The thesis is aimed at perinatal factors affecting the emotional bond between a mother and a child (boding) during the first weeks postpartum. The literature review is divided into three chapters. The first chapter discusses the childbirth, the experience of childbirth and the factors affecting a subjective evaluation of the childbirth by a parturient. The second chapter follows up with an overview of findings concerning the initial afterbirth moments, and the interaction between a mother and a child during early contact. The third chapter introduces the concept of bonding. It describes its manifestations, possible measuring methods, and factors influencing its quality. The research part analyzes perinatal factors affecting bonding on a sample of 1108 mothers with the use of generalized linear regression. The independent variables are: mode of birth, the evaluation of childbirth experience by mother, and the process of early contact between a mother and a child. The results show that bonding during the first weeks postpartum was not affected by the mode of birth or by the parturient's evaluation of the childbirth experience. A significant effect was found in the occurrence of early contact between a mother and a child; mothers who had contact with the child during the first postpartum hour reported...

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第19531号 / 理博第4191号 / 新制||理||1602(附属図書館) / 32567 / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 中川 尚史, 教授 中務 真人, 教授 曽田 貞滋 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Adopted individuals have an increased risk for a variety of psychopathological disorders. Studies of the effects adoption in humans are difficult to perform because of the difficulty separating genetic risk and treatment effects. This is a developmental study investigating the effects of at birth adoption using a nonhuman primate model. Three experimental paradigms were used to assess maternal treatment, stress-related behavior, and physiology late in infancy and again later in life. Rhesus monkeys were reared for their first six months of life by either their biological mother or an unrelated, lactating adult female. Adoptions occurred immediately following birth. At six months of age, both groups were exposed to four, 4-day mother-infant separations. Behavioral observations and plasma stress hormones were used to compare the two group's responses to the separation stressor. Maternal treatments were also compared. In a second experiment performed about three years later when subjects were adolescents or young adults, an unfamiliar intruder was placed outside their home pen and stress-related behavioral responses were again measured. In the third experiment, adolescent subjects were allowed free access to a sweetened alcohol solution and daily alcohol consumption was measured across 8-10 weeks. Analyses showed that adopted subjects exhibited more behavior withdrawal and higher ACTH during the Acute and Chronic phases of the separation than infants reared by their biological mothers. This persisted when subjects were again tested with an intruder stressor 1-3 years later, with adopted subjects still showing more behavioral withdrawal during the Intruder Challenge stressor. Adopted subjects also differ in their relationship with their mother, showing more independence at an early age in non-stressful environments. Paradoxically, alcohol intake was lower in adolescents raised by an adoptive mother. Differences in maternal treatment and mismatches in temperament between the adopted mother and her infant are potential mechanisms that lead to the increased stress and anxiety in subjects raised by an adopted mother.

No description available.

