Évoquée souvent sur la scène internationale, la problématique complexe qui entoure les mutilations sexuelles féminines (MSF) est devenue à l'heure actuelle une partie inséparable de la plupart des discussions visant la condition et le statut des femmes à l'échelle mondiale. Incorporée dans l'agenda féministe au cours des années 60-70, pendant la période de la deuxième montée du mouvement féministe, cette question est apparue au niveau international et a été abordée progressivement par différentes instances internationales du secteur gouvernemental et non-gouvernemental. Ce mémoire a pour but d'explorer d'abord, les principaux débats (féministe, religieux, médical, socioculturel et juridique) qui se forment autour de la problématique des MSF depuis son entrée dans l'espace international, leur évolution et l'état actuel (deuxième chapitre). Il évalue également le discours de trois acteurs impliqués dans le processus d'éradication de la pratique des MSF tel qu'il est au niveau international présentement. Il tente de saisir le sens et le signe de ce discours, ainsi que la représentation du phénomène des MSF qu'il véhicule. Les acteurs étudiés sont des organismes du système onusien, des gouvernements des États africains où les MSF persistent et des organisations non-gouvernementales (troisième chapitre). Ce travail est guidé par deux hypothèses. La première renvoie à l'idée selon laquelle le développement d'une multitude de débats autour de la problématique des MSF a joué un rôle important et surtout positif au cours des trois dernières décennies pour la prise de conscience par la communauté internationale de l'ampleur et de la gravité du phénomène. De plus, elle avance que la diversité de ces débats a contribué de façon importante à l'amorce du processus de l'éradication des MSF au niveau international, parce qu'elle a permis la création d'un espace libre pour discuter, rechercher, questionner, communiquer et confronter des positions et des revendications assez divergentes. La seconde hypothèse avance que le discours concernant les MSF s'unifie de plus en plus et commence à représenter un courant dominant qui sert comme référence en matière de traitement de la problématique des MSF à l'échelle mondiale. Il s'agit d'une recherche qui s'appuie sur la méthode de l'analyse du discours en retenant plus spécifiquement une approche descriptive et qualitative. Étant donné que ce travail prend le parti des femmes, il repose sur un cadre d'analyse féministe. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Mutilations sexuelles féminines, ONU, Analyse, Discours.

This investigation examined school counselors’ perceptions and levels of knowledge in regard to nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), existing school prevention and protocol, resources and training opportunities available, as well as identified training needs. NSSI is the socially unaccepted, deliberate, self-inflicted harm of an individual’s body to reduce psychological distress with out the intention to die as a consequence (Simeon & Favazza, 2001). As a mental health professional in the schools, school counselors are often salient figures in adolescents’ educational environment. They are also many times the most appropriately qualified individuals to work with self-injuring adolescents in the school setting. While existing studies have identified some needs of school counselors, no studies have looked at the existing knowledge and the quality of knowledge (Kibler, 2009; Roberts-Dobie & Donatelle, 2007). The purpose of this study was to conduct a survey of practicing school counselors in order to obtain information about their knowledge, training opportunities, resources, and school responses in regard to NSSI. On a knowledge measure based on Jeffrey and Warm’s (2002) myths and accurate statements about NSSI, school counselors performed no differently than school psychologists, but evidenced significantly greater knowledge than teachers. Qualitative analysis on individual survey items indicated that respondents evidenced good understanding of 60% of items, problematic understanding of 40%, and poor understanding of no items. While the sample generally evidenced high knowledge of most items, several inaccuracies were present, specifically in regarding to the association of NSSI to psychopathologies, environmental risk factors, and functions of the behavior. Additionally, respondents indicated a lack of training specific to NSSI, limited presence of school response plans specific NSSI, and an expressed need for more training and resources on the topic.

