Les membranes lipidiques auto-assemblées présentent une riche phénoménologie de comportements dynamiques, et sont présentes dans de nombreux systèmes biologiques. Au cours de cette thèse nous avons étudié la dynamique de ces membranes dans des situations de fort confinement par des modèles théoriques simples. Nous nous sommes focalisés sur le cas d'un confinement entre deux murs, en présence d'un potentiel double-puits menant à deux états possibles d'adhésion (sur le mur du haut, ou sur celui du bas). A l'aide de modèles de lubrification, nous avons obtenu une équation différentielle nonlinéaire et nonlocale décrivant l'évolution de la morphologie de la membrane. Nous avons surtout étudié son comportement dans les systèmes bidimensionnels, où la membrane est un objet unidimensionnel. Dans ce cadre, nous avons montré que la rigidité de courbure de la membrane mène à une dynamique différente de la dynamique de mûrissement obtenue habituellement en présence d'une tension de surface. En effet, la membrane atteint rapidement une configuration gelée, qui dépend des conditions initiales. L'arrêt de la dynamique la conséquence d'une interaction oscillante entre les kinks –définis ici comme parois de domaines dans les systèmes unidimensionnels. L'organisation spatiale de la configuration finale peut être contrôlée par la perméabilité des murs : par exemple, si la membrane est initialement plane, et à mi-chemin entre les deux murs, des morphologies désordonnées sont obtenues pour des murs perméables, alors qu'un ordre à longue distance est obtenu dans le cas imperméable. Nous avons de plus montré que différents ingrédients physiques tels qu'une tension de membrane, l'asymétrie du potentiel d'adhésion, ou le bruit thermique sont susceptibles de restaurer le mûrissement, généralement au dessus d'un seul fini. Inspirés par la biolubrification, nous avons par ailleurs étudié l'influence d'un cisaillement imposé par le mouvement des murs. Les simulations montrent une dynamique riche de plusieurs régimes, qui influence la friction effective entre les murs. Pour les faibles taux de cisaillements, nous obtenons une dynamique complexe et chaotique qui engendre du mûrissement, et mène à un comportement thixotrope, où la force décroît avec le temps. Pour des taux de cisaillement modérés et fort, nous obtenons respectivement des solutions stationnaires périodiques ou du chaos spatiotemprel. Dans ces deux régimes, le système est rhéo-fluidifiant / Self-assembled lipid membranes exhibit a rich variety of dynamical behaviors, and are ubiquitous in biology. In this thesis, we report on the study of dynamics of membranes in strong confinement, using simple theoretical models. We focus on the case of confinement between two walls, in the presence of a double-well potential leading to two possible states of adhesion (on the upper or the lower wall). Using a lubrication model, we obtained a nonlinear and nonlocal partial differential equation describing the evolution of the membrane morphology. We have mainly studied the twodimensional case, where the membrane is a one-dimensional object. Within this frame, we have shown that the membrane bending rigidity leads to dynamics that are different from the coarsening behavior obtained usually in the presence of surface tension. Indeed, the membrane reaches a frozen state, which depends on the initial conditions. The freezing of the dynamics is the consequence of the oscillatory interaction between kinks –here defined as domain walls in one-dimensional systems. The spatial organization of the final state can be controlled by the wall permeability : as an example, starting from a plane membrane half-way between the two walls, disordered configurations are obtained for very permeable walls, while long range order is obtained with impermeable walls. In addition, we have shown that different physical ingredients such as membrane tension, potential asymmetry, or thermal noise, can restore coarsening, usually above a finite threshold. Inspired by biolubrication, we have also studied the influence of shear imposed by the motion of the two confining walls. Simulations show a rich behavior with several regimes, which influence the effective friction between the walls. For weak shear rates, we obtain complex and chaotic dynamics, which induce coarsening, leading to a thixotropic behavior, where the force decreases with time. For moderate or large shear rates, we respectively obtain frozen periodic stationary solutions, or spatio-temporal chaos. In these two regimes, the system exhibits shear-thinning

O boro e o cálcio são nutrientes essenciais para o desenvolvimento das plantas, entretanto existem poucos registros da atuação destes dois nutrientes de forma conjunta em organismos vegetais. Buscando identificar e quantificar as possíveis implicações do micro e macronutriente no desenvolvimento morfogenético de Eucalyptus urophylla, calos foram cultivados in vitro com diferentes concentrações de boro (0, 25, 50, 100 e 200 µM.L-1) e cálcio (0; 3,75; 7,50; 11,25 e 15 mM.L-1) sendo avaliados posteriormente quanto a morfologia externa, morfologia interna, tamanho, conteúdo de massa fresca e seca e variação das respostas bioquímicas para o teor de prolina, carboidratos não estruturais solúveis totais, proteína solúveis totais e eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida. De maneira geral, pode-se verificar que nos dois períodos avaliados as concentrações combinadas de boro e cálcio interferiram em aspectos da morfologia interna que ocasionaram respostas diretas em aspectos visuais das estruturas calogênicas. Da mesma forma, os parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados sofreram a ação das interações nutricionais testadas, determinando a importância desta interação em mecanismos metabólicos, celulares e bioquímicos. / Boron and calcium are essential nutrients in a plant development, but there are few registers of the common action of these two nutrients in a vegetal organisms. In order to identify and to quantify the possible implications of the micro and macronutrient in the morphogenetic development of Eucalyptus urophylla, calluses were cultivated in vitro with different concentrations of boron (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 µM.L-1) and calcium (0; 3,75; 7,50; 11,25 and 15 mM.L-1) and evaluated in relation to external and internal morphology, morphology, size, fresh and oven dry weight, and the variation of biochemical responses to proline, total non-structural soluble carbohydrates, total soluble proteins and eletrophoresys in poliacrilamida gel. In general, it could be verified that in two evaluation periods the combined concentrations of boron and calcium had intervened in aspects of the internal morphology that had caused direct answers in visual impact in visual aspects of the calluses. Similarly, the biochemical parameters evaluated had suffered action from the tested nutritional interactions, determining the importance of this interactions in metabolic, cellular and biochemical mechanisms.