A idade gestacional é uma medida importante, pois quando o bebê nasce antes da 37ª semana há riscos para alterações do desenvolvimento. A relação dos bebês com pais fornece base para o desenvolvimento dos padrões de autorregulação, para o aumento da sensibilidade materna, e para o desenvolvimento do apego. Permeando a hipótese de que, a idade gestacional pode influenciar no desenvolvimento infantil, o objetivo do estudo foi verificar a influência da idade gestacional nas habilidades do desenvolvimento infantil (motora grossa, motora fina-adaptativa, pessoal-social e de linguagem) e a qualidade da interação na díade mãe-bebê, ao longo do primeiro ano de vida (três, nove e 12 meses). Cumpriram-se os princípios éticos. Participaram do estudo 28 díades mãe-bebê, com crianças nascidas entre a 32ª a 40ª semana de gestação, recrutadas ao nascimento. Aos três meses os familiares foram contatados para a primeira avaliação, que constou da aplicação do protocolo de anamnese, aplicação do procedimento Face to Face Still-Face (FFSF) e do Teste de Screnning de Desenvolvimento Denver II (TSDD-II). Aos nove meses repetiu-se a aplicação do FFSF, TSDD-II e foi verificada a qualidade da interação por meio do Child-Adult Relationship Experimental Index (CARE-Index). Aos 12 meses repetiu-se a medida do desenvolvimento TSDD-II e foi aplicada o paradigma laboratorial da Situação Estranha (SE). O tratamento estatístico constou de análise descritiva e aplicação do Teste de Correlação de Spearman, Teste exato de Fischer, Teste de Mann-Whitney e Teste Anova de Medições Repetidas. Os resultados indicaram influência da idade gestacional nas habilidades do desenvolvimento infantil (motora grossa, motora finaadaptativa, pessoal-social e de linguagem), aos três, nove e doze meses, com valor maior nível de significância aos três meses. A qualidade da interação avaliada por meio do CARE-index, indicou predomínio de mães com alto nível de sensibilidade (81,82%). Os padrões de autorregulação avaliados por meio do procedimento FFSF indicaram que 57,14% da casuística apresentaram orientação social não positiva e 42,86% orientação social positiva aos três e aos nove meses 78,57% orientação social não positiva e 21,43% orientação social positiva. O padrão de Apego, avaliado pela SE, verificou apego inseguro para 60,71% e apego seguro em 39,29% da casuística. / Gestational age is an important baseline because when the infant is born before the 37th week there are risks for developmental changes. The relationship between infants and parents provides a basis for the development of self-regulation standards, for the increase of maternal sensitivity, and for the development of attachment. Permeating the hypothesis that gestational age may influence infant development, this study aimed to verify the influence of gestational age on infants developmental skills (gross motor, fine-adaptive motor, personal-social and language), and the quality of gestational age of the mother-infant dyad interaction during the first year of life (three, nine and 12 months). Ethical principles were fulfilled. The study included 28 mother-infant dyads, with children born between the 32nd and 40th weeks of gestation, recruited at birth. At three months old the family members were contacted for the first evaluation, which included the application of the protocol of anamnesis, application of the Face to Face Still-Face (FFSF) procedure and the Denver Development Screening Test II (DDST-II). At nine months the FFSF, DDST-II was repeated and the quality of the interaction was verified through the Child-Adult Relationship Experimental Index (CARE-Index). At 12 months the DDST-II development measurement was repeated and the laboratory paradigm of the Strange Situation (SE) was applied. The statistical treatment consisted of descriptive analysis and application of Spearman\'s Correlation Test, Fischer\'s Exact Test, Mann-Whitney Test and Repeated Measures Anova Tests. The results indicated the influence of gestational age on infant\'s developmental abilities (gross motor, fine-adaptive motor, personal-social and language) at three, nine and twelve months, with a higher level of significance at three months old. The quality of the interaction evaluated through CARE-index, indicated predominance of mothers with a high level of sensitivity (81.82%). Self-regulation standards assessed through the FFSF procedure indicated that 57.14% of the case analysis had non-positive social guidance and 42.86% had positive social guidance at three, and at nine months 78.57% non-positive social guidance and 21.43% positive social orientation. The Attachment pattern, evaluated by the SE, found unsafe attachment to 60.71% and Secure attachment in 39,29% of the cases analysis.

