Background: More than 200 million females worldwide live with some form of female genital mutilation [FGM]. While reinforcing social and cultural values for those, to whom the practice is normative, FGM also envelops psychological as well as physical lifelong consequences. Aim: This literature study aimed to describe women's experiences of living with female genital mutilation from a physical, psychological, social and cultural perspective. Method: A literature study was performed through collecting and analysing ten qualitative articles. The data consisted of narratives of migrant women that had undergone FGM and lived in Western societies. The analysis was performed according to Friberg's five-step-model. Results: Feelings of honour and shame were expressed in connection to FGM. FGM was understood to fortify belonging to cultural identities and establish social acceptance linked to cultural ideals of femininity. Emotional and physical pain made women feel incompleteness, challenging their social relationships, including sexual intimacy. Additionally, it was noted that healthcare professionals lack specific knowledge needed while caring for those women, leaving them hesitant in further seeking healthcare. Women's perception of FGM changed after migration. They experienced larger control over their lives but also insecurity towards the discontinuation of the practice. Conclusion: FGM and its implications were complex and resulted in consequences that affect women's life. Greater knowledge and understanding of FGM were identified as necessary on the healthcare system, strengthening and furthering the required support and information for women's health.

O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia-UFU, na Linha de pesquisa Educação em Ciências e Matemática. As questões orientadoras da pesquisa foram: O que adolescentes de duas escolas públicas da cidade de Uberlândia dizem sobre as práticas da automutilação? Quais as possíveis estratégias sugeridas por adolescentes de duas escolas públicas da cidade de Uberlândia para um trabalho com o tema corpo que favoreça a discussão da automutilação no espaço escolar? Para isso objetivou-se analisar o que dizem adolescentes, de duas escolas (municipal e estadual) da rede pública de ensino da cidade de Uberlândia, sobre as práticas de automutilação. E, como objetivos específicos: identificar os posicionamentos de adolescentes frente ao que denominam automutilação e o porquê dessa prática; levantar possíveis estratégias sugeridas por adolescentes para um trabalho com o tema corpo que favoreça a discussão da automutilação no espaço escolar. A fundamentação teórica pautou-se, centralmente, nos estudos de corpo, automutilação, gênero e educação. Do ponto de vista metodológico, o estudo insere-se no quadro das pesquisas qualitativas, com cunho etnográfico em educação, e o levantamento de informações foi realizado por meio de observações, aplicação de questionário, grupos de discussão direcionados aos (as) adolescentes do ensino fundamental. A partir das informações e análises concluímos que os dizeres dos (as) alunos (as) permitiram que tomássemos a automutilação como uma prática cujo sentido aciona noções como doenças, depressão, dor, sofrimento, prática de grupo, constituição da identidade e dos sujeitos adolescentes. A prática da automutilação é justificada de formas diversas – depressão, problemas afetivo-amorosos, familiares entre outros. A maior incidência da prática é entre meninas e é marcada pelos padrões hegemônicos de gênero e construída socioculturalmente. As estratégias sugeridas para um trabalho com o tema corpo que favoreça a discussão da automutilação no espaço escolar, envolve a realização de conversas, projetos e palestras dentro e fora da escola. / This work was developed in the Graduate Education in the Federal University of Uberlândia-UFU program, research line Education in Science and Mathematics. The guiding research questions were: What teenagers from two public schools in Uberlândia says about the practices of self-mutilation? What are some strategies suggested by teenagers from two public schools in Uberlândia to work with the body theme that encourages the discussion of self-harm at school? For this study aimed to analyze what they say teenagers, two schools (state and municipal) public schools in the city of Uberlândia, on self-mutilation practices. And as specific objectives: to identify the positions of teenagers across the styling self-mutilation and why this practice; up possible strategies suggested by teens to work with the body theme that encourages the discussion of self-harm at school. The theoretical guided up centrally in the body of studies, self-mutilation, gender