The aim of this work is to describe the development of literary works of well-known Spanish writer Antonio Muñoz Molina on the basis of an analysis of his selected novels, which were published in the period up to the year 2000. They are Beatus Ille, El invierno en Lisboa, Beltenebros, El jinete polaco, Ardor guerrero and Plenilunio. In the introductory part of this thesis we briefly summarize the development of the Spanish novel, which occurred between the sixties and the eighties of the 20th century. This theoretical part will be followed up with the analysis of the author's works. Selected novels will be divided into three groups, which also correspond to the three main creative periods through which Muñoz Molina's work has passed. Within each chapter, we first describe the specifics of the set creative periods and then analyze all the novels we have included in that chapter. When distributing the novels to individual units, the chronological order in which they were published will be preserved in order to obtain the most accurate picture of the development that the author's creation has undergone. In the end, we summarize the defined creative periods and set the trends that Antonio Muñoz Molina is constantly returning in his novels.

This thesis examines how characters in adolescent Latina/o literature use and reflect on both English and Spanish languages, bilingualism and how language use informs a character’s identity. In this thesis a particular emphasis is placed on code switching as a literary device in adolescent Latina/o literature. Investigations on code switching point to this, that many authors use code switching as a way for authors and characters to show the difficulties of living between two cultures. I examined the works of three accomplished authors of Latina/o adolescent in this investigation: Benjamin Alire Sáenz’s Aristotle and Dante Discover the Secrets of the Universe (2012), Julia Álvarez’s Before We Were Free (2002) and the Tía Lola Series (2009), and Pam Muñoz Ryan’s Esperanza Rising (2004) and Echo (2015). The struggle to find one’s identity as an immigrant in the United States can emotionally compare to the struggle of an adolescent trying to balance their struggles of identity and this similarity of identity definition can be seen in all of these works. I argue that these authors use code switching and discussions on bilingualism as a device that helps articulate the exploration of the protagonist's search for identity into adulthood. Code switching and bilingualism are used to juxtapose the childhood and adult stages of the characters. These serve as ruptural elements that defy the generation of the parents and the cultural expectations. Code switching further serves as a mechanism through which protagonists reject and accept aspects of their identity development, from homosexuality to economic status. In a parallel way, I explore the importance of adolescent Latina/o literature as a referential axis for Latina/o youth in their process of development. This genre plays a role in development by showing strong, non-stereotypical characters who can help shape Latina/o identity for the next generation in the United States. Because adolescence is the stage in life where the individual goes through a time of questioning identity and development, this thesis shows that adolescent Latina/o literature may be best suited to show the process of growing up as compared to mainstream adolescent literature and gives a concrete metaphor for the challenges that many adolescents face. / Master of Arts / This thesis examines the importance of language use in adolescent Latina/o literature through three different authors of this genre: Benjamin Alire Sáenz, Julia Álvarez, and Pam Muñoz Ryan. It focuses most especially on how code switching or inserting Spanish in predominantly English texts is used by these authors to show the process of identity formation that happens during adolescence.

