Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-03-16T18:35:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 000010f6.pdf: 129075617 bytes, checksum: 991b553e42a0d8cd8252e569639c3a91 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-16T18:35:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000010f6.pdf: 129075617 bytes, checksum: 991b553e42a0d8cd8252e569639c3a91 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-01 / Nenhuma / Esta Dissertação de Mestrado aborda a maternidade e a relação mãe e bebê no contexto das dificuldades alimentares da criança. Compõe-se de dois artigos, um teórico e um empírico. O artigo teórico é uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre as dificuldades alimentares na infância. Para isso, foi efetuada uma busca nas bases de dados internacionais BVS, Ebsco Host (Academic Search e Medline), Psychinfo, Pubmed, Scielo, Science Direct, e Scopus com as palavras-chave feeding difficulties, feeding disorder e feeding problems, juntamente com as palavras child e infancy e seus equivalentes em inglês nos últimos cinco anos. Do total de 3.077 itens encontrados, apenas 24 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os resultados indicam que o comportamento materno possui influência nas dificuldades alimentares da criança, assim como o alimento pode ser usado como uma forma de controle e também de conforto. O estudo empírico trata de um estudo qualitativo, com delineamento de estudo de casos múltiplos, cujo objetivo foi investigar de que forma se dá a relação entre mãe e bebê com dificuldades alimentares, e compreender como a interação entre a dupla interfere nesse âmbito. Os participantes foram três duplas mãe e bebê com idade entre sete e oito meses de idade com dificuldades na área da alimentação. Cada caso foi analisado a partir da experiência de ser mãe, primeiras experiências com a alimentação, transição dos alimentos e as dificuldades alimentares do bebê e a relação entre mãe e bebê. Os resultados apontam que a introdução da alimentação complementar pode ser vista como uma interferência na interação entre mãe e bebê, por ter que abrir mão do aleitamento materno exclusivo e dar lugar a um terceiro, representado pela colher e pelo alimento sólido. / Whereas relations between mother and son are indispensable to the healthy development of a child, it is necessary to reflect on them when they come into the scene baby feeding difficulties. Thus, the objective of this work is to understand how to configure the mother-son relationship with feeding difficulties. For that, we decided to conduct a qualitative research study design with multiple cases, and each case was examined individually, seeking their particularities, and then compared to the others, in order to investigate the convergences and divergences between them. Participated in three adult mothers and their babies between the ages of seven and eight months, with difficulties in the area of food. Were used as instruments: Clinical Data Sheet, Sociodemographic Data Sheet, Mental Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.-Plus), Questionnaire Sympton Checklist - Evaluation of Psicofunctional Disorders of Early Childhood, Interview About the Experience of Motherhood and the Interaction Assessment Procedure (IAP). Each case was examined from the experience of being a mother, the first experiments with the food, the transition of food, baby food problems and the relationship between mother and baby. The results show that the introduction of complementary feeding can be seen as an interference in the interaction between mother and baby by having to give up exclusive breastfeeding and give rise to a third, represented by the spoon and food.

Submitted by Maicon Juliano Schmidt (maicons) on 2015-07-10T14:41:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Nassif da Silva.pdf: 877431 bytes, checksum: 2e187b6f20ed2dbf73423d5ff3e0a022 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-10T14:41:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Priscila Nassif da Silva.pdf: 877431 bytes, checksum: 2e187b6f20ed2dbf73423d5ff3e0a022 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-01-31 / Nenhuma / Esta Dissertação de Mestrado aborda a maternidade e a relação mãe-bebê no contexto do luto materno. Compõe-se de dois artigos, um teórico e um empírico. O artigo teórico é uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre luto materno e filho subsequente e, para sua realização, foi efetuada uma busca nas bases de dados nacionais Scielo, Lilacs e BVS-Psi com as palavras-chave luto materno, mãe enlutada e mãe e luto. Realizou-se, também, uma busca nas bases de dados internacionais Scopus, ScienceDirect e Pubmed, com as palavras-chave grieving mother, bereaved mother e mourning mother, compreendendo o período de 2000 a 2012. Do