A carência de conhecimentos específicos sobre a ecofisiologia das plantas forrageiras de clima tropical limita a adequação de estratégias de manejo do pastejo que possibilitem o melhor aproveitamento possível do seu potencial de produção de forragem. Nesse contexto, o presente experimento, conduzido no Departamento de Zootecnia da USP/ESALQ, em Piracicaba, SP, de novembro de 2001 a fevereiro de 2002, teve como objetivo avaliar as características morfogênicas e os padrões de desfolhação em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex A. Rich) cultivar Marandu. Os tratamentos corresponderam a quatro alturas de dossel forrageiro (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm) mantidas constantes através de pastejo por bovinos em regime de lotação contínua com taxa de lotação variável. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliadas as seguintes respostas: (1) características morfogênicas: taxa de aparecimento de folhas (TAF), filocrono, número de folhas vivas por perfilho e longevidade de folhas; e (2) padrões de desfolhação de perfilhos individuais: freqüência e intensidade de desfolhação e eficiência de pastejo (utilização). Pastos mantidos a 10 cm apresentaram maior TAF (0,12 folha/perfilho.dia e 0,012 folha/perfilho.graus-dia) e menor filocrono (9,0 dias/folha e 84,8 graus-dia/folha) que aqueles mantidos a 20, 30 e 40 cm (0,11, 0,10, 0,10 folha/perfilho.dia e 0,011, 0,011, 0,010 folha/perfilho.graus -dia; 10,3, 10,3, 10,9 dias/folha e 95,1, 95,1, 100,6 graus-dia/folha, respectivamente), os quais não diferiram entre si (P > 0,10). A longevidade de folhas acompanhou os resultados de filocrono (34,4, 43,1, 45,5, 48,4 dias/folha e 332,1, 441,6, 433,5, 462,0 graus-dia/folha para 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm, respectivamente), uma vez que não houve variação no número de folhas por perfilho (4,5 folhas/perfilho) (P > 0,10). As oscilações nessas características morfogênicas ao longo do experimento deveram-se ao estádio fenológico da planta, que passou de vegetativo para reprodutivo. A freqüência (0,077 desfolhação/perfilho.dia) e intensidade (0,296 - proporção do comprimento original removido pelo pastejo) de desfolhação de perfilhos individuais foram maiores em pastos mais baixos (10 cm) (P < 0,10). Nos pastos mantidos mais altos (20, 30 e 40 cm) a intensidade de desfolhação permaneceu relativamente constante (0,173) (P > 0,10), enquanto a freqüência foi decrescente com o aumento da altura do dossel forrageiro (0,068, 0,067, 0,056 para 20, 30 e 40 cm, respectivamente) (P < 0,10). Tendência semelhante foi obtida quando freqüência e intensidade foram calculados com base na folha do perfilho (0,043, 0,033, 0,031, 0,026 e 0,760, 0,683, 0,654, 0,665, respectivamente, para 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm). Houve uma relação positiva entre a taxa de lotação utilizada para manter as condições experimentais e a freqüência e a intensidade de desfolhação resultantes. Folhas senescentes sofreram desfolhação menos severa que folhas maduras e em expansão em virtude principalmente da menor freqüência com que foram visitadas (0,009, 0,028, 0,024, respectivamente), uma vez que as variações em intensidade foram pequenas. A eficiência de utilização foi maior nos pastos mantidos a 10 cm (82,3%), conseqüência da elevada freqüência e intensidade de desfolhação, o que diminuiu a longevidade das folhas naquelas condições. Pastos mantidos em alturas de dossel crescente apresentaram eficiências de utilização decrescente (76,2, 69,4 e 68,7% para 20, 30 e 40 cm, respectivamente). Independentemente da altura de pasto empregada, 33% da parte superior da altura do dossel foi utilizada para pastejo, revelando potenciais restrições ao consumo de forragem de bovinos pastejando pastos baixos. / The lack of information on the ecophysiology of tropical pasture species limits the adjustment of grazing management practices that allow for the best possible utilization of their forage production potential. Bearing that in mind, the present experiment, carried out at the Departamento de Zootecnia, USP/ESALQ, Piracicaba, SP, evaluated the morphogenetic characteristics and defoliation patterns of Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst ex A. Rich) cultivar Marandu from November 2001 to February 2002. Treatments corresponded to four sward state conditions (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm sward surface height) generated by cattle grazing under continuous stocking with variable stocking rate and were allocated to experimental units according to a complete randomized block design with four replications. The evaluated responses were: (1) morphogenetic characteristics: leaf appearance rate (LAR), phyllochron, number of leaves per tiller and leaf life span; (2) individual tiller defoliation patterns: frequency and intensity of defoliation and grazing efficiency (utilization). Short swards (10 cm) presented higher LAR (0.12 leaf/tiller.day and 0.012 leaf/tiller.degree-day) and smaller phyllochrone (9.0 days/leaf and 84.8 degree-days/leaf) than tall swards (20, 30 and 40 cm) (0.11, 0.10, 0.10 leaf/tiller.day and 0.011, 0.011, 0.010 leaf/tiller.degree-day; 10.3, 10.3, 10.9 days/leaf and 95.1, 95.1, 100.6 degree-days/leaf, respectively), the latter three being the same (P > 0.10). Leaf life span followed the phyllochron results (34.4, 43.1, 45.5, 48.4 days/leaf and 332.1, 441.6, 433.5, 462.0 degree-days/leaf for the 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm swards, respectively) since no variation was observed in number of leaves per tiller (4.5 leaves/tiller) (P > 0.10). Variations in morphogenetic characteristics throughout the experiment were due to the phenological state of plants, which changed from vegetative to reproductive. Frequency (0.077 defoliation/tiller.day) and intensity (0.296 - proportion of the original length removed by grazing) of defoliation of individual tillers were biggest in the 10 cm-swards (P < 0.10). In the 20, 30 and 40 cm-swards defoliation intensity remained relatively constant (0.173) (P > 0.10), while defoliation frequency decreased as sward surface height increased (0.068, 0.067, 0.056 for the 20, 30 and 40 cm-swards, respectively) (P < 0.10). A similar trend was obtained when frequency and intensity of defoliation were calculated on a per leaf basis (0.043, 0.033, 0.031, 0.026 e 0.760, 0.683, 0.654, 0.665, respectively, for the 10, 20, 30 and 40 cm-swards). There was a positive relationship between the stocking rate used to generate experimental treatments and the resulting frequency and intensity of defoliation of individual tillers. Senescing leaves were defoliated less severely than mature and expanding leaves, particularly because of the lower frequency with which they were visited (0.009, 0.028, 0.024, respectively), since corresponding variations in defoliation intensity were small. Pasture utilization efficiency was highest in the 10 cm-swards (82.3%), a consequence of their high frequency and intensity of defoliation that resulted in decreased leaf life span under those circumstances. Increasing sward surface height resulted in decreasing utilization efficiency (76.2, 69.4 and 68.7% for the 20, 30 and 40 cm-swards, respectively). Regardless of sward surface height, the top 33% of the sward height was used for grazing, indicating potential restrictions to herbage consumption of cattle grazing short pastures.

Submitted by Eunice Novais (enovais@uepg.br) on 2018-02-22T13:31:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Nauana Hay Paiva.pdf: 2299112 bytes, checksum: d9eac670828127f267396863b468ab2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-22T13:31:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Nauana Hay Paiva.pdf: 2299112 bytes, checksum: d9eac670828127f267396863b468ab2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-07 / As vilosidades intestinais são estruturas digitiformes da camada mucosa do intestino delgado que ampliam a superfície desse órgão, otimizando o processo de absorção dos nutrientes. A morfogênese das vilosidades intestinais ocorre de forma indireta em galinhas. Primeiramente, surgem projeções longitudinais da mucosa. Essas projeções sofrem dobramento e adquirem padrão zigue-zague, que é a base para a formação das vilosidades. Estudo anterior do nosso grupo relatou pela primeira vez que as projeções da mucosa de embriões de galinhas se bifurcavam. Entretanto, embora vários aspectos morfológicos da morfogênese das vilosidades intestinais de galinhas sejam conhecidos, não há na literatura dados a respeito da bifurcação das projeções da mucosa. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi compreender o papel da bifurcação na morfogênese das vilosidades intestinais no jejuno de embriões de galinhas. Análises histológicas, avaliação da proliferação celular pela incorporação de BrdU e reação de PAS foram realizadas durante o período de ocorrência da bifurcação. Para avaliar a proliferação celular, a injeção de BrdU in ovo foi padronizada. As análises histológicas permitiram estabelecer que a bifurcação ocorre entre o 13º e 15º dia e definir a sequência de mudanças morfológicas do processo. A avaliação da proliferação celular mostrou que as células do epitélio da mucosa e as envolvidas no processo de bifurcação estavam proliferando. A reação de PAS revelou a presença de membrana basal nas células envolvidas na bifurcação. Os dados permitem concluir que o processo de bifurcação envolve mudanças morfológicas correlacionadas à proliferação de células epiteliais que culminam com a formação das pré-vilosidades. / The intestinal villi are finger-like projections of the small intestinal mucosa that extend its surface, optimizing the process of nutrient absorption. The intestinal villi morphogenesis of the chick occurs indirectly. At first, longitudinal previllous ridges appear in the intestine. The previllous ridges fold into zigzag pattern, and finally individual villi are formed. Our previous study reported, for the first time, the bifurcation of the previllous ridges on chick embryos. Although morphological aspects of the intestinal villi morphogenesis of the chickens are known, there are no data from the previllous ridges bifurcation. The present work aimed to understand the role of bifurcation in the intestinal villi morphogenesis of the chick embryos. Histological analysis, evaluation of cell proliferation by incorporation of BrdU and PAS reaction were performed during the period of bifurcation. To evaluate cell proliferation, injection of BrdU in ovo was standardized. The histological analyses allowed to establish that the bifurcation occurs between the 13th and 15th day and to define the sequence of morphological events during the process. The evaluation of cell proliferation showed that cells of the mucosal epithelium and involved in the bifurcation were proliferating. The PAS reaction revealed the presence of basement membrane in the cells involved in the bifurcation process. The data allow us to conclude that the morphological changes of the bifurcation are correlated to the proliferation of epithelial cells and culminate to formation of previllous.