La littérature moderniste est musicale par essence. Elle souhaite éveiller des sensations chez le lecteur : le recours à la musique, art suggestif par antonomase, crée l’allusion. Comment sertir la musique dans la littérature ? Stéphane Mallarmé propose de « précéder les effets de la musique en redéfinissant celle-ci ‘d’où elle point’ » . Si l’art musical est naturellement porté par le poème, qu’en est-il de la prose ? En Espagne, Ramón María del Valle-Inclán offre un exemple probant de prose musicale dans ses Sonatas. Est-ce là tout ? Le projet mallarméen n’a-t-il pas rencontré d’écho parmi d’autres prosateurs espagnols ? Certes, l’intention y est ; les histoires de la littérature le confirment mais ne s’y attardent pas. Notre travail est donc double : il s’agit d’abord de retrouver des œuvres en prose modernistes espagnoles puis de les analyser par le prisme musical pour voir comment est saisi ce projet de fusion des arts. L'étude révèle que la musique de la prose, parfois imperceptible, raffine les sensations et sensibilise le lecteur à l’élégance, au rythme ou au phrasé d’un syntagme. En somme, la musique intérieure devient une propédeutique à l’ineffable. En creux de ce projet se dessine le rôle du poète dans la société. Celui-ci se présente comme un prêtre des temps modernes. Pourtant, le mythe auquel il tente de souscrire semble désincarné : sensible aux réalités de son époque, en quête d’un public féru de naturalisme, l’écrivain espagnol ne s’engage pas pleinement. Sa prose, hésitante, est souvent mièvre : cela explique qu’elle soit passée inaperçue aux yeux de l’histoire. / Modernist literature is by essence musical. It is meant to arouse the reader’s senses: the use of music, a suggestive art by excellence, creates the allusion. How can one insert music in literature? Stéphane Mallarmé suggests to precede the effects of music by redefining it from its origin. If the art of music is naturally expressed through a poem, how about through prose? In Spain, Ramón María del Valle-Inclán offers a prime example of musical prose in his Sonatas. Is this all that can be expected? Has there been no other echo of Mallarmé’s project in Spanish prose? Certainly the intention to do so exists; histories of literature confirm this intention but nothing more. Our work is going to be twofold: first we need to find Spanish modernist prose works, and then analyze these works through the prism of music in order to understand how the fusion of these arts (music and prose) is realized. The analysis reveals that the music of the prose, sometimes imperceptible, sharpens the senses and makes the reader more sensitive to the elegance, to the rhythm and the phrasing of a syntagm. In other words, the inner music paves the way to the ineffable. The poet’s role in society is described within this project. He presents himself as a modern times priest. Yet the myth to which he tries to subscribe lacks substance: sensitive to the realities of his time, in search of an audience keen on naturalism, the Spanish writer is not fully implicated. His prose is hesitant, often corny: this explains why it has passed unnoticed in history.

This essay, through Julia Kristeva’s theory of abjection, seeks to shift the focus from the society that abjects towards the abjected through a generous reading of two contemporary Swedish queer novels, Du är rötterna som sover vid mina fötter och håller jorden på plats by Eli Levén and Ett så starkt ljus by Lyra Ekström Lindbäck. I discuss how the queer subject relates to different types of borders that Kristeva posits, such as the bodily border, the border of the I, and a moral or societal border. I find that the queer subject has a different relationship to these borders, and view and experience them in ways different than Kristeva suggests. Furthermore, I analyse how the queer subject experiences being made abject. I find that this experience can both be harmful and be somewhat self-sustaining in maintaining societal norms, but also that it can be a way for the queer subject to further position itself as different from a heteronormative society, a position that is truer to who the queer subject feels they are. Through José Esteban Muñoz’ Cruising Utopia I discuss how there are potentialities with being queer, or queer being, such as an expanded worldview and an outstretched concept of possible ways of being and living. The broader aim of this essay is to test Kristeva’s claim that literature is a place for a person to approach the abject, and to examine if literature also has a possibility of portraying an abject position, being a place where the abject itself can examine abjection and being made abject. My conclusion is that this is the case, and furthermore that literature also is a place for the abject to examine potentialities beyond the heteronormative sphere.

This report outlines the conceptual, procedural and formal descriptions of the artistic development I have acquired over the course of the past three years. The current violent events caused by the War on Drugs in México –my home country- led me to this research. Beginning with the idea of erasure as language, I concentrated on the use of processes that are reductive in nature to create the bodies of work mentioned in this report. Thousands of people die in drug-related violence every year in México; by using metaphors and visual metonymies to tie together process and subject matter I explore the idea of perception, memory and transformation. I believe my work is derived from a need to find meaning in these brutal events that repositions the corpse in our field of vision, reminding us that our physical existence is finite. / text