total de 1953 encontrados, apenas 17 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Os resultados indicam que a relação com o filho subsequente é mais abordada em estudos internacionais do que em estudos nacionais. Além disso, o número de estudos internacionais que abordaram a gravidez após a perda é maior do que aqueles que investigaram a relação com o filho após o nascimento. O estudo empírico teve como objetivo investigar de que forma a mãe vivencia a nova maternidade após a perda de um filho e compreender como essa vivência pode repercutir na relação com o novo bebê na primeira metade do primeiro ano de vida do mesmo. As participantes foram quatro mulheres adultas, com idades entre 20 e 38 anos. Eram mães de recém-nascidos de até seis meses de idade, com histórico de perda anterior de um filho, independente da idade e do tempo decorrido da perda. Foram utilizados como instrumentos o Instrumento de Avaliação da Perturbação de Luto Prolongado (PG-13), entrevistas semi-estruturadas sobre o luto materno, e sobre a experiência da maternidade atual e a relação com o novo bebê, além da observação da interação mãe-bebê. Cada caso foi analisado individualmente, buscando-se as suas particularidades, e depois comparado aos demais, a fim de investigar as convergências e divergências entre eles. Os resultados apontam que embora as mães ainda estejam apresentando indícios de luto, três delas parecem estar constituindo vínculo adequado com seus filhos subsequentes. Apenas uma das participantes parece apresentar bastante dificuldade de vinculação com a filha. / This Master ́s Dissertation discusses motherhood and mother-infant relationship in the context of maternal grief. It consists of two papers, one theoretical and one empirical. The theoretical paper is a systematic review of the literature on maternal and child bereavement and subsequent to its execution, a search was conducted in national databases Scielo, Lilacs and BVS-Psi with keywords grieving mother, bereaved mother and mother and mourning. Was performed also a search in international databases Scopus, ScienceDirect and PubMed with the keywords Grieving mother, bereaved mother and mourning mother, comprising the period from 2000 to 2012. Of the total of 1953 found only 17 met the inclusion criteria. The results indicate that the relationship with his son addressed in subsequent studies is more international than in national studies. Furthermore, the number of international studies that addressed the pregnancy after loss is greater than those who investigated the relationship with the child after birth.The empirical study aimed at investigating how the mother experiences the new maternity after the loss of a child and understand how this experience may influence the relationship with the new baby in the first half of the first year of life the same. The participants were four adult women, aged between 20 and 38 years. They were mothers of newborns up to six months of age, with a history of previous loss of a child, regardless of age and elapsed time of loss. Were used as instruments of the Assessment Instrument Prolonged Grief Disorder (PG-13), semi-structured interviews about the grieving mother, and about the experience of motherhood and current relationship with the new baby, and the observation of mother-infant interaction. Each case was analyzed individually, seeking their particularities, and then compared to the others in order to investigate the similarities and differences between them. The results indicate that although mothers are still showing signs of mourning, three of them seem to constitute adequate link with subsequent children. Only one of participants seems to have enough trouble linking with his daughter.

O vínculo afetivo mãe-bebê, que se cria desde as primeiras interações, afeta o desenvolvimento emocional da criança. A depressão pós-parto (DPP) é um transtorno de humor que pode prejudicar a qualidade destas interações. Sendo o primeiro ano de vida um período em que o bebê está especialmente suscetível aos estímulos externos e totalmente dependente de cuidados, o objetivo da pesquisa relatada na dissertação de mestrado foi verificar o impacto da DPP no desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor em uma amostra representativa de crianças moradoras de uma região urbana da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Este estudo faz parte de um Projeto Temático FAPESP que teve por objetivo investigar os fatores de risco relacionados à DPP e sua influência no desenvolvimento das crianças ao longo de três anos. A Escala de Depressão Pós-parto de Edinburgh (EDPE) foi aplicada aos quatro e oito meses e o desenvolvimento neuropsicomotor dos bebês foi avaliado aos quatro (N=144), oito (N=127) e doze meses de vida (N=94), por itens baseados nos Testes Gesell