Pelas qualidades silviculturais e da madeira, o Eucalyptus citriodora apresenta-se como uma excelente espécie para usos múltiplos, destacando-se a extração de óleo essencial para indústria de perfumaria e desinfetantes. Entre as espécies de eucalipto é a que apresenta madeira de alta densidade, dependendo das condições edafoclimáticas e procedência. Porém, as limitações referentes à disponibilidade de sementes e dificuldades de enraizamento de estacas e miniestacas inviabilizam sua multiplicação comercial. Sendo assim, a utilização da micropropagação objetiva acelerar os métodos convencionais de clonagem, de genótipos selecionados. Brotações com uma a três gemas de aproximadamente 1,5cm, foram transferidas para três diferentes meios básicos de cultura, MS (MURASHIGE; SKOOG, 1962), WPM (LLOYD; MCCOWN, 1980) e JADS (CORREIA et al., 1995), suplementados a cada subcultivo com concentrações combinadas e crescentes de benzilaminopurina (BAP- 0,025; 0,05 e 0,50mg L-1) e ácido naftalenoacético (ANA) (0,0025; 0,005 e 0,050mg L-1), sendo que para a maior concentração de ambos os fitorreguladores foram realizados 4 subcultivos, totalizando 6 subcultivos. Vinte repetições de cada tratamento foram separadas para avaliação dos parâmetros fisiológicos (peso da matéria fresca, peso da matéria seca e número de brotos por cepa), avaliação da aparência por nota e análise química do teor nutricional. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial (3x3x3x3), testando-se três clones, três meios de cultura, três concentrações de BAP combinadas com três concentrações de ANA. Os resultados inferiram que as respostas aos diferentes meios de cultura são genótipo-dependentes em relação às concentrações salinas, relacionando as exigências nutricionais do material genético e a relação auxina/citocinina à produção de matéria seca. A multiplicação das microcepas é influenciada por fatores epigenéticos, que atuam no aumento do vigor, tamanho das folhas, número e homogeneidade das brotações / By its silvicultural qualities, Eucalyptus citriodora presents itself as an excellent species for multiple uses, especially the essential oil extraction for fragrance and disinfectants industry. Among Eucalyptus species, this has high wood density, depending on environmental conditions and provenance. However, limitations related to seed available and difficulties with cuttings rooting make unfeasible its commercial multiplication. Thus, the use of micropropagation aims to accelerate conventional methods of selected genotypes cloning. Shoots with one to three buds with about 1.5 cm length were transferred to three different basic culture media, MS (Murashige and Skoog, 1962), WPM (Lloyd and McCown 1980) and JADS (Correia et al. 1995), supplemented to each subculture with combined increasing concentrations of benzylaminopurine (BAP- 0, 025, 0.05, and 0.50 mg L-1) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) (0.0025, 0.005 and 0.050 mg L-1), and the highest concentration of both regulators were performed during four subcultures, totaling 6 subcultures. Twenty replicates of each treatment were separated for assessment of physiological parameters (fresh weight, dry oven weight and number of shoots per microstumps), appearance evaluation by note and chemical analysis of mineral nutrient content. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized factorial design (3x3x3x3), testing three clones, three culture media, three concentrations of BAP combined with three concentrations of NAA. The results inferred that the response to the different culture media are genotype-dependent to salt concentrations, relating the nutritional requirements of the genetic material and the relationship auxin/cytokinin production of dry matter. The multiplication of microstumps is influenced by epigenetic factors, which act to increase the strength, size of leaves, number and homogeneity of shoots.

