inte finnas några metoder som utvärderar effektiviteten hos modulära konfigurationer med avseende på olika framtidsscenarier. I avsaknad av sådana metoder riktar sig detta examensarbete mot gapet mellan framtidsstudier och modularisering av produkter. Syftet är att undersöka hur scenariomodellering kan användas i modulariseringsprocessen för att utvärdera robustheten hos moduler gentemot olika framtidsscenarier. Studien är avgränsad mot inter-urbana transportuppdrag med ett särskilt fokus på batteridrivna och vätgasdrivna lastbilar. För att uppnå forskningssyftet bygger uppsatsen på scenariomodellering från tidigare forskning som bidrar med en uppsättning av möjliga men ändå distinkta framtidsscenarier. Vidare kunde framtidsscenarierna sammanlänkas med modulariseringsprocessen genom att extrahera de viktigaste kundvärdena från framtidsscenarierna och översätta dessa till mätbara design variabler. Därefter kunde den totala effektiviteten för 42 unika lastbilskonfigurationer utvärderas mot framtidakundvärden genom att tilldela kundvärdena olika signifikansnivåer baserat på framtidsscenarierna. Dessaresultat användes för att bedöma konfigurationernas relativa prestanda mot olika framtidsscenarier. Resultatet användes också till att samla in data om modulernas robusthet och sedermera analysera lämpligheten hos enskilda moduler. Sammanfattningsvis bedöms bidraget från metoden vara av dubbel karaktär. Å ena sidan kan metoden ge insikter om den framtida lämpligheten hos modulära koncept i ett tidigt skede av produktutvecklingsprocessen. Samtidigt kan metoden användas i återkommande utvärderingar av modulkonfigurationer och som ledsagning för att optimera modulvarianter och förbereda modulära produktkonfigurationer mot flera framtidsscenarier.

Modularization is a strategy used by many companies, to help them provide their customers with a high variety of customized products efficiently. This is done through the customization of different independent modules, which are connected by standardized interfaces that are shared throughoutthe entire module variety. Scania, being one of the large companies that provide modular products, has been successfully improving their modularization concepts for many years, and is one of the most iconic companies when it comes to modularization of buses, trucks and engines. But with the increasing need ofelectronics integrated in the vehicles, it is becoming more and more important to modularize the electrical system. There is currently an existing, modularized, product architecture for the electrical system, and Scania wants to know how well modularized it is, as there is no unified way that indicates what is considered to be the better solution.To analyze the current state of the electrical system, a systematic method of modularization was used, which would help answer three important questions: Are the modules well defined? Is there a way to systematically compare alternative solutions? What criteria are more important to focus on? Since there is no unified way of modularization, many modularization methods have been created, and each one has been optimized for a certain purpose. This project compares three different modularization methods and then uses one of the methods which is deemed to be the preferred method to help provide the answers that the company seeks when investigating the modularity of the electrical system. As the electrical system is very complex, and the project has limited amount of resources, it was decided to choose one of the control units as an example, which was the APS (air processing system). The literature study showed that the most rewarding method to use was the MFD (Module Function Deployment), as it provides more information about the product and what criteria the company should focus on. It was then decided to use the relevant steps in MFD to analyze the state of the APS as an example of how this method works. / Modularisering är en strategi som används av många företag, för att hjälpa dem att erbjuda sina kunder en mängd olika anpassade produkter på ett effektivt sätt. Detta görs genom anpassning av olika oberoende moduler, som är kopplade med standardiserade gränssnitt som utnyttjas av alla modulvarianterna. Scania, som är ett av de stora företagen som erbjuder modulariserade produkter, har framgångsrikt förbättrat sina modulariseringskoncept under många år och är ett av de mest ikoniska företagen närdet gäller modularisering av bussar, lastbilar och motorer. Men med det ökande behovet av elektronik integrerad i fordonen blir det allt viktigare att modularisera det elektriska systemet. Det finns för närvarande en befintlig, modulär produktarkitektur för det elektriska systemet, och Scania vill veta hur väl modulariserat det är, eftersom det inte finns något enat sätt som anger vad som anses vara den bättre lösningen. För att analysera det elektriska systemets nuvarande tillstånd, måste en systematisk metod förmodularisering användas, vilket skulle hjälpa till att svara på tre viktiga frågor: Är modulerna väldefinierade? Finns det ett sätt att systematiskt jämföra alternativa lösningar? Vilka kriterier är viktigare att fokusera på? Eftersom det inte finns något enhetligt sätt att modularisera har många modulariseringsmetoder skapats, och var och en har optimerats för ett visst ändamål. I projektet jämförs tre olika modulariseringsmetoder och använder sedan en av de metoder som anses vara den föredragna metoden för att hjälpa till att ge svaren som företaget söker när man undersöker modulariteten hos det elektriska systemet. Eftersom det elektriska systemet är väldigt komplext och projektet har begränsat antal resurser beslutades det att välja en av kontrollenheterna som ett exempel, vilket var APS (luftbehandlingssystem). Litteraturstudien visade att den mest givande metoden att använda var MFD (Module FunctionDeployment), eftersom det ger mer information om produkten och vilka kriterier företaget ska fokusera på. Det bestämdes sedan att använda de relevanta stegen i MFD för att analysera APS tillståndet som ett exempel på hur den här metoden fungerar.