Bakgrund: Kvinnlig könsstympning är en gammal sed som är vanligt förekommande i flera länder. Seden innebär att delar av det kvinnliga könsorganet avlägsnas. Det beräknas att två miljoner flickor utsätts årligen. I vilken omfattning ingreppet sker i Sverige är okänt, men det förekommer. I Sverige är alla former av ingreppet förbjudet. Skolsköterskan har möjlighet att möta och hjälpa flickor som riskerar eller har utsatts för kvinnlig könsstympning. Syftet: Syftet med denna studie är att belysa skolsköterskors upplevelser kring kvinnlig könsstympning bland flickor i skolan. Metod: Kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra skolsköterskor i en kommun i Mellansverige samt frågeformulär från sju skolsköterskor i olika delar av Sverige. Kvalitativ innehållsanalys användes som analysmetod. Resultat: Skolsköterskorna upplevde känslor av Kluvenhet, Osäkerhet och Medkänsla. Samt att kvinnlig könsstympning var Känsligt men angeläget att samtala om. Diskussion: Resultatet i denna studie fokuserar på skolsköterskors upplevelser, vilket skiljer sig ifrån tidigare studier i ämnet. I denna studie framkommer det en osäkerhet och rädsla inför att samtala, samt en vilja att hjälpa utan att döma. Detta tyder på att skolsköterskor upplever en utmaning. De behöver stöd och utbildning för att våga möta flickor som utsatts eller riskerar att utsättas för kvinnlig könsstympning. / Background: Female genital mutilation is an old ritual common in several different countries. In female genital mutilation parts of the female genital organ are removed. About two millions girls are exposed every year. Female genital mutilation occurs in Sweden, but to what extent is unknown. All types of genital mutilation are forbidden in Sweden. School nurses have an opportunity to meet and aid girls who are at risk or have been subject to genital mutilation. Aim: The aim of this study is to highlight school nurses´ experience of female genital mutilation among girls in school. Method: A qualitative interview study with four school nurses in a municipality in the central of Sweden as well as qualitative questionnaire from seven school nurses in different parts of Sweden. The material was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: School nurses experienced feelings of Ambivalence, Uncertainty and Compassion. As well as the subject being Sensitive but Vital to talk about. Discussion: The results of this study focus on school nurses experience, which differs from previous studies on the subject. The study shows an uncertainty and fear of talking, and a willingness to help without judging. This indicates that school nurses experience challenges and are in need of support and training in order to meet girls who have been or may be subject to female genital mutilation.

Today around 28 000 women originally from countries where FGM is practised, are living in Sweden. Many of them are at childbearing age which means that knowledge about FGM and its consequences is of outmost importance during delivery. The aim of this study is to describe current research on how to manage the delivery, regarding deinfibulation and the following stitching as well as the risk of complications when the labouring woman is mutilated. This review of literature is based on 12 scientific articles published between years 1989 – 2005. Five different databases have been searched with use of a large number of keywords.The review found that no scientific research has been carried out that describes how deinfibulation and following stitching should be managed when the woman is mutilated. All available articles within this area are referring to best practice only. The review also found that the conclusions of the studies are contradictory. The majority, however, show an increased frequency for prolonged labour that could be related to FGM. The three largest studies also show an increased rate of caesarean section among mutilated women. In the few studies that examine haemorrhage, the majorities show an increased tendency to bleed, that could be related to FGM. Several articles emphasize the importance of good routines for deinfibulation to reduce the risk for complications.In summary it can be established that due to methodological problems in many studies, no reliable conclusion can be made that the researched complications exists to a greater extent when the woman is mutilated