La actual teoría de la prueba en el mundo latino se caracteriza por la aceptación generalizada de que el proceso judicial se orienta a la búsqueda de la verdad y por la necesidad de una justificación racional del juicio de hecho, es decir, por un enfoque argumentativo de la prueba. Esta investigación estudia el origen y desarrollo de esta concepción, a través de la descripción y análisis del trabajo de los siete autores que podrían ser considerados como los artífices pioneros de esta concepción. Los ocho capítulos de esta tesis están estructurados de la siguiente manera. El primero trata sobre la «probática» de Lluís Muñoz Sabaté. La probática podría ser vista como un antecedente de la actual concepción de la prueba de los hechos. El segundo capítulo describe –de manera bastante amplia– la obra desarrollada por Michele Taruffo sobre prueba de los hechos. La obra de Taruffo ha influido, directa o indirectamente, en el trabajo de los autores que después de él se han ocupado de este tema en nuestra tradición jurídica. El tercer capítulo aborda el importante aporte, a la racionalización del juicio de hecho, de Perfecto Andrés Ibáñez. En los capítulos cuarto, quinto, sexto y séptimo se estudian, respectivamente, el trabajo sobre prueba de los hechos de Juan Igartua Salaverría, Marina Gascón Abellán, Jordi Ferrer Beltrán y Daniel González Lagier. Estos autores han contribuido de manera fundamental al desarrollo de la actual teoría de la prueba. En el último capítulo, expongo –en forma de conclusiones– las nociones básicas de la actual teoría de la prueba compartidas por todos los autores que contribuyeron a su formación. Luego, presento un enfoque global de las objeciones más relevantes que –me parece– cabe hacer a algunos de los planteamientos de los autores estudiados. Y, finalmente, llamo la atención sobre el trabajo que, en mi opinión, aún está por hacerse para un pleno desarrollo de la teoría de la prueba en el mundo latino.

La présente thèse vise à interroger les rapports qu'entretiennent le factuel et le fictionnel dans "Ardor guerrero", "Sefarad" et "Ventanas de Manhattan" d'Antonio Muñoz Molina. En effet, si ces œuvres se présentent respectivement comme trois modalités d'une écriture factuelle, à savoir des mémoires, des témoignages et un récit de voyage, elles ne peuvent néanmoins être exemptes de fictionnalité. L'hybridation des faits et de la fiction au sein de ce corpus apparaît non seulement comme inéluctable mais aussi porteuse de sens dans la mesure où elle permet d'approcher d'une part la vision personnelle de l'auteur sur le monde et d'autre part les histoires de l'Autre dans toute sa vérité et son intimité.

Using postmodern, feminist and queer notions of utopia/dystopia and narrative theory, this thesis contains an analysis of The Handmaid’s Tale (novel 1985; film 1990; TV series S01 2017) based on theoretical and methodological understandings of utopia/dystopia and narrative as deeply connected with notions of temporality and relationality, and of violence and resistance as the modes of expression of utopia and dystopia in the source texts. The analysis is carried out in an explorative manner (Czarniawska 2004) and utilises the notion of “disidentification” (Butler 1993; Muñoz 1999) and the concepts of “diffraction” (Haraway 1992, 1997; Barad 2007, 2010), and “entanglement” (Barad 2007). The conclusion becomes that utopia and dystopia in The Handmaid’s Tale are, to a great extent, imagined within the same system of understanding, but that utopian hope can be found in the relationality and temporality of resistance, and that the radically different utopian place is the queer horizon.

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Magister Artium - MA / In the majority of the schools in South Africa (SA), learners commence education in English. This English milieu poses a considerable challenge for English second-language speakers. In an attempt to bridge the gap between English as the main medium of instruction and the nine indigenous languages of the country and assist with the implementation of mother-tongue based bilingual education, this study focuses on the cross-validation of a monolingual English test used in the assessment of multilingual or bilingual learners in the South African context. This test, namely the Woodcock Muñoz Language Survey (WMLS), is extensively used in the United States in Additive Bilingual Education in the country. The present study is a substudy of a broader study, in which the original WMLS (American-English version) was adapted into SA English and Xhosa. For this specific sub-study, the researcher was interested in investigating the scalar equivalence of the adapted English version of the Verbal Analogies (VA) subscale of the WMLS across English first-language speakers and Xhosa first-language speakers. This was achieved by utilising differential item functioning (DIF) and construct bias statistical techniques. The Mantel-Haenszel DIF detection method was employed to detect DIF, while construct equivalence was examined by means of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) utilising an a priori two-factor structure. The Tucker's phi coefficient was used to assess the congruence of the construct across the two language groups / South Africa