Estudos em diferentes ambientes socioculturais têm mostrado uma incidência de depressão em 10 a 20% das mulheres. Dentre as decorrências relevantes do quadro, tem havido um interesse especial nos potenciais comprometimentos da interação mãebebê no desenvolvimento cognitivo e emocional da criança, que repercutem no desenvolvimento do seu comportamento prossocial. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, através de tarefas de ajuda instrumental, se a depressão materna afeta o desenvolvimento do comportamento prossocial de crianças de três anos de idade. Participantes: 24 díades mães-criança: 12 mães nunca deprimidas, seis mães sempre deprimidas e seis mães com depressão atual quando as crianças estavam com a idade de 36 meses (M=37±2,8 meses). As mães estavam com a idade média de 25 anos (M=25,87±5,23) e foram avaliadas pela escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo, no momento da aplicação dos testes e no puerpério. Foi filmado o desempenho das crianças em tarefas de: 1) ajudar a mãe, pessoa familiar, a recolher os brinquedos, depois de uma sessão de brincadeira e 2) ajudar experimentador, desconhecido, a pegar objeto que ele deixa cair ao solo. Os resultados não apresentaram diferenças significativas estatísticas quanto aos tipos de comandos maternos, contudo mostraram uma sensível diminuição das explicações e variações de comportamentos nas mães \"sempre deprimidas\" e com \"depressão atual\". As crianças de mães \"sempre deprimidas\" ignoraram mais suas mães, enquanto as crianças de mães com \"depressão atual\" e \"nunca deprimidas\" forneceram mais recusas simples, uma forma mais madura de negação. As crianças de mães com \"depressão atual\" ajudaram o experimentador em 100% dos casos com diferença estatística significativa com os outros dois grupos, utilizando o teste Qui-quadrado. Concluímos que a depressão materna influenciou algumas das respostas das crianças, especificamente quanto à pessoa desconhecida. Evidentemente, a mãe, além de conhecida, ocupa lugar central na constelação afetiva da criança e isto deve ser levado em conta na discussão. Ainda assim a familiaridade parece relevante neste contraste de efeitos da depressão materna: a maior colaboração com a pessoa estranha pelas crianças de mães com depressão atual pode representar necessidade de ser aceito ou culpa. Os resultados são compatíveis com a suposição de que a condição de depressão afeta de modo complexo os processos subjacentes à interação social com pessoas não conhecidas e com a mãe / Studies in different socio-cultural environments have shown incidence of depression, especially postpartum (DPP) 10 to 20% among women. In between the relevant consequences of the context, there has been a special interest for the potential compromise of the mother-infant interaction and in childs cognitive and emotional development, which could delay the development of prosocial behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through instrumental help tasks, whether maternal depression affects the development of prosocial behavior in three years children. Participants were: 24 mother-infant dyads: 12 mothers \"never depressed\", six mothers \"always depressed\" and six mothers with \"current depression\", when the children were at the age of 36 months (M = 37 ± 2.8 months). The mothers were with the average age of 25 years (M = 25.87 ± 5.23) and were evaluated by Edinburgh Postpartum Depression scale, at the time of application testing and puerperium. the children\'s performance were recorded on tasks of: 1) help the mother, a family person, collecting toys after a play session and 2) help the experimenter, unknown, to catch object he drops to the ground. The results showed no significant statistical differences regarding maternal commands, however, a significant decrease of the explanations and mothers behavioral changes for \"always depressed\" and \"current depression.