and education. From a methodological point of view, the study falls within the framework of qualitative research with ethnographic education, and the collection of information was done through observations, questionnaires, discussion groups targeted to (the) adolescent education key. From the information and analysis we concluded that the words of (the) students (as) allowed us to take the self-mutilation as a practice whose meaning trigger notions such as illness, depression, pain, suffering, group practice, identity formation and adolescent subjects . The practice of self-harm is justified in various forms - depression, affective-love problems, family and others. The highest incidence of the practice is among girls and this is marked by hegemonic standards of gender and socio-culturally constructed. The suggested strategies to work with the body theme that encourages the discussion of self-injury at school, involves conducting conversations, projects and lectures in and outside of school. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

Introdução: A automutilação tem sido considerada uma maneira disfuncional de enfrentar situações-problema, geralmente com grande carga emocional, uma vez que pessoas que apresentam este diagnóstico parecem ter poucas estratégias de enfrentamento, dificuldade para regular o afeto e limitada habilidade de resolução de problemas. O início da automutilação geralmente ocorre na adolescência e, na maioria dos casos, ocorre remissão sem precisar de intervenção profissional. Essa remissão estaria associada com o desenvolvimento cognitivo, principalmente com o desenvolvimento de estratégias adequadas de enfrentamento. No entanto, 10% dos casos permanecem com esse comportamento na fase adulta e, muitas vezes, apresentam comorbidades psiquiátricas, caracterizando casos mais graves, com maiores dificuldades cognitivas e habilidades sociais deficitárias. São raros os estudos sobre automutilação em adultos. Assim, verifica-se a necessidade de estudos que avaliem o desempenho das funções executivas nessa população para melhor caracterização e compreensão desse comportamento. Dessa forma, intervenções mais adequadas e eficazes poderão ser desenvolvidas, assim como trabalhos de prevenção. Objetivos: Estudar o desempenho executivo de pacientes que apresentam automutilação, bem como comparar a capacidade de resolução de problemas em pacientes com automutilação a um grupo controle. Método: Estudo descritivo transversal, com amostra de 66 indivíduos, todos com idade superior a 18 anos com, no mínimo, quatro anos de escolaridade formal. Foram comparados dois grupos: o primeiro, com 33 pacientes que procuraram tratamento psiquiátrico devido à automutilação; e o grupo controle, com 33 participantes sem nenhum transtorno psiquiátrico no momento da avaliação. Todos os participantes foram submetidos a uma avaliação psiquiátrica (SCID I/P) para confirmação do diagnóstico e verificação dos critérios de inclusão/exclusão, investigação de sintomas de impulsividade (BIS-11), de comportamento de automutilação (FASM), assim como de depressão e ansiedade (Beck). Também passaram por uma bateria de avaliação neuropsicológica, que contemplou o mapeamento das funções executivas, tais como flexibilidade mental, controle inibitório, planejamento, capacidade de abstração/categorização, memória operacional e tomada de decisão; avaliação da capacidade de resolução de problemas por meio de teste comportamental. O desempenho das funções executivas e da capacidade de resolução de problemas dos participantes com automutilação foi comparado ao desempenho executivo do grupo controle, levando-se em consideração gênero, faixa etária, nível socioeconômico e QI, controlando para escolaridade. Por fim, foram feitas correlações entre gravidade de automutilação e desempenho executivo e desempenho executivo e capacidade de resolução de problemas. Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes era do sexo feminino (81,8%), assim como nos controles (72,7%). A média de idade no grupo de automutilação foi de 29 anos e no grupo controle, 31. No grupo com automutilação, a média de idade de início da automutilação foi de 16 anos. O comportamento mais comum encontrado foi o corte na pele, e a razão mais comum para se engajar no comportamento foi \"para parar os sentimentos negativos\". As comorbidades psiquiátricas mais comuns foram o transtorno depressivo maior (em 60,6%) e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (em 48,5%). O grupo com automutilação teve pior desempenho nas seguintes funções executivas: flexibilidade mental, controle inibitório, planejamento, tomada de decisão. O grupo de automutilação também apresentou