Nuclear power plays a crucial role in energy supply in the world: around 15% of the electricity generated worldwide is provided from nuclear stations avoiding around 2.5 billion tonnes of CO2 emissions. As of January 2016, 442 reactors that generated 380+ GW were in operation and 66 new reactors were under construction. The seismic design of new nuclear power plants (NPPs) has gained much interest after the high-profile Fukushima Dai-ichi accident. In the UK, a tectonically stable continental region that possesses medium-to-low seismic activity, strong earthquakes capable of jeopardising the structural integrity of NPPs, although infrequent, can still occur. Despite that no NPP has been built in Great Britain after 1995, a New Build Programme intended to build 16 GW of new nuclear capacity by 2030 is currently under way. This PhD project provides a state-of-the-art framework for seismic probabilistic safety assessment and risk control of NPPs in Northwest Europe with particular application to the British Isles. It includes three progressive levels: (i) seismic input, (ii) seismic risk analysis, and (iii) seismic risk control. For seismic input, a suitable model to rationally define inputs in the context of risk assessments is proposed. Such a model is based on the stochastic simulation of accelerograms that are compatible with seismic scenarios defined by magnitude 4 < Mw < 6.5, epicentral distance 10 km < Repi < 100 km, and different types of soil (rock, stiff soil and soft soil). It was found to be a rational approach that streamlines the simulation of accelerograms to conduct nonlinear dynamic analyses for safety assessments. The model is a function of a few variables customarily known in structural engineering projects. In terms of PGA, PGV and spectral accelerations, the simulated accelerograms were validated by GMPEs calibrated for the UK, Europe and the Middle East, and other stable continental regions. For seismic risk analysis, a straightforward and logical approach to probabilistically assess the risk of NPPs based on the stochastic simulation of accelerograms is studied. It effectively simplifies traditional approaches: for seismic inputs, it avoids the use of selecting/scaling procedures and GMPEs; for structural outputs, it does not use Monte Carlo algorithms to simulate the damage state. However, it demands more expensive computational resources as a large number of nonlinear dynamic analyses are needed. For seismic risk control, strategies to control the risk using seismic protection systems are analysed. This is based on recent experience reported elsewhere of seismically protected nuclear reactor buildings in other areas of medium-to-low seismic activity. Finally, a scenario-based incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is proposed aimed at the generation of surfaces for unacceptable performance of NPPs as function of earthquake magnitude and distance. It was found that viscous-based devices are more efficient than hysteretic-based devices in controlling the seismic risk of NPPs in the UK. Finally, using the proposed scenario-based IDA, it was found that when considering all controlling scenarios for a representative UK nuclear site, the risk is significantly reduced ranging from 3 to 5 orders of magnitude when using viscous-based devices.

Cette thèse s'est intéressée aux relations entre les mouvements biologiques et la perception sonore en considérant le cas spécifique des mouvements graphiques et des sons de frottement qu'ils génèrent. L'originalité de ces travaux réside dans l'utilisation d'un modèle de synthèse sonore basé sur un principe perceptif issu de l'approche écologique de la perception et contrôlé par des modèles de gestes. Des stimuli sonores dont le timbre n'est modulé que par des variations de vitesse produites par un geste ont ainsi pu être générés permettant de se focaliser sur l'influence perceptive de cet invariant transformationel. Une première étude a ainsi montré que l'on reconnait la cinématique des mouvements biologiques (la loi en puissance 1/3), et que l'on peut discriminer des formes géométriques simples juste à partir des sons de frottement produits. Une seconde étude a montré l'existence de prototypes dynamiques sonores caractérisant les trajectoires elliptiques, mettant ainsi en évidence que les prototypes géométriques peuvent émerger d'un couplage sensorimoteur. Enfin, une dernière étude a montré qu'une cinématique évoquée par un sonore influence significativement la cinématique et la géométrie d'un geste dans une tâche de reproduction graphique du mouvement d'un point lumineux. Ce résultat révèle l'importance de la modalité auditive dans l'intégration multisensorielle des mouvements continus dans une situation jamais explorée. Ces résultats ont permis le contrôle de modèles de synthèse par des descriptions gestuelles et la création d'outils de sonification pour l'apprentissage de gestes et la réhabilitation d'une pathologie motrice, la dysgraphie. / This thesis focused on the relations between biological movements and auditory perception in considering the specific case of graphical movements and the friction sounds they produced. The originality of this work lies in the use of sound synthesis processes that are based on a perceptual paradigm and that can be controlled by gesture models. The present synthesis model made it possible to generate acoustic stimuli which timbre was directly modulated by the velocity variations induced by a graphic gesture in order to exclusively focus on the perceptual influence of this transformational invariant. A first study showed that we can recognize the biological motion kinematics (the 1/3 power law) and discriminate simple geometric shapes simply by listening to the timbre variations of friction sounds that solely evoke velocity variations. A second study revealed the existence of dynamic prototypes characterized by sounds corresponding to the most representative elliptic trajectory, thus revealing that prototypical shapes may emerged from sensorimotor coupling. A final study showed that the kinematics evoked by friction sounds may significantly affect the dynamic and geometric dimension in the visuo-motor coupling. This shed critical light on the relevance of auditory perception in the multisensory integration of continuous motion in a situation never explored. All of these theoretical results enabled the gestural control of sound synthesis models from a gestural description and the creation of sonification tools for gesture learning and rehabilitation of a graphomotor disease, dysgraphia.