e Amatruda, M-Chat, Denver e IRDI. Foram consideradas informações sobre a gestação, condições do parto e a avaliação neonatal obtidas nos prontuários do Hospital Universitário. A razão sexual no nascimento foi viesada no sentido de maior nascimento de meninas, o que é compatível com a Teoria de Trivers e Willard de viés da razão sexual por condições adversas. Aplicou-se uma análise de Regressão Logística aos dados de desenvolvimento, considerando-se no modelo a depressão pós-parto, o sexo, a idade e a frequência de creche. Os resultados mostraram que a depressão pós-parto materna foi um fator que prejudicou o desenvolvimento infantil nas avaliações realizadas aos oito e doze meses, mas não aos quatro meses. O sexo do bebê mostrou-se uma variável significativa. Aos oito meses os bebês do sexo masculino mostraram pior desempenho neuropsicomotor quando comparados aos bebês do sexo feminino. A literatura tem apontado nesta direção, evidenciando maior prejuízo dos meninos em função da depressão materna. Ao contrário do esperado, aos 12 meses as crianças que frequentavam creche mostraram pior desempenho quando comparadas às crianças que não frequentavam. A prevalência de DPP na amostra foi alta (26,7%) e os resultados sobre o desenvolvimento, preocupantes, apontando para a necessidade de políticas públicas de prevenção e intervenção precoce. Mesmo em condições adversas, podem surgir soluções criativas de grande impacto, a exemplo do método canguru. Além disso, os resultados desta investigação contribuem para o esforço multidisciplinar, relevante para o enfrentamento da questão da DPP / The mother-infant bond, created from the earliest dyadic interactions, affects the infant emotional development. The postpartum depression (PPD) is a depressive disorder that can impair the quality of these interactions. During the first year of life the infant is particularly susceptible to external stimuli and totally dependent on parental care. The goal of the research reported in the dissertation was to investigate the impact of PPD on psychomotor development in a sample of children living in an urban area of the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. This study is part of a FAPESP Thematic Project which aimed to investigate the risk factors related to Postpartum Depression (PPD) and its influence on children\'s development over the first three years of life. Mothers mental state was assessed by the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) at four and eight months after delivery and neurodevelopmental milestones were evaluated at four (N = 144), eight (N = 127) and twelve months (N = 94) through items based on Gesell and Amatruda, M-Chat, Denver and IRDI. Information was also collected about pregnancy, birth and neonatal evaluation from University Hospital reports. The sex ratio was biased at birth in favor of girls, consistent with Trivers and Willard Theory that harsh environmental conditions affects sex-ratio. Data were analyzed through logistic regression, considering the influence of postpartum depression, sex, age and day-care support. The results showed that child development was negatively affected by maternal postpartum depression at eight and twelve months, but not at four months. The baby\'s sex was also significant. At eight month male babies had worse psychomotor performance when compared to female, in accordance with literature showing that boys of PPD mothers are at greater risk of poor development. Unlike expected, at 12 months children attending day-care service showed poorer performance when compared to children who stayed at home. The high prevalence of PPD in this population (26,7%) and the results of the developmental evaluation are worrying, pointing to the need for mental health public policies and early intervention. Even in adverse conditions high impact solutions can be created, as Kangaroo care method. Furthermore, the results of this research can contribute to a multidisciplinary effort, relevant to address issues related to depression

Because the way mothers play with their children may have significant impacts on children's social, cognitive, and linguistic development, researchers have become interested in potential predictors of maternal play. In the present study, 40 mother–infant dyads were followed from child age 5–20 months. Five-month habituation rate and 13 and 20 month temperamental difficulty were found to be predictive of maternal play quality at 20 months. The most parsimonious theoretical model was one in which habituation was mediated by temperamental difficulty in predicting mother play. Consistent with prior speculation in the literature, these data support the possibility that mothers adjust some aspects of their play behaviors to fit their children's cognitive and temperamental capabilities.