L'acide rétinoïque (AR) est un morphogène dérivé de la vitamine A, qui intervient dans le contrôle de l'organogenèse, de la prolifération et de la différenciation cellulaires chez les Chordés. Dans ce contexte, nous avons étudié les régulations spatio-temporelles de la voie de signalisation de l’AR au cours du développement de l’amphioxus, en mettant l'accent sur l’espèce européenne Branchiostoma lanceolatum.Nous avons tout d'abord inhibé ou activé la voie de signalisation de l’AR lors du développement embryonnaire en traitant des embryons d’amphioxus à des doses variables de composés pharmacologiques interférant avec le métabolisme des rétinoïdes. Grâce à l’utilisation d’outils mathématiques spécifiques, nous avons établi un schéma détaillé des effets des traitements effectués sur le développement du système nerveux central (SNC) et du pharynx chez l’amphioxus en nous basant sur l’expression de gènes marqueurs de tissus spécifiques. À l’issue de cette première analyse, nous avons par la suite étudié les effets d’une perturbation de la signalisation de l’AR à des points clés du développement chez l’amphioxus lors de la régionalisation du SNC et du pharynx. Nous avons ainsi montré que la voie de signalisation de l’AR intervient dans la régionalisation de l’axe antéro-postérieur via le contrôle des gènes hox dès le stade gastrula et jusqu’aux stades larvaires. En outre, nous avons réalisé l'étude préliminaire du gène homologue chez l’amphioxus du gène aldh1a2 des Vertébrés, et avons démontré que la régulation du niveau de synthèse de l’AR au cour du développement est conservée entre l’amphioxus et les Vertébrés. Finalement, nous avons montré que la voie de l’AR participe également à la morphogenèse caudale chez l’amphioxus, et que le mécanisme impliqué semble différent de celui proposé chez les Vertébrés où l’AR contrôle la structuration de la nageoire caudale par le ciblage des tissus mésenchymateux. / Retinoic acid (RA) is an endogenous vitamin A-derived morphogen. In this context, we studied the spatiotemporal roles of RA signaling in amphioxus development, focusing on the European amphioxus species: Branchiostoma lanceolatum. We first created excess and insufficiency models of RA signaling by exposing amphioxus embryos to series of doses of different pharmacological compounds targeting either the RA receptors or the RA metabolism machinery. By introducing the important mathematical concept of a Cartesian coordinate system founded by René Descartes, we created detailed diagrams of the concentration-dependent defects caused by RA signaling in the central nervous system (CNS) and pharynx of amphioxus by evaluating the statistical significances of tissue-specific marker gene expression in labeled embryos. This analysis yielded a very detailed description of the sensitivities of the developing amphioxus CNS and pharynx to altered RA signaling levels. Following this initial challenge, we correlated the effects of altered RA signaling levels with key amphioxus developmental stages characterized by structural transitions in CNS and pharynx. We show that hox-mediated RA signaling in axial patterning is active beyond the gastrula stage and might be maintained until at least early larval stage, with possible roles in more regionalized axis formation and organ induction. In addition, we carried out a preliminary study on a RA synthesizing gene in amphioxus, called aldh1a, a possible homolog of the vertebrate aldh1a2 gene, demonstrating that the feedback between RA signaling and RA synthesizing levels has emerged before the split of the cephalochordate and vertebrate lineages. Moreover, we are able to show that RA signaling also participates in tail fin morphogenesis in amphioxus by a mechanism that is probably not comparable to that in vertebrates, where RA modulates caudal fin patterning through targeting mesenchymal derivatives.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 tese_flavio_reina_abib.pdf: 2239588 bytes, checksum: 7ce416cc287034a56085359f2706a5ed (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-17 / Sem bolsa / A integração lavoura-pecuária com a utilização de azevém anual é uma prática bastante comum no sul do Brasil. No entanto, a maioria das cultivares oficiais presentes no mercado precisam ser dessecadas antes do final do ciclo para permitir uma adequada época de semeadura para culturas de estação quente. Alguns materiais não certificados apresentam ciclos mais precoces, porém também apresentam resistência a dessecantes e rendimentos de forragem insatisfatórios. Neste sentido a Embrapa lançou a cultivar BRS Integração com a proposta de um ciclo mais precoce, todavia, sem resistência a herbicidas, bem como com elevado rendimento forrageiro. Contudo, se desconhece o efeito do manejo de desfolha nesta cultivar para a colheita de forragem e seus impactos na produção e qualidade de sementes e no comprimento do ciclo produtivo. Deste modo o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da desfolha na produção de forragem e de sementes do azevém anual BRS Integração. O experimento foi realizado na Estação Experimental Terras Baixas da Embrapa Clima Temperado com delineamento de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Foram testados cinco níveis de desfolha (sem, uma, duas, três e quatro desfolhas) para a verificação da produção de forragem (fração de folhas, colmos e material morto); das características morfogênicas e estruturais; dos componentes de rendimento, do rendimento e da qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Verificou-se que o número de desfolhas afetou as características morfogênicas e estruturais da cultivar BRS Integração e, por conseguinte, o rendimento e a qualidade fisiológica de sementes. A execução de três desfolhas permitiu a colheita de aproximadamente 5t de MS.ha-1 e afetou positivamente o rendimento e a qualidade fisiológica das sementes, as quais foram colhidas ainda nos primeiros dias de novembro, o que possibilita o uso da área para a adequada semeadura de cultivos de estação quente. A realização de quatro desfolhas afetou negativamente as características morfogênicas, a estrutura pré-colheita, os componentes de rendimento de sementes, bem como o rendimento real de sementes. No entanto, a ação de quatro desfolhas (colheita total de aproximadamente 7t de MS.ha-1), não afetou negativamente a qualidade fisiológica da semente e ainda possibilitou um rendimento de sementes 15 vezes superior a densidade de semeadura