Ce mémoire analyse la notion de fonctionnalité. D'origine jurisprudentielle, ce concept tend à maintenir la dichotomie traditionnelle entre le régime des marques de commerce et celui des brevets. À la lecture des jugements rendus en la matière, le maintien d'une telle dichotomie empêcherait notamment de prolonger indûment un monopole échu sous le régime des brevets par l'enregistrement d'une marque de commerce. Cette étude tente de mieux cerner le concept de fonctionnalité et, plus précisément, de justifier son existence. Pour ce faire, une étude approfondie des régimes des marques de commerce et des brevets, nous permet de comprendre que chacun de ces corps de règles répond à une logique différente. Les fonctions des marques de commerce et des brevets sont en effet distinctes et aucun chevauchement ne semble être permis. Cette situation est d'ailleurs propre à ces régimes spécifiques. Un examen de l'étendue de la notion de fonctionnalité nous permet de constater que d'autres droits de propriété intellectuelle peuvent coexister. À titre d'exemple, nous croyons qu'une intersection est possible entre les régimes des dessins industriels et des marques de commerce. À l'issue de ces recherches, nous constatons que la notion de fonctionnalité est un principe jurisprudentiel bien établi en droit canadien visant à empêcher tout renouvellement à perpétuité d'un brevet par le biais du droit des marques de commerce. L'existence de ce principe nous semble être justifiée en matière de marques de commerce et de brevets. Cette conclusion pourrait toutefois différer dans le cadre d'autres droits de propriété intellectuelle, les fonctions de ces autres régimes semblant permettre des chevauchements. / This memory analyzes the notion of functionality. Of case law origin, this concept tends to maintain the traditional dichotomy between trademarks and patents regimes. In light of judgments rendered on that matter, the preservation of such dichotomy would notably prevent from illegally prolonging a monopoly fallen under the regime of patents by the registration of a trademark. This study tries to understand the concept of functionality and, more specifically, to justify its existence. In order to reach this goal, a detailed study of the regimes of trademarks and patents lead us to conclude that each of these bodies of rules answers to a different logic. Indeed, the functions of trademarks and patents are different and no overlapping seems to be allowed. This situation is particular to these two specific regimes. An examination of the area of the notion of functionality leads us to notice that other rights of intellectual property can coexist. For example, we believe that an intersection is possible between the regimes of industrial designs and trademarks. As a conclusion, we notice that the notion of functionality is a well established principle in Canada which tends to prevent any perpetual renewal of a patent under the trademarks regime. We believe that the existence of this concept is justified under trademarks and patents laws. However, this conclusion could differ within the framework of the other intellectual property rights, since these other rights' functions seem to allow an intersection between them.

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In their highly influential work on the labour market impact of unions termed the collective voice/institutional response model (CVIR), Freeman & Medoff (1984) proposed that whether the unions monopoly or voice face would prevail greatly depended on the unions and managements willingness to compete or cooperate, respectively. However, these authors and the researchers that tested their ideas afterwards neither theorized about nor tested this key moderating condition of a unions impact. The result has been a confusing, mixed and generally inconclusive litany of research findings about the impact of unions at both the individual and organizational levels of analysis. I attempt to resolve this gap in CVIR by using the appropriateness framework (March 1994) to identify when and under what conditions management and unions, along with their members, will respond cooperatively or competitively toward each other. My empirical results are consistent with the idea that management response is a key moderating mechanism of a unions power and thus impact, contributing to zero or negative sum outcomes when management chooses to compete (i.e., union power is exerted in the direction of harmful monopoly effects) and positive sum outcomes when management chooses cooperation (i.e., union power is exerted in the direction of beneficial voice effects). In particular, when environmental cues lead the union and/or unionized employees to believe that management values voice, they will consider cooperation an appropriate response under the circumstances and reciprocate in-kind with other-regarding behaviors. On the other hand, when environmental cues lead the union or unionized employees to believe that management may potentially behave opportunistically, they will consider competition appropriate under the circumstances, and respond in-kind with self-serving, competitive behaviours. Drawing upon the resource-based view of the firm, I argue how a cooperative union-management relationship can be a source of sustainable competitive advantage for the organization (Barney, 1991). / Human Resources Management and Industrial Relations