<p><p>Aim: To examine how midwives describe good and safe postpartum care of mothers with infants in neonatal care, and which prerequisites and obstacles they see to giving good and safe care while minimizing time of separation. Method: Semi structured qualitative interviews with ten midwives at two maternity wards in Uppsala. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and processed by manifest analysis. Results: Three categories were identified, <em>Good and safe care, Organization as an obstacle </em>and <em>The midwife role.</em> Good and safe postpartum care of mothers with infants in neonatal care required knowledge, appropriate equipment, good guidelines, possibility to see the mother, contact between mother and infant and good collaboration between the maternity and neonatal wards. This collaboration was insufficient. Organizational obstacles were shortage of staff, lack of guidelines and the distance between the wards. The midwives thought that integrated care of mother and child would be optimal, or at least a midwife responsible for the mother at the neonatal ward and a pediatric nurse on the maternity ward. The midwife saw herself as the woman's advocate who perceives the family as a whole. Being responsible for the mother´s care, their dilemma was how to prioritize between medical safety and encouraging her to stay with her infant. Conclusions: This is a topic that midwives are committed to. It causes frustration and feelings of insufficiency, but also of being important and capable of making a difference. Many thoughts about how the nursing care functions and should be provided were found. Many improvements are needed, organizational improvements as well as an increased collaboration between the departments are desired.<strong> </strong></p></p><p> </p>

Aim: To examine how midwives describe good and safe postpartum care of mothers with infants in neonatal care, and which prerequisites and obstacles they see to giving good and safe care while minimizing time of separation. Method: Semi structured qualitative interviews with ten midwives at two maternity wards in Uppsala. The interviews were recorded, transcribed verbatim and processed by manifest analysis. Results: Three categories were identified, Good and safe care, Organization as an obstacle and The midwife role. Good and safe postpartum care of mothers with infants in neonatal care required knowledge, appropriate equipment, good guidelines, possibility to see the mother, contact between mother and infant and good collaboration between the maternity and neonatal wards. This collaboration was insufficient. Organizational obstacles were shortage of staff, lack of guidelines and the distance between the wards. The midwives thought that integrated care of mother and child would be optimal, or at least a midwife responsible for the mother at the neonatal ward and a pediatric nurse on the maternity ward. The midwife saw herself as the woman's advocate who perceives the family as a whole. Being responsible for the mother´s care, their dilemma was how to prioritize between medical safety and encouraging her to stay with her infant. Conclusions: This is a topic that midwives are committed to. It causes frustration and feelings of insufficiency, but also of being important and capable of making a difference. Many thoughts about how the nursing care functions and should be provided were found. Many improvements are needed, organizational improvements as well as an increased collaboration between the departments are desired.

Significant relationships have been identified between elements of early parent-infant interactions and later skills or qualities in the child. Generally speaking, sensitive and responsive interactions between a mother and infant during the first year of life tend to be linked with improved child developmental outcomes (Barnard, 1996; Wyly, 1997). Research has examined the influence of infant and family risk factors on parent-infant interaction. Family risk factors including maternal depression can reduce a mother's sensitivity and responsiveness to her infant. Evidence is mounting that mothers of preterm infants experience higher rates of depression than mothers of fullterm infants (e.g. Miles et al., 1999). Although all infants may be vulnerable to the effects of maternal depression, the premature infant is at greater risk due to his/her decreased responsiveness and increased need for appropriate stimulation (Field, 1995). The purpose of this study was to examine maternal reports of depressive symptomatology and associated variables at two time points following a very preterm birth: at one-month postpartum (Phase 1); and 3 months after infant hospital discharge (Phase 2). Observational data were collected at Phase 2 to explore whether maternal depressive symptoms and associated factors influenced maternal-infant interaction. A two-phase prospective follow-up design involved surveying mothers of very premature infants (&It; 32weeks) who were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). Multiple measurements were collected at Phase 1 and Phase 2. Mother-infant observational data were collected at Phase 2. The subject population comprised all eligible mothers of very premature infants who were admitted to a 60 bed tertiary referral NICU of a major metropolitan hospital (n=62). Mothers completed a survey at Phase 1 and Phase 2. The questionnaire contained a number of validated instruments measuring depression, stress, social support and coping. Maternal and infant demographic data were collated from the hospital records. Observational data were collected and coded using the Nursing Child Assessment Feeding Scale (Barnard et al., 1989). Results indicated that 40% of women reported clinically significant depressive symptomatology at one month postpartum. High maternal stress and low maternal education and support from nursing staff were major factors explaining depression scores. At Phase 2, 17% of women continued to report clinically significant depressive symptomatology. Depression at Phase 1 and maternal stress at Phase 2 were important factors explaining Phase 2 depression scores. An exploratory