recomendada. / The crop-livestock integration with the use of annual ryegrass is a common practice in southern Brazil. However, most official cultivars on the market need to be desiccated before the end of the cycle to allow adequate time for sowing warm season crops. Some not certified materials present earlier cycles, but also show resistance to desiccants and poor forage yields. In this sense, Embrapa launched “BRS Integração” with the proposal of an earlier cycle, however, without herbicide resistance as well as high forage yield. However, it is unknown the effect of defoliation management in this cultivar for forage crop and its impact on production and quality of seeds and the length of the production cycle. Thus the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of defoliation in the production of fodder and seeds of annual ryegrass “BRS Integração”. The experiment was conducted at the Estação Experimental Terras Baixas in Embrapa Clima Temperado with randomized block design with four replications. Five levels of defoliation were tested (no, one, two, three and four defoliation) for verification of forage production (leaves fraction, stems and dead material); morphogenic and structural characteristics; the yield components, yield and seed quality. It was found that the number of defoliation affect the morphogenic and structural characteristics of the “BRS Integração”, and therefore, the yield and physiological quality of seeds. The execution of three defoliation allowed the harvest of approximately 5 tons of dry matter per hectare and positively affected the yield and seed quality, which were still harvested in early November, what allow the use of the area for proper seeding of warm season crops. The performance of four defoliation adversely affected the morphogenic characteristics, pre-harvest structure, seed yield components and the real yield seeds. However, the action of four defoliation (total harvest about 7 tons of dry matter per hectare) didn’t affect negatively the physiological quality of the seed and still allowed a yield of seeds 15 times the recommended seeding rate.

La plupart des organes et organismes ont une forme remarquablement reproductible, malgré une très grande variabilité de forme et de croissance au niveau cellulaire. Des signaux supracellular, gradient de morphogène ou contraintes mécaniques, pourraient coordonner le comportement des cellules et via de multiples boucles de rétroaction canaliser les formes finales. Des progrès récents en imagerie du vivant, micromécanique et modélisation, permettent aujourd’hui d’analyser la relation entre la variabilité cellulaire, la communication intercellulaire et la forme globale d’un organe de façon quantitative. Nous avons choisi de travailler sur le sépale abaxial chez Arabidopsis thaliana, car sa forme est reproductible et il est facilement accessible pour l’imagerie. Nous avons choisi de nous concentrer sur l’analyse des microtubules corticaux : ils s’alignent le long des tensions maximales dans les tissus et, en guidant le dépôt des microfibrilles de cellulose, ils renforcent l’anisotropie mécanique des parois dans la direction des contraintes maximales. Nous avons observé un alignement supracellulaire des microtubules à la pointe du sépale et nous avons pu corréler ce comportement à un patron de tensions causé par un différentiel de croissance dans le sépale. En utilisant des approches micromécaniques et des mutants affectés dans la dynamique des microtubules, nous avons confirmé que les microtubules étaient capables de s’aligner en fonction des contraintes mécaniques, la forme finale du sépale dépendant de la force du rétrocontrôle. Nous proposons donc que cette réponse déclenche un arrêt de croissance de la pointe du sépale jusqu’à sa base et limite ainsi l'expansion des sépales. Plus localement, nous avons également analysé la contribution des conflits mécaniques entre cellules voisines, soit en utilisant le différentiel de croissance naturel autour d’un trichome, soit en générant des mosaïques artificielles avec le système cre-lox. Nos résultats suggèrent une contribution de l'hétérogénéité de croissance dans la forme finale des sépales, encore une fois par l'intermédiaire de la réponse des microtubules aux contraintes mécaniques. Ces résultats nous permettent donc d’élaborer un scénario dans lequel une rétroaction mécanique, locale et globale, sur les microtubules contrôle la forme finale du sépale. / Most organs and organisms have remarkably consistent final shapes, yet at the cellular level, growth and shape can be highly variable. Surpacellular signals, e.g. morphogen gradients or force fields, may coordinate cell behavior, involving multiple feedback loops, to yield such reproducible shapes. Because of the recent progress in live-imaging techniques, micromechanics and modeling, the relation between cellular noise, cell-cell communication and global shape is now amenable to quantitative analysis. We chose to work on the abaxial sepal, as it displays consistent shapes and is easily accessible for live imaging. We focus our analysis on cortical microtubules: they align along maximal tensile stress directions in plant tissues, and as they guide the deposition of cellulose microfibrils, the main load-bearing component in plant cell walls, they largely determine the mechanical anisotropy of cell walls, providing mechanical strength in the direction of maximal stress. We identified a supracellular alignment of microtubules at the tip of the sepal and we could match this pattern with predicted growth-derived tensile stress patterns. Using micromechanical approaches and mutants impaired in microtubule dynamics, we confirm that microtubules in the sepal can align along maximal tension directions, the final sepal shape depending on the strength of the feedback. We thus propose that this response triggers a wave of growth arrest from the tip of the sepal and thus restricts the expansion of the sepal. More locally, we also analyzed the contribution of mechanical conflicts between adjacent cells that grow at different rates, using the naturally occurring fast growing trichome cells as well as cre-lox induced artificial growth mosaics. Our results support a contribution of growth heterogeneity in final sepal shape, again via the microtubule response to mechanical forces. Altogether, this provides a scenario in which global and local mechanical feedback on microtubules channels the sepal final shape.