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o sistema de franchise bidding como uma alternativa à regulação tradicional, tomando-se como exemplo as concessões de rodovias, tanto do ponto de vista teórico como empírico. A partir do estudo de caso envolvendo o programa de concessões rodoviárias gaúchas, o presente trabalho realizou uma análise comparativa entre o sistema de franchise bidding, também conhecido na literatura como leilão de Demsetz (1968), e a regulação direta, identificando-se os principais pressupostos teóricos, as características e os problemas enfrentados e, ainda, as similaridades e diferenças existentes entre os dois modelos propostos. Os resultados obtidos confirmam o diagnóstico realizado por Williamson (1976), indicando que regulação e franchise bidding diferem somente na forma e não em espécie. / The aim of this study is to analyze franchise bidding as an alternative to traditional regulatory systems, approaching both empirically and theoretically the highway concessions as an example. Taking the highway concession program from the state of Rio Grande do Sul as a study case, this study compares the franchise bidding system, also known in the literature as Demsetz bidding (1968), with direct regulation and identifies the main theoretical assumptions, characteristics and problems experienced as well as the similarities and differences between both models. The results confirm Williamson’s (1976) diagnosis showing that regulation and franchise bidding differ only in form rather than kind.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 61080200031.pdf: 2747428 bytes, checksum: acbf6ea654f83010e72bf9e447001d2e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-01 / In order to verify the relationship between models of development predominantly adopted, Constitutional Economic Law and regulation of reinsurance activity in Brazil, the present work studies the changes perpetrated on the use of claims handling clauses in reinsurance contracts in specific moments of Brazilian history, when intense reforms caused important changes in the models of regulation and development in this country: the Vargas era, the Castelo Branco presidency and the Fernando Henrique Cardoso presidency. To carry out this task, the present study, first and foremost, examines the reasons that led to the monopolization and the insulation of the national reinsurance sector along with the creation of Brazilian Reinsurance Institute (BRI) in 1939 and establishes its relationship with the model of development implanted after the 1930 Revolution, the transition from liberal to social Law and the Economic Law confined in the 1934 and 1937 Constitutions. Hereinafter, these facts are weighed against the rules that started to regulate the contracts signed between the BRI and the national insurance companies, specifically those that refer to claims handling. Next, the evolution of the reinsurance market regulation, the creation of the Private Insurance National System and the monopoly of the BRI over this activity are analyzed against its interaction with the models of development that guided the role played by the Brazilian State in the following decades and the Economic Law introduced into the 1946, 1967 and the 1988 Constitutions. After, the uses of claims handling clauses in the reinsurance contracts signed by the BRI under the ruling of the Decree number 73/66 are analyzed through the examination of the Retrocession and Reinsurance General Norms (RRGN) and the Retrocession and Reinsurance Specific Norms (RRSN), both enacted by the BRI. In the first chapter of its second part, this work verifies the relation between the neo-liberalism of the 1980’s and 1990’s, the social solidarity constitutional directive and the good-faith principle in order to comprehend how the changes in the constitutional text made in the 1990’s and the 2000’s altered the negotiation of reinsurance contracts in Brazil. This is aimed at clarifying the correlation between the de-monopolization and the opening of the Brazilian reinsurance activity, the current Constitutional Economic Law and the announced change in the development strategy implemented by the Brazilian government. In order to understand how private corporations started behaving in the recently opened market, the preset dissertation investigates the use of claims handling clauses in reinsurance contracts through the analysis of collected answers to given questionnaires, Brazilian and foreign doctrine on the matter and reinsurance standard contracts in use nowadays. In this same chapter, the possible changes on the comprehension of the international character of the reinsurance activity will also be examined in order to determine the current importance of the international customs as a hermeneutic model and an evidence of a general practice accepted as law. Finally, this work studies the rules proposed by the Bill nº 2.555/2004 and its Substitutes about the use of claims handling clauses in reinsurance contracts. At this moment, some alternative writings of the articles examined are suggested, in addition to some points to be considered in order to define the amplitude of the freedom to contract those clauses granted to the parties. / Para verificar a relação entre modelos de desenvolvimento predominantemente adotados, Direito Econômico Constitucional e regulamentação da atividade ressecuritária no Brasil, o presente trabalho analisa as alterações acarretadas ao uso de cláusulas de regulação de sinistro em contratos de resseguro em determinados momentos da história brasileira, quando intensas reformas promoveram importantes mudanças nos modelos de regulamentação e de desenvolvimento do país: a Era Vargas, a gestão de Castelo Branco, e o Governo de Fernando Henrique Cardoso. Para isto, o presente estudo primeiramente avalia as razões que levaram à monopolização e ao insulamento do setor de resseguros nacional com a criação do Instituto de Resseguros do Brasil (IRB) em 1939 e estabelece a sua relação com o modelo de desenvolvimento implantado a partir da Revolução de 1930, a transição do Direito liberal ao social e as normas de Direito Econômico contidas nas Constituições de 1934 e 1937. Disto posto, estes fatos são correlacionados com as normas que passaram a reger os contratos firmados entre o IRB e as companhias seguradoras nacionais, especificamente aquelas referentes às regulação de sinistros. Em seguida, a evolução da regulamentação do mercado ressecuritário, a criação do Sistema Nacional de Seguros Privados e o monopólio do IRB sobre esta atividade são analisados a partir de sua interação com os modelos de desenvolvimento que nortearam a atuação estatal nas décadas seguintes e o Direito Econômico consagrado nas Constituições de 1946, 1967 e 1988. Após, são estudados os usos das cláusulas de regulação de sinistro nos contratos de resseguro firmados pelo órgão monopolista sob a vigência do Decreto-Lei no 73/66 a partir do exame das Normas Gerais de Resseguro e Retrocessão (NGRR) e de algumas Normas Específicas de Resseguro e Retrocessão (NERR), ambas editadas pelo IRB. No primeiro capítulo de sua segunda parte, este trabalho averigua a relação entre o neoliberalismo das décadas de 1980 e 1990, a diretriz constitucional da solidariedade social e o princípio da boa-fé para compreender como as alterações no texto constitucional perpetradas nas décadas de 1990 e 2000 modificaram a contratação de resseguro no país. Com isto, é esclarecida a correlação entre a desmonopolização e a abertura da atividade ressecuritária brasileira, o Direito Econômico Constitucional atualmente em vigor e a apontada mudança da estratégia de desenvolvimento implantada pelo Estado brasileiro. Para entender como passaram a atuar os agentes privados, o presente estudo investiga a utilização das cláusulas de regulação de sinistro por meio da análise das respostas aos questionários de pesquisa distribuídos, da doutrina nacional e estrangeira e de modelos contratuais hodiernamente utilizados. Ainda neste capítulo, são investigadas possíveis mudanças sobre a compreensão do caráter internacional da atividade resseguradora para determinar a atual importância do recurso aos usos e costumes internacionais como modelos hermenêuticos e jurídicos. Por fim, o presente estudo analisa as regras propostas pelo Projeto de Lei n° 3.555/2004 e seus Substitutivos sobre o uso de cláusulas de regulação de sinistros em contratos de resseguro. Neste momento, são sugeridas outras possíveis redações aos dispositivos examinados, além de alguns pontos a serem considerados para a definição da amplitude da liberdade das partes de contratar tais cláusulas.