Some cultures have customs against women. The sati tradition in India is one of them. According to sati, if the husband dies the woman is set on fire with his corpse. These women are believed to become immortal saints. A woman who dies burning herself on her husband&rsquo / s funeral fire is considered virtuous, and are believed to go to Heaven. Another tradition is &ldquo / female circumcision.&rdquo / It is performed in African countries. People believing in the necessity of this custom circumcise women by cutting their clitoris. Circumcised women cannot have sexually pleasure. These women are there to satisfy men&rsquo / s desires and give birth to babies. The third tradition is the general name of which is t&ouml / re is performed in the eastern parts of Turkey. According to t&ouml / re, women are put on trial by their families and killed if they have any sexual relationships without marriage bond. In other words, even if a woman is raped, she is found guilty because of having a sexual relationship. In this thesis, these issues and how women are degraded in cultures will be discussed by using the works of famous Indian, Black American and Turkish writers. The books that are discussed in this thesis, Nayantara Sahgal&rsquo / s &ldquo / Rich Like Us,&rdquo / Lakshmi Persaud&rsquo / s &ldquo / Raise the Lanterns High,&rdquo / &ldquo / Possessing the Secret of Joy&rdquo / by Alice Walker and &ldquo / Bliss&rdquo / by Z&uuml / lf&uuml / Livaneli all contribute to this study showing how women are oppressed by different customs in different countries, the common point of which is to serve men&rsquo / s interests.

Ancient Egyptian belief in an afterlife influenced a wide variety of architectural and art forms. In the Eighteenth Dynasty at Thebes, non-royal officials were equipped with tombs that were decorated to aid in their everlasting sustenance and rebirth in the hereafter as well as commemorate them to living visitors. Part of this continuation of life involved the participation of the funerary cult of the deceased, as well as the prompting of visitors to speak the owner’s name and provide the required offerings—allowing (and encouraging) public access to the decorated tomb chapel. However, some visitors wished to harm the deceased’s perpetuation of life. In order to obliterate the memory of the tomb owner in the minds of the living and his existence in the afterlife, enemies carefully hacked the tomb owner’s images out of the decoration program in an act of damnatio memoriae. The owners of Theban tombs 66, 75, and 76 fell victim to this intentional destruction by contemporary hands.

The present study examined the experience of self-cutting, what stops adolescent girls from engaging in self-cutting, and what message adolescent girls who are self-cutting would want to send to other girls taking part in this behavior. Using an existential-phenomenological method of interviewing, adolescent girls were asked a serious of questions in order to gain insight into their thoughts, feelings, and beliefs about the experience of self-cutting. Each interview was tape recorded, transcribed, and thematized. The participants in this study were labeled co-researchers due to the significant role that they had in the completion of this study. The co-researchers consisted of six adolescent girls aged 15 to 18 years old. They all attended high schools within a large urban school district in Florida. Through a reduction of the data obtained during the interviews, five superordinate themes were discovered for the first research question, which examined the experience of self-cutting. The themes depicted the following experience. Before engaging in self-cutting, each co-researcher had "A Lot of Feelings" stemming from "A Big Event" that they needed to "Release." They chose cutting because "Nothing [else] Ever Worked" and the act of cutting made them "Numb" and feel "No Pain." Themes developed from the second research question, which examined what stops adolescent girls from self-cutting, included "Thinking About the People Who Care" or when "Thinking About the Consequences" of cutting. If they could send a message to other girls who are cutting, the co-researchers in this study would say "Don't Do It." The co-researchers were able to articulate other coping strategies to serve the same function as cutting but sometimes refused to implement them. Results of this study support the findings of previous research.

The swedish law against female genital mutilation (FGM) prohibits procedures that removes parts of the female genitalia and thereby makes permanent changes in the body. The problem with the wording of the law is that it may also apply to the western phenomenon cosmetic genital surgery. This paper therefore examines if cosmetic genital surgery should be covered by the swedish law against FGM, by making a critical comparing analysis. The paper begins with comparing FGM with cosmetic genital surgery to prove that there are more similarities than differences between the procedures. By using the theoretical perspectives universalism and postcolonialism, the paper then examines why, particularly in the West, there is a different approach to FGM than to cosmetic genital surgery, regardless of the similarities of the procedures. Further the paper also examines consent and why consent to FGM is seen as illegitimate while consent to cosmetic genital surgery is seen as legitimate. On basis of the critical comparing analysis the paper then argues: that the procedures cosmetic genital surgery and FGM are very much alike; that cosmetic genital surgery is accepted over FGM because it is more familiar in the West and; that consent should be as illegitimate when given to cosmetic genital surgery as when given to FGM. Thus the conclusion of the paper is that cosmetic genital surgery should be covered by the swedish law against FGM.