maior impulsividade que os controles e pior desempenho em relação à capacidade de resolução de problema. Observou-se ainda que funções executivas (controle inibitório, planejamento e tomada de decisão) influenciam no processo de tomada de decisão. Houve associação entre pior desempenho em testes que avaliam tomada de decisão (IGT e DDT) com maior gravidade da automutilação (IGT: p = 0,009 e DDT: p = 0,008). Conclusão: Foi possível evidenciar que adultos com automutilação apresentam resultados inferiores quando comparados a controles no que diz respeito a capacidade de resolução de problema, flexibilidade mental, controle inibitório, planejamento e tomada de decisão. Assim, os resultados indicam que as pessoas que iniciam com o comportamento de automutilação na adolescência e persistem até a fase adulta, como uma forma de enfrentamento de situações-problema, demonstram certa imaturidade cognitiva, possivelmente devido a alterações no córtex pré-frontal, impactando no comportamento, nas emoções e nos pensamentos. E, ainda, apresentam automutilação com maior gravidade associada a outros transtornos psiquiátricos. Esses resultados apontam para a necessidade do emprego de intervenções específicas de reabilitação cognitiva no tratamento desses pacientes / Introduction: Self mutilation has been considered a dysfunctional way of dealing with problematic situations, usually with great emotional charge, since people who have such diagnosis appear to have few coping strategies, difficulty to regulate affect and limited problem-solving skill. The beginning of self mutilation usually occurs during adolescence and in most cases there is remission without professional intervention. This remission is associated with the cognitive development, especially with the development of adequate coping strategies. However, 10% of cases remain with this behavior in adulthood and often exhibit psychiatric comorbidities characterizing more severe cases, with higher cognitive and social skills deficit. Studies on self mutilation in adults are rare. Thus, it is verified the need for studies that evaluate the executive functions performances among this population for a better characterization and understanding of this behavior. Therefore, more adequate and effective interventions can be developed, as well as prevention efforts. Objectives: To study the executive performance of patients presenting self mutilation, as well as compare the problem-solving capacity in patients with self mutilation to a control group. Method: Cross-sectional descriptive study with a sample of 66 individuals, all aged over 18 years, with at least four years of formal schooling. Two groups were compared: the first, with 33 patients who sought psychiatric treatment due to self mutilation; and the control group, with 33 participants without any psychiatric disorder at the time of evaluation. All participants underwent a psychiatric evaluation (SCID I / P) to confirm the diagnosis and verification of the inclusion/ exclusion criteria, symptom investigation of impulsivity (BIS-11), self mutilation behavior (FASM), as well as depression and anxiety (Beck). The participants have also undergone a pile of neuropsychological evaluation, which contemplated the mapping of the executive functions, such as mental flexibility, inhibitory control, planning, capacity for abstraction / categorization, working memory and decision making; assessment of problem-solving ability through behavioral test. The performance of the executive functions and problem-solving skills of the participants with self mutilation was compared to the control group executive performance, taking into account gender, age, socioeconomic status and IQ, controlling for educational level. Finally, correlations were made between self mutilation severity, executive performance and problem-solving capability. Results: Most patients were female (81.8%) as well as in controls (72.7%). The average age in the self mutilation group was 29 years and in the control group, 31. In the group presenting self mutilation, the average age of self-injury onset was 16 years. The most common behavior found was skin cutting, and the most common reason for engaging in thus behavior was \"to stop the negative feelings.