\" Children of mothers \"always depressed\" most ignored their mothers, while children of mothers with \"current depression\" and \"never depressed\" provided more simple denials, a more mature form of denial. Children of mothers with \"current depression\" assisted the experimenter in 100% of cases with statistically significant differences between the other two groups, using the chi-square test. We conclude that maternal depression has influenced some of the children\'s responses, specifically as to the unknown person. Of course, the mother, as known, occupies a central place in the constellation of affective child and this must be taken into account in the discussion. Yet this familiarity seems relevant contrast effects of maternal depression: increased collaboration with the stranger by the children of mothers with depression may represent current need to be accepted or guilt. The results are compatible with the assumption that the condition of depression affects so complex processes underlying the social interaction with people is not known and the mother

O presente estudo investigou as mudanças na leitura materna sobre seus sintomas depressivos e sobre os sintomas psicofuncionais do bebê em um contexto de Psicoterapia Mãe-Bebê em Grupo. Participaram deste estudo uma díade mãe-bebê em que a mãe apresentava depressão pós-parto, de acordo com a Escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo (EPDS) e pela Entrevista MINI e confirmados através da Entrevista sobre a Gestação e Parto e também pela Entrevista sobre a Experiência da Maternidade. Já o bebê tinha sintomas psicofuncionais detectados através do Questionário Symptom Check List (SCL). Essa dupla participou de uma Psicoterapia Mãe-bebê em Grupo no período de maio a agosto de 2015. Foi utilizado o delineamento de estudo de caso único, a fim de analisar as mudanças na leitura materna sobre seus sintomas depressivos e sobre os sintomas psicofuncionais do bebê ao longo das sessões de psicoterapia. Para tanto, foi realizada uma análise qualitativa, relacionando os materiais clínicos provenientes das 11 sessões de psicoterapia com os conhecimentos teóricos existentes na literatura, a partir de uma compreensão psicanalítica. Os sintomas depressivos maternos considerados nessa análise foram tristeza, labilidade emocional e irritabilidade e os sintomas psicofuncionais do bebê foram sono, alimentação e comportamento, em especial os que envolvem separação. Os resultados revelaram mudanças na leitura da mãe acerca dos seus sintomas depressivos e sobre os sintomas psicofuncionais do bebê ao longo das sessões da Psicoterapia Mãe-Bebê em Grupo. Além disso, verificou-se que os sintomas depressivos maternos e os sintomas psicofuncionais do bebê estavam mutuamente associados e que a partir da intervenção utilizada houve uma melhora dos sintomas tanto da mãe quanto do bebê. Palavras-chave: leitura materna, depressão pós-parto, sintomas psicofuncionais do bebê, psicoterapia mãe-bebê em grupo. / The present study investigated the changes in maternal read about their depressive symptoms and on psychofunctional symptoms baby in a context Psychotherapy Brief Mother-Baby Group. The study included a mother-baby dyad in which the mother had postpartum depression, according to Depression Scale Postpartum Edinburgh (EPDS) and Interview MINI and confirmed through the interview about Pregnancy and Childbirth and also the interview on the Maternity Experience. But the baby had psychofunctional symptoms detected by the Symptom Check List Questionnaire (SCL). This double attended a Mother-Baby Group Brief Psychotherapy in the period May-August 2015. We used a single case study design in order to analyze the changes in the mother reading about her depressive symptoms and about the baby psychofunctional symptoms along the psychotherapy sessions. For this, a qualitative analysis was conducted, linking clinical materials from 11 psychotherapy sessions with existing theoretical knowledge in literature, from a psychoanalytic understanding. Maternal depressive symptoms were considered in this analysis sadness, emotional lability and irritability and the baby’s psychofunctional symptoms were sleeping, feeding and behavior, in particular those involving separation). The results revealed changes in the mother's reading about their depressive symptoms and about the baby-s symptoms psychofunctional during the sessions of brief mother-infant psychotherapy group. In addition, it was found that maternal depressive symptoms and the baby psychofunctional symptoms were mutually associated and was a improvement in symptoms of both mother and baby with the intervencion.