Paralelamente ao modelo Arabidopsis thaliana, o tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) tem sido crescentemente utilizados em abordagens genéticas de questões fisiológicas. Uma das principais vantagens de Arabidopsis como "planta de laboratório" tem sido seu pequeno porte e ciclo de vida curto. Contudo, a cultivar Micro-Tom (MT) de tomateiro possui tamanho muito reduzido (8 cm) e pode produzir até 5 gerações por ano. Mutantes fotomorfogenéticos em tomateiro deficientes na síntese do cromóforo do fitocromo (au), mutantes deficientes na síntese das apoproteínas PHYA e PHYB1 (fri e tri, respectivamente) e mutantes superexpressando o fitocromo (hp, atv e Ip) constituem-se em um modelo para estudos da fotomorfogênese. No que se refere à capacidade de regeneração in vitro como uma resposta fotomorfogenética, poucos trabalhos têm sido realizados. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo transferir as mutações au, fri, tri, hp, Ip e atv, bem como o locus de regeneração (Rg1) da cultivar MsK, para a cultivar Micro-Tom. As linhagens obtidas foram utilizadas para verificar o efeito da fotomorfogênese na competência para regeneração in vitro. Para tanto, foram realizados tratamentos com luz branca, vermelho (V) e vermelho-extremo (VE) em explantes radiculares, caulinares e foliares do genótipo micro-MsK em meio MS mais 5mM de BAP e tratamentos com luz branca em explantes radiculares, caulinares e foliares de micro-mutantes fotomorfogenéticos também em meio MS mais 5mM de BAP. Para todos os tratamentos utilizou-se a cultivar MT como controle. Sob V, as raízes de micro-MsK apresentaram-se diferenciadas, enquanto sob VE não ocorreu diferenciação. O maior número de gemas formadas tanto para caule quanto para folhas de micro-MsK ocorreu sob V, enquanto sob VE foi observado um decréscimo na formação de gemas. A partir destes resultados sugere-se que a forma ativa do fitocromo, induzida pelo V, interage com o Rg1 na aquisição de competência para regeneração. Nos tratamentos com luz branca, raízes de micro-MsK e de mutantes micro-hp, micro-atv e micro-Ip apresentaram-se diferenciadas, enquanto não houve diferenciação para o mutante micro-au ou para o controle MT. O número de gemas formadas alcançou maiores valores para folhas de micro-hp e micro-Ip e a para caules de micro-atv. Apenas um número muito reduzido de gemas foi formado a partir de folhas de micro-au. Com base na alta competência para regeneração de micro-MsK e de mutantes que superexpressam o fitocromo, sugere-se que o fitocromo promove, em uma via de sinalização, a indução de fatores de regeneração (Rg1). Alternativamente, o locus Rg1 poderia promover a alta capacidade regenerativa tornando os explantes mais competentes ao efeito da superexpressão do fitocromo, o qual poderia induzir outros fatores de regeneração. / Parallel to Arabidopsis thaliana model, the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) has been increasingly used as a genetic approach to address physiological questions. One of the main advantages of Arabidopsis as a "laboratory plant" has been its small size and short life cycle. However, the tomato cultivar Micro-Tom (MT) possesses reduced size (8 cm) and can produce up to 5 generations per year. Tomato photomorphogenic mutants deficient for the synthesis of phytochrome chromophore (au) or the apoprotein PHYA and PHYB1 (fri and tri, respectively), as well as mutants superexpressing phytochrome (hp, atv and Ip) consist on a model to study photomorphogenesis. Concerning the in vitro regeneration capacity as a photomorphogenic response, fewer works have been carried through. The current work aimed at transfering the mutations au, fri, tri, hp, Ip and atv, as well as the regeneration locus (Rg1) of cv MsK to the cv Micro-Tom (MT). The genotypes obtained were used to verify the effect of photomorphogenesis on the competence for in vitro regeneration. Root, stem and leaf explants from MT and Micro-MsK were incubated in MS plus 5mM BAP under white, red (R) and far-red (FR) light. Root, stem and leaf explants from MT and photomorphogenic micro-mutants were incubated in MS plus 5mM BAP under white light. Under R, roots of micro-MsK were presented differentiation, while under FR the differentiation did not occur. Under R, stem explants from micro-MsK formed more shoots than did leaf explants, while under FR was observed a decrease in shoot formation for all types of explants. These results suggest that the active form of phytochrome, induced by R, interacts with the Rg1 in the acquisition of competence for regeneration. In the treatments with white light, roots of micro-MsK and of mutants micro-hp, micro-atv and micro-Ip presented differentiation, while no differentiation was observed for the mutant micron-au or control MT. The number of shoots formed reached the highest values for leaf explants of micro-hp and micro-Ip and for stem explants of micron -atv. Only a low number of shoots was formed from micro-au leaf explants. On the basis of the high competence for regeneration of micro-MsK and mutants that super express phytochrome, it is suggested that the phytochrome promotes, in a signaling pathway, the induction of regeneration factors ( Rg1 ). Alternatively, the Rg1 locus may turn the explant most competent to respond to phytochrome, which could induces others regeneration factors.