\" The most common psychiatric comorbidities were the major depressive disorder (60.6%) and generalized anxiety disorder (48.5%). The group with self mutilation had worse performance in the following executive functions: mental flexibility, inhibitory control, planning, decision making. The self mutilation group also had higher impulsivity than the controls and worse performance on problem solving capability. It was also observed that executive functions (inhibitory control, planning and decision making) influence the decision making process. There was association between worse performance on tests that evaluate decision making (IGT and DDT) with higher severity of self mutilation (IGT: p = 0.009 and DDT: p = 0.008). Conclusion: It was possible to evince that adults with self mutilation score lower when compared to controls regarding problem-solving skills, mental flexibility, inhibitory control, planning and decision making. Thus, the results indicate that people who start self mutilation behavior during adolescence and persist into adulthood as a coping mechanism to problematic situations, demonstrate certain cognitive immaturity, possibly due to alterations in the prefrontal cortex, impacting behavior, emotions and thoughts. And further, they exhibit self mutilation with higher severity in association with other psychiatric disorders. These results point to the need for the use of specific cognitive rehabilitation interventions in these patients treatment

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise exploratória da automutilação, com o intuito de investigar as representações mentais e os significados presentes neste ato, sob os referenciais teóricos da Psicanálise segundo as perspectivas de Sigmund Freud e autores correlatos, que utilizam este referencial para argüir sobre os sintomas na contemporaneidade. O objeto de estudo são os relatos e informações expostas por um grupo brasileiro que se denomina praticante de automutilação com objetos cortantes e perfurantes, encontrado em uma rede de relacionamentos amplamente divulgada e de domínio público, o Orkut, sob o nome de Self-Mutilation Addicts. A coleta de dados foi dividida em: dados de variáveis descritivas (home dos integrantes desse grupo) que contam com requisitos básicos impostos pelo site para inclusão no Orkut; coleta dos relatos expostos na comunidade Self-Mutilation Addicts (algumas citações da home destes integrantes além da escolha de alguns livros e filmes, que posteriormente foram analisados segundo o referencial psicanalítico). Para os relatos analisados segundo a interpretação psicanalítica, usou-se como parâmetros os fundamentos teóricos sobre a formação do sintoma, da angústia, da ritualização e da compulsão à repetição, descritos por Freud e outros autores como Lacan e Laplanche, assim como a análise do período sócio-histórico e cultural exposta por autores como Slavoj Zizek, Joel Birman, Nelson da Silva Junior, Gilles Lipovetsky e outros. Esta pesquisa visa trazer maior compreensão do sintoma de automutilação e espera-se assegurar a continuidade dos estudos mesmo após sua conclusão / The goal of this work is the exploring analysis of the self-mutilation, in order to investigate the mental representation and the meanings within this act, over the referential theory of Psychoanalysis according to Sigmund Freuds perspectives and correlated authors that use this referential to question about the symptoms on modern society. The study subjects are stories and information from a Brazilian group that proclaim to practice self-mutilation with razor edge and piercing objects, found in a widely publicized and under public domain social network, known as Orkut, under the nickname Self-Mutilation Addicts. The gathering of data will be divided between Variable Descriptive Data (Group homepage), that illustrates the basic requirements held by the website for the inclusion on Orkut; collection of exposed data on the web community Self-Mutilation Addicts; some members quotations from the homepages and the choice of some books and movies that further more will be analyzed according to the psychoanalytic interpretation, using fundamental theory parameters over symptoms formation: the torment, the rite and the repetition urge described by Freud and other authorities such as Lacan and Laplanche, as well as historical, social and cultural time analysis described by authors such as Slavoj Zizek, Joel Birman, Nelson da Silva Junior, Gilles Lipovetsky and others. This research seeks to find greater understanding on the self-mutilation symptom and hopes to assure its ongoing studies even after its conclusions