Estudos em diferentes ambientes socioculturais têm mostrado uma incidência de depressão em 10 a 20% das mulheres. Dentre as decorrências relevantes do quadro, tem havido um interesse especial nos potenciais comprometimentos da interação mãebebê no desenvolvimento cognitivo e emocional da criança, que repercutem no desenvolvimento do seu comportamento prossocial. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar, através de tarefas de ajuda instrumental, se a depressão materna afeta o desenvolvimento do comportamento prossocial de crianças de três anos de idade. Participantes: 24 díades mães-criança: 12 mães nunca deprimidas, seis mães sempre deprimidas e seis mães com depressão atual quando as crianças estavam com a idade de 36 meses (M=37±2,8 meses). As mães estavam com a idade média de 25 anos (M=25,87±5,23) e foram avaliadas pela escala de Depressão Pós-Parto de Edimburgo, no momento da aplicação dos testes e no puerpério. Foi filmado o desempenho das crianças em tarefas de: 1) ajudar a mãe, pessoa familiar, a recolher os brinquedos, depois de uma sessão de brincadeira e 2) ajudar experimentador, desconhecido, a pegar objeto que ele deixa cair ao solo. Os resultados não apresentaram diferenças significativas estatísticas quanto aos tipos de comandos maternos, contudo mostraram uma sensível diminuição das explicações e variações de comportamentos nas mães \"sempre deprimidas\" e com \"depressão atual\". As crianças de mães \"sempre deprimidas\" ignoraram mais suas mães, enquanto as crianças de mães com \"depressão atual\" e \"nunca deprimidas\" forneceram mais recusas simples, uma forma mais madura de negação. As crianças de mães com \"depressão atual\" ajudaram o experimentador em 100% dos casos com diferença estatística significativa com os outros dois grupos, utilizando o teste Qui-quadrado. Concluímos que a depressão materna influenciou algumas das respostas das crianças, especificamente quanto à pessoa desconhecida. Evidentemente, a mãe, além de conhecida, ocupa lugar central na constelação afetiva da criança e isto deve ser levado em conta na discussão. Ainda assim a familiaridade parece relevante neste contraste de efeitos da depressão materna: a maior colaboração com a pessoa estranha pelas crianças de mães com depressão atual pode representar necessidade de ser aceito ou culpa. Os resultados são compatíveis com a suposição de que a condição de depressão afeta de modo complexo os processos subjacentes à interação social com pessoas não conhecidas e com a mãe / Studies in different socio-cultural environments have shown incidence of depression, especially postpartum (DPP) 10 to 20% among women. In between the relevant consequences of the context, there has been a special interest for the potential compromise of the mother-infant interaction and in childs cognitive and emotional development, which could delay the development of prosocial behavior. The aim of this study was to evaluate, through instrumental help tasks, whether maternal depression affects the development of prosocial behavior in three years children. Participants were: 24 mother-infant dyads: 12 mothers \"never depressed\", six mothers \"always depressed\" and six mothers with \"current depression\", when the children were at the age of 36 months (M = 37 ± 2.8 months). The mothers were with the average age of 25 years (M = 25.87 ± 5.23) and were evaluated by Edinburgh Postpartum Depression scale, at the time of application testing and puerperium. the children\'s performance were recorded on tasks of: 1) help the mother, a family person, collecting toys after a play session and 2) help the experimenter, unknown, to catch object he drops to the ground. The results showed no significant statistical differences regarding maternal commands, however, a significant decrease of the explanations and mothers behavioral changes for \"always depressed\" and \"current depression.\" Children of mothers \"always depressed\" most ignored their mothers, while children of mothers with \"current depression\" and \"never depressed\" provided more simple denials, a more mature form of denial. Children of mothers with \"current depression\" assisted the experimenter in 100% of cases with statistically significant differences between the other two groups, using the chi-square test. We conclude that maternal depression has influenced some of the children\'s responses, specifically as to the unknown person. Of course, the mother, as known, occupies a central place in the constellation of affective child and this must be taken into account in the discussion. Yet this familiarity seems relevant contrast effects of maternal depression: increased collaboration with the stranger by the children of mothers with depression may represent current need to be accepted or guilt. The results are compatible with the assumption that the condition of depression affects so complex processes underlying the social interaction with people is not known and the mother

Background: This study examined the bidirectional nature of mother-infant positive and negative emotional displays during social interactions across multiple tasks among postpartum women accounting for childhood maltreatment severity. Additionally, effects of maternal postpartum psychopathology on maternal affect and effects of task and emotional valence on dyadic emotional displays were evaluated. Sampling and Methods: A total of 192 mother-infant dyads (51% male infants) were videotaped during free play and the Still-Face paradigm at 6 months postpartum. Mothers reported on trauma history and postpartum depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Reliable, masked coders scored maternal and infant positive and negative affect from the videotaped interactions. Results: Three path models evaluated whether dyadic affective displays were primarily mother driven, infant driven, or bidirectional in nature, adjusting for mothers' maltreatment severity and postpartum psychopathology. The bidirectional model had the best fit. Child maltreatment severity predicted depression and PTSD symptoms, and maternal symptoms predicted affective displays (both positive and negative), but the pattern differed for depressive symptoms compared to PTSD symptoms. Emotional valence and task altered the nature of bidirectional affective displays. Conclusions: The results add to our understanding of dyadic affective exchanges in the context of maternal risk (childhood maltreatment history, postpartum symptoms of depression and PTSD). Findings highlight postpartum depression symptoms as one mechanism of risk transmission from maternal maltreatment history to impacted parent-child interactions. Limitations include reliance on self-reported psychological symptoms and that the sample size prohibited testing of moderation analyses. Developmental and clinical implications are discussed.