Countries worldwide have reformed or are in the process of reforming their telecommunications industries. The reform process is characterised by new laws and policies, and the establishment of regulatory agencies to implement reforms in a new dynamic global environment. Regulatory reform has emerged as an important policy area worldwide. In South Africa, the regulatory environment is undergoing an overhaul to create a framework for vibrant competition and consequently affordable services. The aim of this study is to gain a deeper insight into the capability and state of readiness of the regulatory authority to implement its constitutional mandate: to regulate the industry, create conditions for competition, and to achieve socio-political objectives. The case study research design was used. The methodology include: in-depth interviews, qualitative content analysis and documentation. The report concludes that the regulator lacks behind global best practices in terms of crucial policy and regulatory aspects to successfully implement its mandate. / Communication Science / M. A. (International Communication)

Illich, a critic of the medical profession in industrial societies, researched the "damage done" by the medical establishment on three levels. This study presents an application of Illich's three-level theory of iatrogenesis to a sample of elderly people in old-age homes in and around Pretoria. Fifty in-depth interviews were conducted with old-age home residents. In the focus on clinical iatrogenesis, the aspect of defenceless patients was investigated. With regard to social iatrogenesis, focus was on the interpretation of attitudes revealing an increased medical dependency. Cultural iatrogenesis, which involves the influence of values and norms on thinking patterns, is investigated in terms of the impact of institutionalisation on the autonomy, independence and personal responsibility of residents. Illich's solution to the problem of medicalisation is to be found in the de-bureaucratisation and de-industrialisation of society. Based on the assumptions of critical theory, the emancipation of the individual is suggested as a basis of Illich's proposed structural societal changes / M.A. (Sociology)