analysis of the relationship between mother-infant interaction and Phase 1 and Phase 2 variables revealed that the mothers' coping strategies, both in hospital and at home, were important factors in explaining mother-infant interaction. The results support previous findings that many women suffer stress and depressive symptoms after very premature birth. The results indicate that maternal depression, at one month postnatally, can be predictive of maternal depression at three months after infant hospital discharge and that very premature infants are less responsive interactive partners. These findings highlight possible parenting difficulties particularly during the first year. This study has contributed to family centered research by highlighting the importance of early postnatal experiences to the longer-term psychological health of mothers and to the mother-infant relationship. Screening mothers of very premature infants for postpartum depression will enable early identification of symptoms and appropriate referral for treatment.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a relação mãe-bebê no contexto do HIV, da gestação ao segundo ano de vida da criança, a partir do conceito de representações maternas de Stern (1991, 1997). Participaram do estudo quatro mães que viviam com HIV, com idades entre 19 e 39 anos. Na ocasião da gestação, todas eram casadas, duas eram primíparas e duas multíparas, sendo que duas souberam do diagnóstico na gestação e duas já sabiam antes de engravidarem. Elas realizavam acompanhamento pré-natal especializado na rede pública de saúde de Porto Alegre. A pesquisa teve um delineamento de estudo de caso coletivo, longitudinal, sendo cada caso investigado no final da gestação e aos três, 12 e 24 meses de vida da criança. Análise de conteúdo qualitativa foi utilizada para se examinar os relatos maternos durante as entrevistas com base em quatro categorias de representações maternas: sobre si mesma, o bebê, o pai do bebê, e a própria mãe. Os resultados indicaram que a relação mãe-bebê no contexto do HIV, ao longo dos dois anos de vida da criança, foi acompanhada de diversas satisfações e alegrias, mas também desafios associados ao desempenho da maternidade, ao desenvolvimento infantil e à convivência com o HIV. Inicialmente, os relatos associados às representações maternas sugeriam um bebê mais vulnerável e uma mãe culpada e que temia o preconceito. Essas representações eram explicitadas nas interações mãe-bebê de maneiras diversas, incluindo cuidados intensos com o bebê. Ao longo do tempo, porém, houve mudanças nessas representações, que passaram a ser de uma criança saudável e forte diante do HIV, e de uma mãe mais segura frente à infecção e à maternidade. Embora algumas preocupações relativas ao HIV permanecessem presentes, elas eram secundárias diante dos desafios impostos pelo próprio desenvolvimento infantil ao longo dos dois primeiros anos de vida. Este processo, no entanto, só pareceu possível quando a mãe conseguia aceitar e conviver com as limitações e possibilidades diante da infecção, o que envolveu o uso de estratégias defensivas mais flexíveis e focadas no enfrentamento do HIV. Quando isso não aconteceu, em um dos casos, fortes ansiedades maternas recaíram sobre o bebê, que passou a ser visto a partir dessas projeções maternas, ficando em um segundo plano suas capacidades adaptativas e singularidades, o que pode pôr em risco seu desenvolvimento emocional. Neste sentido, reforça-se a importância de se ampliar o foco do atendimento em saúde para além da prevenção materno-infantil do HIV, oferecendo-se uma atenção especial à saúde mental da mãe com o intuito de se proteger também a criança em desenvolvimento. / This study investigated mother-infant relationship in the context of HIV from pregnancy to the second year of the infant, based on Stern’s maternal representations (1991, 1997). The study included four mothers living with HIV, aged between 19 and 39 years. At pregnancy, all mothers were married, two were primiparous and two multiparous. Two mothers knew their HIV diagnosis during pregnancy, and two had known before becoming pregnant. They performed prenatal care at a public health center for HIV treatment in Porto Alegre, Brazil. A longitudinal multiple case study design was used. Data were collected at the third trimester of pregnancy and at three, 12 and 24 months of the infant. Each mother answered a semi-structured interview, and a questionnaire about her health and medical treatment. Content analysis was carried out based on four categories of maternal representations: about herself, the infant, the infant's father and the own mother. The results indicated that the mother-infant relationship in the context of HIV, over the two years of the infant, was accompanied by various satisfactions and challenges related to motherhood, child development and living with HIV. Initially, the maternal representations showed a vulnerable infant and a guilty mother. Mothers enacted these representations in various ways, including intense care with the baby. Over time, however, there were changes in these representations: the child has been seen healthier and stronger, and the mother, more competent and less anxious in childcare. Although some concerns related to HIV remain, they were secondary to the challenges posed by the child's development over the first two years of life. This process, however, was possible when the mother could accept and live well with the limitations and possibilities from HIV infection, using defensive strategies more flexible and focused on coping actively with HIV. When this did not happen, as seen in one case, strong maternal anxieties relapsed over the infant, who was seen through these maternal projections. In this case, the infant adaptive capabilities and singularities were not adequately recognized by the mother, which can jeopardize the child’s emotional development. In this sense, this study reinforces the importance of broadening the focus of health care beyond the prevention of mother-child transmission of HIV, offering special attention to the maternal mental health in order to protect the developing child.