Abstract The studies purpose is to acknowledge if there are some differences between the decision against Ranstadverkets uranium mining depending on event that occur and affect the project. 1959 - 1970 is the years that are examine. The Swedish uranium mining was a hot subject between the political parties. Nearly half a billion Swedish kronor was invested in the project. Nonprofit organizations like environment groups disliked the project and tried to stop it. Events like the when the mine where put in pause in 1969 and how that affected the mine. The study analyzes how the events affected the Swedish governments decisions against the mine and how the Swedish people responded on the decisions. / Den svenska miljöhistorian består mestadels av forskning om kärnkraften och vattenkraften vilket är bara en del av Sverige miljöhistoria. Den svenska uranbrytningen är en del av den svenska miljöhistorian fast det finns knappt någon forskning om ämnet, speciellt inte utifrån riksdagsbesluten. Vilket gör ämnet mer intresserat att studera.     Ranstadverket under åren 1959 - 1970 kan uppfattas som ett hett ämne vilket har blivit påverkat av omvärlden och dess förändring. Vid starten av Ranstadsprojektet var budgeten för verket cirka 115 miljoner och verkets byggnation kostade cirka 140 miljoner. Efter alla kostnader och arbetstimmar blev kostnaden för hela projektet nästan en halv miljard svenska kronor. De två frågor som har diskuterats i riksdagens dokument är ifall det är gynnsamt att utvinna uran vid Ranstad samt kostnaden för projektet. Ranstadsprojektet var ett diskussionsämne för alla svenska partier för att det var väldigt ekonomiskt krävande men också för att det kunde minska importkostnader.

La Norma E.030 y gran parte de los códigos de diseño sismorresistente consideran el análisis unidireccional para cada uno de los ejes principales de manera independiente. A comparación de ello, en realidad los eventos sísmicos tienen un comportamiento bastante aleatorio. Además, imponen solicitaciones bidireccionales en diferentes orientaciones a las edificaciones. Se realizó el estudio de la respuesta en edificaciones sujetas a solicitaciones de carga sísmica con irregularidades de esquina entrante y de piso blando. Para ello, se ha realizado el análisis tiempo historia lineal (ATHL) de éstas imponiendo solicitaciones sísmicas en dos direcciones ortogonales simultáneas. Así, se obtiene la respuesta estructural con variaciones de ángulos de incidencia de 10° y se compara con la respuesta derivada del análisis unidireccional. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el análisis tradicional subestima las respuestas de las estructuras. Se obtuvieron variaciones de hasta 50% en el modelo de esquina entrante y hasta 72% en el modelo de piso blando. En las edificaciones con irregularidad de piso blando extremo existen variaciones de hasta el 90%. Estos resultados confirman la necesidad de considerar la bidireccionalidad sísmica en el análisis y diseño sismorresistente. / Standard E.030 and most of the seismic-resistant design codes consider the unidirectional analysis for each of the main axes independently. By comparison, seismic events actually behave quite randomly. In addition, they impose bidirectional solicitations in different orientations to the buildings. The study of the response in structures subjects to earthquake loads with irregularity of l-shaped plan and soft story is carried out. For this, the linear time-story analysis (LTHA) of these has been carried out imposing seismic solicitations in two perpendicular directions at the same time. Thus, the structural response with incidence angle variations of 10° is obtained and compared with the response derived from the unidirectional analysis. Variations of up to 50 were obtained in the l-shaped plan model and up to 72% in the soft story model. In structures with extreme soft story variations of up to 90%. These results confirm the need to consider seismic bidirectionality in earthquake analysis and design. / Tesis

OPTIMUS MOTUS (R) ist ein grafischer Editor, um komplexe Bewegungsabläufe zu modellieren, zu optimieren, zu testen und schließlich als Funktionsbausteine für die SPS-Welt zu exportieren. So können SPS-Bewegungsprogramme erheblich schneller entwickelt und geändert werden als bei manueller Programmentwicklung. Die aus der Kurventechnik bekannte Bewegungsqualität kommt damit auch bei Servoantrieben zum Tragen. Das Debugging entfällt, weil die Quelltexte maschinell erzeugt werden.