State-owned enterprises (SOES) exist in South Africa to drive economic development and improve service delivery to the large population. In order for SOES to achieve their mandates, as set out by government through their shareholding department, financial assistance by the state is imperative. In the case of the monopolistic power utility, Eskom, the South African government (SAGO) has 100% ownership which is managed through the Department of Public Enterprises (DPE). This total ownership by the state means that government is responsible in ensuring that the utility is operational and supported financially. The current study was aimed at evaluating the financial assistance received by SOEs in South Africa by the state with specific focus on Eskom. Eskom was selected from the eight SOES managed by the DPE for the purpose of focusing the research. The focus of the study was on the financial assistance to SOES in South Africa by the state. In 2008, Eskom received funding from different sources through loan intervention of the South African government. The loan and guarantees made available to Eskom by government, enabled the SOE to achieve a positive credit rating. Data for this research was primarily collected through academic journals, books, Acts, White Papers, legislation and personal interviews at the National Treasury (NT). The recommendation that this research states relates to the need for a single policy document on state financial assistance to SOES in South Africa. / Public Administration and Management / M. Admin. (Public Administration)

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o sistema de franchise bidding como uma alternativa à regulação tradicional, tomando-se como exemplo as concessões de rodovias, tanto do ponto de vista teórico como empírico. A partir do estudo de caso envolvendo o programa de concessões rodoviárias gaúchas, o presente trabalho realizou uma análise comparativa entre o sistema de franchise bidding, também conhecido na literatura como leilão de Demsetz (1968), e a regulação direta, identificando-se os principais pressupostos teóricos, as características e os problemas enfrentados e, ainda, as similaridades e diferenças existentes entre os dois modelos propostos. Os resultados obtidos confirmam o diagnóstico realizado por Williamson (1976), indicando que regulação e franchise bidding diferem somente na forma e não em espécie. / The aim of this study is to analyze franchise bidding as an alternative to traditional regulatory systems, approaching both empirically and theoretically the highway concessions as an example. Taking the highway concession program from the state of Rio Grande do Sul as a study case, this study compares the franchise bidding system, also known in the literature as Demsetz bidding (1968), with direct regulation and identifies the main theoretical assumptions, characteristics and problems experienced as well as the similarities and differences between both models. The results confirm Williamson’s (1976) diagnosis showing that regulation and franchise bidding differ only in form rather than kind.

L'adhésion de l'Arabie Saoudite à l'Organisation Mondiale du Commerce (OMC) a joué un rôle moteur dans le développement de son système juridique. Elle a créé la nécessité urgente de développer et de conformer son système judiciaire au libéralisme dominant du commerce mondial. Elle a également donné lieu à l'adoption de la Loi Saoudienne de la Concurrence n°(M/24), le 11 février 2014, en faveur de la protection de la concurrence et la prévention des pratiques monopolistiques. Cette loi vise à faire respecter deux règlementations importantes. La première vise à maintenir les pratiques et le comportement concurrentiels des entreprises qui participent activement au marché, par l'interdiction d'ententes anticoncurrentielles, y compris l'abus de pouvoir de marché, dont certaines entreprises dominantes peuvent se rendre coupables par l'emploi de pratiques concurrentielles. Le second règlement porte sur la préservation de la structure du marché et la restriction des politiques d'entreprise visant à concentrer les opérations. Car, il est naturel que les entreprises cherchent à la fois à gérer leur développement sur le marché et à limiter les effets des politiques anticoncurrentielles et de concentration, en vue de maintenir la liberté de la concurrence.L'étude des pratiques de la Loi saoudienne sur la concurrence révèle, néanmoins, certaines insuffisances, qui sont déterminées en plusieurs points dans les lois française et européenne sur la concurrence. L'objet de cette recherche vise donc à répondre à la nécessité de combler les lacunes de la législation saoudienne. Cette étude comprend également trois types d'actions judiciaires en matière de droit de la concurrence. / Saudi Arabia's recent adhesion to the World Trade Organization (WTO) has created a pressing necessity to develop and conform its judiciary system to the high liberalism of global commerce. Including the adoption of a law favoring the protection of market competition and the prevention of monopolizing practices, in the context of the Saudi Competition Act N° (M/24) of 11111 of February 2014. This law seeks to enforce two important regulations. The first is to maintain the competitive practices and behavior of businesses actively participating in the market by disallowing anti-competitive agreements, as well as the abuse of power that certain dominant companies in the market may be guilty of by not employing competitive practices. The second regulation is the preservation of the structure of the industry market by managing and thereby limiting company policies seeking to concentrate operations, as it is natural that companies seek to manage their market development and as such limit the effects of anti-competitive concentration policies to ensure freedom of competition. While studying these practices in the Saudi Competition Act, insufficiency and negligence has been determined on multiple items mentioned and described in the French and European competition laws, as such the researcher judges it necessary to fill the gaps of these lacking areas in the Saudi legislation. This study also comprises three types of judiciary action in competition law.