La première partie de ma thèse est consacrée à l’étude de l’auto-organisation de souches génétiquement modifiées de bactéries Escherichia coli. Ce projet, réalisé en collaboration avec des biologistes synthétiques de l’Université de Hong Kong, a pour objectif l’exploration et le décryptage d’un nouveau mécanisme d’auto-organisation dans des colonies bactériennes multi-espèces. Cela a été inspiré par la question fascinante de comment les écosystèmes bactériens comprenant plusieurs espèces de bactéries peuvent s’auto-organiser dans l’espace. En considérant des systèmes dans lesquels deux souches de bactéries régulent mutuellement leurs motilités, j’ai pu montrer que le contrôle de densité réciproque est une voie générique de formation de motifs: si deux souches tendent à faire augmenter mutuellement leur motilité (la souche A se déplace plus vite quand la souche B est présent, et vice versa), ils subissent un processus de formation de motifs conduisant à la démixtion entre les deux souches. Inversement, l’inhibition mutuelle de la motilité conduit à la formation de motifs avec colocalisation. Ces résultats ont étévalidés expérimentalement par nos collaborateurs biologistes. Par la suite, j’ai étendu mon étude à des systèmes composés de plus de deux espèces en interaction, trouvant des règles simples permettant de prédire l’auto-organisation spatiale d’un nombre arbitraire d’espèces dont la motilité est sous contrôle mutuel. Cette partie de ma thèse ouvre une nouvelle voie pour comprendre l’auto-organisation des colonies bactériennes avec des souches concurrentes, ce qui est une question importante pour comprendre la dynamique des biofilms ou des écosystèmes bactériens dans les sols. Le deuxième problème traité dans ma thèse est inspiré par le comportement collectif des moteurs moléculaires se déplaçant le long des microtubules dans le cytoplasme des cellules eucaryotes. Un modèle pertinent pour le mouvement des moteurs moléculaires est donné par un système paradigmatique de non-équilibre appelé Processus Asymmetrique d’Exclusion Simple, en anglais Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (ASEP). Dans ce modèle sur réseau unidimensionnel, les particules se déplacent dans les sites voisins vides à des taux constants, avec un biais gauche-droite qui déséquilibre le système.Lorsqu’il est connecté à ses extrémités à des réservoirs de particules, l’ASEP est un exemple prototypique de transitions de phase unidimensionnelles guidées par les conditions aux limites. Les exemples réalistes, cependant, impliquent rarement une seule voie:les microtubules sont constitués de plusieurs pistes de tubuline auxquelles les moteurs peuvent s’attacher. Dans ma thèse, j’explique comment on peut théoriquement prédire le comportement de phase de systèmes à plusieurs voies complexes, dans lesquels les particules peuvent également sauter entre des voies parallèles. En particulier, je montre que la transition de phase unidimensionnelle vue dans l’ASEP survit cette complexité supplémentaire mais implique de nouvelles caractéristiques telles que des courants transversaux stables non-nulles et une localisation de cisaillement. / The first part of my thesis is devoted to studying the self-organization of engineered strains of run-and-tumble bacteria Escherichia coli. This project, carried out in collaboration with synthetic biologists at Hong Kong University, has as its objective the exploration and decipherment of a novel self-organization mechanism in multi-species bacterial colonies. This was inspired by the fascinating question of how bacterial ecosystems comprising several species of bacteria can self-organize in space. By considering systems in which two strains of bacteria mutually regulate their motilities, I was able to show that reciprocal density control is a generic pattern-formation pathway: if two strains tend tomutually enhance their motility (strain A moves faster when strain B is present, and conversely),they undergo a pattern formation process leading to demixing between the two strains. Conversely, mutual inhibition of motility leads to pattern formation with colocalization. These results were validated experimentally by our biologist collaborators. Subsequently, I extended my study to systems composed of more than two interacting species, finding simple rules that can predict the spatial self-organization of an arbitrary number of species whose motility is under mutual control. This part of my thesis opens up a new route to understand the self-organization of bacterial colonies with competing strains, which is an important question to understand the dynamics of biofilms or bacterial ecosystems in soils.The second problem treated in my thesis is inspired by the collective behaviour ofmolecular motorsmoving along microtubules in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. A relevant model for the molecularmotors’ motion is given by a paradigmatic non-equilibrium system called Asymmetric Simple Exclusion Process (ASEP). In this one-dimensional lattice- based model, particles hop on empty neighboring sites at constant rates, with a leftright bias that drives the systemout of equilibrium. When connected at its ends to particle reservoirs, the ASEP is a prototypical example of one-dimensional boundary driven phase transitions. Realistic examples, however, seldom involve only one lane: microtubules are made of several tubulin tracks to which the motors can attach. In my thesis, I explained how one can theoretically predict the phase behaviour of complex multilane systems, in which particles can also hop between parallel lanes. In particular, I showed that the onedimensional phase transition seen in the ASEP survives this additional complexity but involves new features such as non-zero steady transverse currents and shear localization.