De senaste årtiondena har flyktingströmmar från länder som praktiserar kvinnlig könsstympning (FGM) kommit till länder i västvärlden. I mötet med den nya vården riskerar kvinnorna att få fel diagnos, omvårdnad och bemötande. Syftet var att belysa könsstympade kvinnors möte med vården i västvärlden, utifrån följande frågeställningar: hur erfar kvinnorna mötet med vårdpersonalen? Hur erfar vårdpersonalen mötet med kvinnor som genomgått FGM? Studien genomfördes som en litteraturstudie, baserad på 15 artiklar av kvalitativ design. Analysen resulterade i sju teman utifrån de två frågeställningarna. Resultatet visade att kvinnorna upplevde mötet med vårdpersonalen som diskriminerande, ångestfullt och oroande. Brist på stöd ledde till känslor av ensamhet och kvinnorna kände sig annorlunda i den nya kulturen. Vårdpersonalen upplevde mötet med kvinnor som genomgått FGM som stressande och såg kvinnorna som okunniga och outbildade. Språkbarriärer var en försvårande faktor i kommunikationen. En god kommunikation och förståelse är viktigt för att skapa ett tryggt vårdmöte. Sjuksköterskan bör ta hänsyn till såväl kroppsliga som kulturella faktorer. Undervisning om FGM bör inkluderas i samtliga grundutbildningar för sjuksköterskor och övrig vårdpersonal. Vidare forskning bör belysa interventioner om ökad kunskap om FGM, fokusera på de könsstympade kvinnornas möte med olika vårdprofessioner, samt den åldrande gruppen som genomgått FGM och är i behov av vård. / The last decades a large number of refugees from countries where female genital mutilation (FGM) is practiced have come to countries in the West. The risk in the health care meeting is that the woman gets the wrong diagnosis, therapy and treatment. The aim was to highlight genitally mutilated women's encounters with the health care in the Western world, based on the following questions: how do the women experience the meeting with the caregivers? How do the caregivers experience the meeting with women who have undergone FGM? The study was conducted as a literature study, based on 15 articles with qualitative design. The analysis resulted in seven themes based on the two questions. The results showed that women felt the meeting with caregivers as being discriminatory, anguished and upsetting. Lack of support led to feelings of loneliness and the women felt different in the new culture. The nursing staff felt that meetings with the women were stressful and saw the women as unexperienced and uneducated. Language barriers were an aggravating factor in communication. Good communication and understanding is important in order to create a safe care meeting. The nurse should take into account both physical and cultural factors in order to build a good relationship. Education about FGM should be a part of the basic education of nurses and other health care professionals. Further research should shed light on interventions of increased knowledge about FGM, focus on the mutilated woman's encounter with various health care professions, as well as the aging group who have undergone FGM and is in need of care.

Female genital mutilation, or FGM, is a harmful traditional practice that was brought to Europe by immigrants from practising regions in Africa. Despite numerous approaches to the eradication of FGM, the tradition perpetuates within the immigrant communities in several European countries. Drawing on the available literature, film and interviews, this thesis presents a comparison of the French and Dutch strategies to tackling the problem of FGM. The thesis argues that the Dutch preventative approach could benefit from adopting particular features of the French punitive approach. The thesis concludes by proposing that strong legislative measures that apply to the discovery, investigation and prosecution of FGM cases have contributed significantly to the decline of FGM among practising communities in France, and as such, would have similar results if incorporated into the Dutch strategy for the eradication of FGM.