[pt] Esta dissertação apresenta os resultados de pesquisa sobre um modelo para incorporação de requisitos ergonômicos na indústria calçadista em prol da saúde dos diabéticos. Pretende-se que o modelo aqui apresentado beneficie, por extensão, a pacientes atingidos por outras patologias que também geram problemas neuropáticos e vasculares periféricos (pacientes com problemas renais, hipertensos, indivíduos afetados por complicações decorrentes do tabagismo, etc). Através de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, formulários e questionários foram obtidas informações junto diferentes grupos envolvidos diretamente com a problemática do Pé Diabético. A análise destes dados demonstrou que grande parte dos modelos de calçados, encontrados nas lojas do Rio de Janeiro, propicia traumas repetitivos aos pés de pessoas com problemas de neuropatia diabética sensitiva nos pés (ou sensibilidade comprometida nos pés por causa do diabetes, que ocorre quando as células nervosas da região deixam de conduzir as informações relativas aos estímulos sensitivos da forma adequada) devido a problemas de projetação/design (palmilha mal projetada, costuras internas salientes ou solados duros demais). E, uma vez que diabéticos tendem a ter lenta cicatrização em virtude de deficiente circulação periférica gerada pela doença, qualquer ferida torna-se mais do que um simples problema passageiro, torna-se um perigo real à saúde. Este estudo revelou-se interdisciplinar, na medida em que seu campo permeou outras áreas do saber para conjugar informações relacionadas à problemática do Pé Diabético. Trabalhou-se aqui com o seguinte problema: diabéticos são prejudicados pela maioria dos calçados produzidos para o mercado brasileiro, que não levam em consideração questões ergonômicas, físicas, ou mesmo cognitivas relacionadas ao diabetes no momento de sua produção. / [en] This dissertation presents the results of a research that lead to a theoretical model proposing the integration of ergonomic requirements at shoes´ industry in order to increase the healthiness of people with diabetic feet. It´s expected that the model here presented benefits, by extension, also patients injured by other pathologies that causes neuropathycs or vascular peripheryc problems: patients with kidney problems, hypertensives, people affected by complications caused by tobacco addiction, etc. Formularies, questionnaires, and semi structured interviews supported the data collection that was done. Different groups were interviewed, all of them directed related with the diabetic feet problem. The data analysis presented evidences that most part of the shoes available in Rio de Janeiro might be able to cause repetitive traumas to neuropathyc feet of diabetic problem (lack of sensibility at the feet, because of the diabetes, happens when nervous stop conducting information related to sensitive stimulation in a healthy way), because of projetation/design (midsoles not well developed, thick internal sews or too hard outsoles). And, once diabetics are predisposed to have deficient peripheryc circulation any wound might become more then just a simple problem, might become a real danger. The study here presented reassured its interdisciplinaryti once extended its exploratory field to other areas with the purpose of merging related information regarding diabetic feet. The following problem guided this research: Diabetics are damaged by most part of the shoes produced for the internal market, because they don´t take in consideration ergonomic, cognitive or physical issues regarding diabetes during production.

Female genital mutilation is a deep rooted tradition that occurs in many parts of the world. Immigration has increased the number of genital mutilation within the country's borders. Genital mutilation can present problems both physically and mentally. The student health department in Linköping municipality actively works to educate schoolchildren about genital mutilation. They need a brochure which will be available to school nurses in their work and in waiting rooms in connection with the school nurses' reception in primary and secondary schools in Linköping. This work is about practicing principles of visual rhetoric and information design, in order to inform about genital mutilation as well and motivate they in need, to seek help. Interviews, tests and theories have resulted in a design proposal for the brochure. / Kvinnlig könsstympning är en djupt rotad tradition som förekommer i flera delar av världen. I och med invandringen har antalet könsstympade inom landets gränser ökat. Könsstympning kan innebära problem både fysiskt och psykiskt. Elevhälsans medicinska del i Linköpings kommun arbetar aktivt med att upplysa skolungdomar om könsstympning. De är i behov av en broschyr som ska vara tillgänglig för skolsköterskor i deras arbete samt i väntrum i anslutning till skolsköterskornas mottagning i grund- och gymnasieskolor i Linköping. Det här arbetet går ut på att praktisera principer för visuell retorik och informationsdesign, i syfte att informera om könsstympning samt mana drabbade att söka hjälp. Intervjuer, utprovningar och teorier har resulterat i ett designförslag till broschyren.