Disertacijoje tirtas vaizdo analizės metodu pagrįstos, trumpalaikės, nukreiptos į motinos ir kūdikio sąveiką, prieraišumo santykius koreguojančios intervencijos (VIPP, Juffer, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Van IJzendoorn, 2008) poveikis motinų jautrumui kūdikio signalams bei kūdikių prieraišumo saugumui. Tiriamieji buvo (N = 54) nepakankamai jautrios kūdikio signalams, klinikinių sutrikimų neturinčios, viduriniosios klasės motinos ir kūdikiai. Motinos jautrumas kūdikio signalams buvo vertinamas klasikine Ainsworth skale pagal nufilmuotą motinos ir kūdikio laisvą žaidimą, o kūdikių prieraišumo saugumas vertintas Waters‘o „Prieraišumo Q-rūšiavimo metodika“ (stebint kūdikį ir motiną namuose). Ilgalaikį dalyvavimo korekcijos programoje poveikį vaikų elgesio sunkumams vertinome CBCL metodika. Nustatyta, kad dalyvavimas korekcijos programoje reikšmingai padidino motinų jautrumą kūdikių signalams, net kai buvo kontroliuojamas motinos amžius, išsilavinimas, kasdienis stresas, saviveiksmingumas, kūdikių lytis ir temperamentas. Kūdikių prieraišumo saugumas eksperimentinėje grupėje nepadidėjo, kai eksperimentinės grupės tiriamieji baigė dalyvauti programoje, lyginant su kontroline grupe. Aukštesniu ir žemesniu neigiamu emocionalumu pasižymintys kūdikiai gavo tiek pat naudos iš dalyvavimo programoje. Eksperimentinės, kontrolinės grupių ir pakankamai jautrių motinų vaikai patyrė panašiai tiek pat elgesio sunkumų dviejų metų amžiuje. Disertacijoje analizuojami veiksniai, susiję su motinų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The randomized control trial examined the effects of a short-term, interaction focused and attachment-based video-feedback intervention (VIPP, Juffer, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & Van IJzendoorn, 2008) on mothers’ sensitive responsiveness and infant-mother attachment security in a sample (N = 54) of low sensitive, non-clinical, middle class Lithuanian mothers. Maternal sensitivity was assessed in a free play session with the Ainsworth sensitivity scale, and attachment security was observed using the Attachment Q sort for home observations. The long-term intervention effect on children behavior problems was assessed with CBCL. We found that the intervention mothers indeed significantly improved their sensitive responsiveness through participation in the intervention. VIPP enhanced maternal sensitive responsiveness even when maternal age, educational level, daily hassles, efficacy, infant gender, and infant negative and positive affect were controlled for. However, attachment security in the intervention group infants was not enhanced after the intervention, compared to the control infants, and the infants did not seem to differential susceptible to the increase in maternal sensitivity. Experimental, control groups children and sensitive mothers’ children experienced the same level of behavior problems at two years. Factors associated with maternal sensitivity and children behavior problems were analyzed.