O presente estudo investigou a relação entre as metas de socialização maternas e os estilos de interação mãe-bebê, no primeiro e segundo ano de vida da criança, bem como eventuais mudanças longitudinais neste período. Além disto, investigou-se a relação entre características maternas (ex. idade e escolaridade) e do bebê (ex. sexo e desenvolvimento infantil) e as metas de socialização e os estilos de interação mãe-bebê, durante o mesmo período. Participaram 25 mães (M=33,2 anos; DP=5,73) e seus filhos, que no início do estudo estavam no primeiro ano de vida (M=6,7 meses; DP=1,74). As mães responderam a uma entrevista sobre suas metas de socialização e as díades foram observadas durante interação livre visando examinar seus estilos de interação. O desenvolvimento dos bebês foi avaliado através das Escalas Bayley III. No segundo ano de vida dos bebês, esses procedimentos de coleta de dados foram repetidos. Os resultados apoiaram parcialmente a hipótese inicial de que, independente da idade do bebê, metas de socialização que enfatizam a autonomia estariam relacionadas a um estilo de interação focalizado na autonomia do bebê; e metas de socialização que enfatizam a “relação” estariam relacionadas a um estilo de interação focalizado no direcionamento materno. Somente no primeiro ano do bebê, correlações significativas entre metas de socialização e estilos de interação mãe-bebê foram na direção esperada. Por outro lado, os resultados corroboraram a hipótese de que características maternas e do bebê estariam mais relacionadas aos estilos de interação mãe-bebê do que às metas de socialização, tendo em vista que estas últimas representam valores culturais mais amplos, enquanto os estilos de interação são mais dependentes de fatores contextuais e individuais envolvendo a própria díade mãe-bebê. O sexo do bebê foi a única variável que se relacionou às metas de socialização, mas só no primeiro ano. Por sua vez, diversas características da mãe e do bebê relacionaram-se aos estilos de interação, tanto no primeiro quanto no segundo ano do bebê. Juntos, os resultados do presente estudo ressaltam as limitações de pressupostos lineares e unidirecionais sobre a relação entre metas e estilos de interação, que ainda são destacados na literatura, mas precisam ser superados. Como foi evidenciado, diversos fatores possivelmente permeiam esta relação, com destaque para características da díade mãe-bebê ao longo do processo de desenvolvimento. / The present study investigated the relationship between maternal socialization goals and mother-infant interaction styles in the first and second year of the child's life, as well as possible longitudinal changes in this period. Furthermore, I studied the relations among maternal (eg. age and education) and infant (eg. gender and child development) characteristics and socialization goals and mother-infant interaction styles during the same period. Twenty five mothers (M=33,2 anos; SD=5,73) and their children participated in the study; the latter, at the beginning of study, were in their first year of life (M=6,7 meses; DP=1,74). Mothers were interviewed about their socialization goals and the dyads were observed during free interaction with the aim of examining their interaction styles. The infants’ development was assessed by Bayley Scales III. In the second year of the infants’ life, these data collecting procedures were repeated. The results partially supported the initial hypothesis that, regardless of the infant’s age, socialization goals that emphasize autonomy would be related to an interaction style focused on his or her autonomy, and socialization goals that emphasize relatedness would be are related to an interaction style focused on maternal directives. In the infant’s first year (although not the second) significant correlations between socialization goals and mother-infant interaction styles were in the expected direction. Moreover, the results supported the hypothesis that maternal and infant characteristics would be more related to mother-infant interaction styles than to the socialization goals, considering that the latter represent broader cultural values, whereas interaction styles are more dependent on contextual and individual factors involving the mother-infant dyad. The infant's gender was the only variable that was related to the socialization goals, but only in the first year. By contrast, several characteristics of the mother and infant were related to interaction styles, either in the first or second year of the infant. Together, the results of the present study highlight the limitations of linear and unidirectional assumptions about the relationship between goals and interaction styles, which are still emphasized in the literature, but need to be overcome. As evidenced, several factors probably underlie this relationship, especially characteristics of the mother-infant dyad throughout the development process.