Magister Legum - LLM

No description available.

This study intends to analyze the causes of the high prevalence of the practice of female genital mutilations (FGM) in Sudan, Nigeria, and Iraq. For the attainment of this objective, the researcher had used the secondary data collection and the qualitative data analysis method. The results of the study indicate that the factors of culture, religion and society are the three most important ones which had directly contributed towards the high prevalence of FGM in the different developing nations like Sudan, Nigeria and Iraq among others. More importantly, the results also indicate that the practice of is an attempt on the part of the male dominated society of these nations to not only control the sexuality of the women but of almost all the aspects of their life. Furthermore, this ritual while adversely affecting the wellbeing as well as the health of the women and the girls is a gross violation of the human rights or the basic fundamental rights of the girls and the women. In addition to these, it had been seen that although the different nations of the world like Sudan and Iraq in the recent years had taken the help of various measures, legislations and others but they have failed to help these nations to effectively reduce the high prevalence of FGM. However, in the relation mention needs to be made of the nation of Nigeria which in the recent years had been able to reduce the prevalence of FGM by more than half through the usage of adequate implementation and monitoring strategies for the effective usage of the different legislations, regulations and others related to FGM. This as a matter of fact has important implications for the nations like Iraq and Sudan since they also have the option to reduce the high prevalence of FGM in their territory through the usage of similar measures. Lastly, the study recommends the usage of adequate implementation, monitoring and evaluation strategies for the legislations, regulations and others related to FGM, empowerment of women and the spread of required awareness regarding the harmful effects of FGM on the health and the wellbeing of the women for reducing the high prevalence of the same. / <p>Due to Convid 19 the presentation was virtual. </p>

ABSTRACT “FGM is known to have no health benefits and has serious, immediate and long-term physical and psychological health consequences, which can be severe, including post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety and reduced desire or sexual satisfaction” (28 Too Many, 2014, p5). This master thesis is an attempt to gain male perspectives in strategies to eradicate Female Genital Mutilation, FGM. The aim is to gain an understanding on how men view the concept of FGM in relation to existing norms such as gender, social and international norms. Literature tends to focus less on men’s roles and views compared to on women´s for how to end FGM. The male perspective is very important especially as literature shows that cultural practices in most cases benefit men compared to women as is shown in the case of FGM. Men are held in high esteem as the ones with a final deciding voice in the homes, institutions and the general community. This was also the case in the village of Mabonkani. Men hold powers to enable or prohibit actions and practices.  Therefore, if FGM is to end, men can, because of their positionality spearhead effective campaigns and awareness raising messages. Focus groups and interviews were used to obtain information. The empirical findings were analysed and categorised and then presented in tables, graphs and themes. The findings revealed a conflictual decision making that men face if/when they decide to abandon FGM as it is heavily tied to their cultural and social identity. Abandoning the practice also means that they face ostracism by their own community members, loss of identity as a family man and community member, breaking up social cohesion among other reasons. Men are keen on ending FGM after lengthy discussions on its complications at a personal and social level. Men expressed that they preferred the training of women than the removal of clitoris. They offered various solutions including sending girls to schools to address issues of informed consent/age as well as getting young people to be more involved in and to include all actors instead of picking just a few. The views of household men and youth were different. The youth embraced international norms. They suggested that it is up to them to change the future of the next generation through the information available and they no longer claim ignorance about FGM as was the case earlier.  All men interviewed cited challenges of identity, ostracism by their own community and lack of national laws to support their actions. The analysis looked at the human rights approach, how local communities can be influenced to abandon traditional harmful practices in favour of international norms that will promote gender equality and breakdown structural and systematic norms that discriminate.