One of the most difficult tasks towards designing earthquake resistant structures is the determination of critical earthquakes. Conceptually, these are the ground motions that would induce the critical response in the structures being designed. The quantification of this concept, however, is not easy. Unlike the linear response of a structure, which can often be obtained by using a single spectrally modified ground acceleration history, the nonlinear response is strongly dependent on the phasing of ground motion and the detailed shape of its spectrum. This necessitates the use of a suite (bin) of ground acceleration histories having phasing and spectral shapes appropriate for the characteristics of the earthquake source, wave propagation path, and site conditions that control the design spectrum. Further, these suites of records may have to be scaled to match the design spectrum over a period range of interest, rotated into strike-normal and strike-parallel directions for near-fault effects, and modified for local site conditions before they can be input into time-domain nonlinear analysis of structures. The generation of these acceleration histories is cumbersome and daunting. This is especially so due to the sheer magnitude of the data processing involved. The purpose of this thesis is the development and documentation of PC-based computational tools (hereinafter called EQTools) to provide a rapid and consistent means towards systematic assembly of representative strong ground motions and their characterization, evaluation, and modification within a performance-based seismic design framework. The application is graphics-intensive and every effort has been made to make it as user-friendly as possible. The application seeks to provide processed data which will help the user address the problem of determination of the critical earthquakes. The various computational tools developed in EQTools facilitate the identification of severity and damage potential of more than 700 components of recorded earthquake ground motions. The application also includes computational tools to estimate the ground motion parameters for different geographical and tectonic environments, and perform one-dimensional linear/nonlinear site response analysis as a means to predict ground surface motions at sites where soft soils overlay the bedrock. While EQTools may be used for professional practice or academic research, the fundamental purpose behind the development of the software is to make available a classroom/laboratory tool that provides a visual basis for learning the principles behind the selection of ground motion histories and their scaling/modification for input into time domain nonlinear (or linear) analysis of structures. EQTools, in association with NONLIN, a Microsoft Windows based application for the dynamic analysis of single- and multi-degree-of-freedom structural systems (Charney, 2003), may be used for learning the concepts of earthquake engineering, particularly as related to structural dynamics, damping, ductility, and energy dissipation. / Master of Science

No description available.

No description available.

Cette thèse est consacrée à l’étude des équations aux dérivées partielles stochastiques de type parabolique. Dans la première partie nous démontrons de nouveaux résultats concernant l’existence et l’unicité de solutions variationnelles globales et locales à des problèmes avec des conditions aux bords de type Neumann pour une classe d’équations aux dérivées partielles stochastiques non-autonomes. Les équations que nous considérons sont définies sur des domaines non bornés de l’espace euclidien qui satisfont à certaines conditions géométriques, et sont dirigées par un bruit multiplicatif dérivé d’un processus de Wiener fractionnaire infini-dimensionnel caractérisé par une suite de paramètres de Hurst H = (Hi) i ∈ N+ ⊂ (1/2,1). Ces paramètres sont en fait soumis à d’autres contraintes intimement liées à la nature de la non-linéarité dans le terme stochastique des équations, et au choix des espaces fonctionnels dans lesquels le problème à résoudre est bien posé. Notre méthode de preuve repose essentiellement sur des arguments d’injections compactes. Dans la seconde partie, nous étudions la possibilité de l’explosion de solutions d’une classe d’équations aux dérivées partielles stochastiques semi-linéaire avec des conditions aux bords de type Dirichlet, perturbées par un mélange d’un mouvement brownien et d’un mouvement brownien fractionnaire et dirigées par une classe d’opérateurs différentiels non autonomes contenant des processus de diffusions et des processus de Lévy. Notre but est de comprendre l’influence de la partie stochastique et de l’opérateur différentiel sur le comportement d’explosion des solutions. En particulier, nous donnons des expressions explicites pour des bornes inférieures et supérieures du temps de l’explosion de la solution, et des conditions suffisantes pour l’existence d’une solution globale positive. Nous estimons également la probabilité d’une explosion en temps fini et la loi d’une borne supérieur du temps d’explosion de la solution / This thesis is concerned with stochastic partial differential equations of parabolic type. In the first part we prove new results regarding the existence and the uniqueness of global and local variational solutions to a Neumann initial-boundary value problem for a class of non-autonomous stochastic parabolic partial differential equations. The equations we consider are defined on unbounded open domains in Euclidean space satisfying certain geometric conditions, and are driven by a multiplicative noise derived from an infinite-dimensional fractional Wiener process characterized by a sequence of Hurst parameters H = (Hi) i ∈ N+ ⊂ (1/2,1). These parameters are in fact subject to further constraints that are intimately tied up with the nature of the nonlinearity in the stochastic term of the equations, and with the choice of the functional spaces in which the problem at hand is well-posed. Our method of proof rests on compactness arguments in an essential way. The second part is devoted to the study of the blowup behavior of solutions to semilinear stochastic partial differential equations with Dirichlet boundary conditions driven by a class of differential operators including (not necessarily symmetric) Lévy processes and diffusion processes, and perturbed by a mixture of Brownian and fractional Brownian motions. Our aim is to understand the influence of the stochastic part and that of the differential operator on the blowup behavior of the solutions. In particular we derive explicit expressions for an upper and a lower bound of the blowup time of the solution and provide a sufficient condition for the existence of global positive solutions. Furthermore, we give estimates of the probability of finite time blowup and for the tail probabilities of an upper bound for the blowup time of the solutions