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Mesmo antes das crianças começarem a falar, elas utilizam gestos, como dar, mostrar e apontar. O início da comunicação gestual pode ser percebido muito cedo na infância humana, mas ainda não está claro como ocorre a progressão deste desenvolvimento. O presente estudo investiga o papel e as características do desenvolvimento gestual no primeiro ano de vida. Um bebê de sexo masculino e sua mãe foram observados longitudinalmente, a cada semana, do nascimento aos 12 meses de idade. A díade foi filmada em casa enquanto realizava atividades de rotina. Nas idades de 9 a 12 meses, uma vez ao mês a mãe foi solicitada a brincar com seu bebê em situação estruturada. Os vídeos foram analisados qualitativa e quantitativamente em termos da percentagem de ocorrência de categorias de gestos comunicativos de ambos os parceiros e de seus comportamentos. Cenários comunicativos foram identificados. O aparecimento de diferentes comportamentos e suas trajetórias de desenvolvimento foram registrados. As possíveis relações com o surgimento posterior de gestos foram discutidas, analisando comportamentos que se tornaram ou não precursores e o modo como eles tenderam a apresentar mudanças com o tempo. Alguns resultados interessantes foram observados: pré-apontar foi identificado desde os primeiros meses e apresentou declínio de ocorrência. Pré-alcançar foi identificado aos 5 meses de idade e declinou no mesmo período em que foi observado o aparecimento do gesto de alcançar, o qual tendeu a aumentar com o tempo. Virar a cabeça enquanto rejeição foi observado aos 4 meses. Conforme o bebê foi se tornando mais velho, ele passou mais tempo engajado com sua mãe e com objetos de forma coordenada. Desde o início do primeiro ano, a mãe exibiu gestos de mostrar objetos e apontar proximal declarativo. Comportamentos de atenção conjunta foram observados e tenderam a aumentar no período de 9 a 12 meses de idade. Gestos proximais e declarativos realizados pelo bebê ocorreram mais precocemente se comparados a gestos imperativos e distais. As transições observadas a partir dos cenários comunicativos não compartilhados rumo aos de natureza simbólica foram identificadas. Percentagens de tempo de cenários comunicativos não-compartilhados e atencionais primários diminuíram enquanto as de cenários atencionais secundários aumentaram, tornando-se predominantes no final do primeiro ano. Neste período, cenários convencionais e simbólicos surgiram, apresentando breve duração. Embora estes resultados não sejam conclusivos, podem contribuir para a compreensão das primeiras modalidades de comunicação mãe-bebê, ajudando a fornecer suportes para a discussão sobre a existência de precursores gestuais precoces. / Even before children begin to speak, they gesture like pointing, showing and giving gestures to communicate themselves. The beginnings of gestural communication can be seen very early in human infancy, but its still unclear how this developmental progression occurs. The present study investigates the role and the features of early gestural development in the first year of life. One baby boy and his mother were observed longitudinally and extensively every week from birth to 12 months of age. The dyad was video-recorded at home while performing routine activities. In addition, from infant age 9 through 12 months, at once a month, the mother was asked to play with her baby in a structured situation. The videotapes were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in terms of the percentage of occurrence of specific categories of dyads communicative gestures and general behaviors. Mother-child communication frames were identified. The appearance of different behaviors and their developmental trajectories were registered. The possible links with the emergence of gestures were discussed, examining which infant behaviors became precursors of gestures and how did they change with age. Some interesting results were found: pre-pointing was identified since the first months of life and tended to decrease. Pre-reaching was identified at 5 months of age and decreased as soon as reaching appeared for the first time and tended to increase. Turning head away as rejection was observed at 4 months of age. As the baby became older, he spent more time engaged with his mother and objects in a coordinated joint attentional state, especially after 9 months of age. Early in the first year, the mother exhibited specific declarative and proximal gestures like showing and pointing. Occurrences of joint attention behaviors such as giving, showing, pointing, offering and point following were observed for both dyad members and tended to increase from 9 to 12 months of age. Infant proximal and declarative gestures tended to occur earlier than imperative and distal gestures. The transitions from non-shared to symbolic mother-child communication frames were identified. The percentage of time of non-shared and primary attentional frames decreased while the percentage of secondary attentional frames increased, becoming predominant at the end of the first year. At this period, conventional and symbolic frames emerged and showed brief durations. Although these findings are not conclusive, they may contribute to a better understanding for the first modalities of mother-infant communication and helps to provide some support to the discussion about the precursors existence of early gestures.