Cette recherche est le résultat d’une longue expérience des groupes – notamment d’enseignants en formation – et des interrogations que cette expérience et ce public ont fait naître dans les phénomènes transférentiels et contre-transférentiels observables dans ce travail groupal. A partir d’une expérience d’analyse de pratique dans le cadre de formations continues d’enseignants en souffrance professionnelle, ce travail de thèse vise à montrer comment les mouvements psychiques qui habitent ces situations groupales, à la fois indiquent des motions qui appartiennent à toute mise en groupe, et des mouvements ravivés par les situations d’enseignement, dont la classe, prototype essentiel de la fonction, lieu d’exercice de base de la profession enseignante. Il s’agit d’explorer comment ces mouvements se construisent d’abord sur une « corporéité de groupe » proche des formes primaires de symbolisation, sur des alliances autour de mouvements paranoïdes : menaces qui peuvent naître d’idées persécutives, liées aux rapports hiérarchiques, institutionnels et sociaux, mettant aussi en jeu la fonction sociale de l’Ecole. Ces formes de pactes et d’alliances inconscientes évoluent dans le groupe de travail vers une « autorisation collective » à un mouvement dépressif d’où émergent des affects de honte. Le partage de ces affects et leur mise en représentation langagière permettraient leur élaboration groupale d’abord avant d’être introjectées par les individus eux-mêmes. Ces mécanismes sont liés à l’installation d’un transfert de base groupal et d’un contre-transfert dont la « diffraction » semble un phénomène nécessaire à la mise en lien des niveaux intrapsychique, interpsychique et trans-psychique, soit la mise en place de la groupalité comme transitionnalité possible entre les groupes internes et le groupe réel, et enfin de refaire lien avec l’institution et le tissu social. Cette évolution groupale, relativement stable à travers les groupes présentés ici, permet la mise en place d’une évaluation centrée sur ces mouvements psychiques produits par le groupe et son effet sur la « transformation » d’une groupalité psychique individuelle. / This research is the outcome of a long experience of groups- in particular of student teachers- and the questioning emerged from this experience and this public in the transferential phenomena and counter transferential, observable in this groupal work.From an experiment of practical analysis, as part of teachers' continuous training, professionally suffering, this thesis work targets to show how the psychic motions taking part in these groupal situations, show both motions which belong to the group's implementation, and motions strengthened by the teaching situations, whose class, essential pattern of mission and basic place of the teaching function.The question is to explore how these motions first build up on an " existence of the group" close to the primary forms of symbolization, based on alliances of paranoide movements : threats which may appear from persecutive ideas, linked to hierarchical, institutional and social report, facing-off the social function of the school.This forms of unconscious pacts and alliances evolve in the group work towards a "collective permission", to the depressive motion, from which affects of shame emerge.The sharing of these affects and the setting of their language representation would allow first their groupal elaboration before being incorporated by the people themselves.These mecanisms are due to the installation of a transfer of groupal basis and of a counter transfer whose diffraction seems a necessary phenomenon for the linking of intra-psychic, inter-psychic and trans-psychic levels, which means the establishment of teamwork as a possible transitionality between the internal groups and the real group, and at last to make links with the institution and the social fabric.This groupal evolution, relatively stable through the groups presented here, permits the setting up of an evaluation centered on this psychic motions producted by the group and its effect on the "transformation" of an individual psychic groupality.