As neoplasias de cabeça e pescoço constituem um importante problema de saúde pública devido à alta incidência e alguns tipos estão associados a fatores comportamentais como consumo de álcool e tabaco. Apesar desses dados, a doença, especialmente em sua fase inicial, pode ser curada e alguns tipos podem ser prevenidos. Portanto, existe a necessidade de identificar e validar novos biomarcadores em câncer de cabeça e pescoço com aplicação em prognóstico e seleção de terapias mais adequadas. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi validar o perfil de três proteínas, SET, hnRNP K e MARK3 em tumores de cabeça e pescoço, e verificar a potencial aplicação como marcadores de diagnóstico e prognóstico em HNSCC, bem como propor um papel para estas proteínas na tumorigênese. Foram analisadas 22 amostras de tumores de cabeça e pescoço por western blotting (WB) e 96 amostras (91 tumores, 4 biópsias e 1 controle) dispostas em duplicata em lâmina de tissue microarray, obtidas no Brasil e cedidas pelo Grupo GENCAPO, por imunohistoquímica (IHC). Os dados obtidos foram correlacionados com todos os parâmetros clínicos e patológicos e com prognóstico do paciente com HNSCC por um período de 48 meses. Os resultados obtidos por WB e IHC mostraram acúmulo e fragmentação da SET e acúmulo nuclear e citoplasmático da hnRNP K nos tumores comparado a respectiva margem cirúrgica e tecido normal. A hnRNPK mostrou valor prognóstico sendo associada a sobrevida global do paciente. A proteína c-Myc e a sua forma fosforilada foram analisadas nas amostras de tumores e suas respectivas margens cirúrgicas devido a sua relação com SET, PP2A e hnRNP K. Os resultados mostraram acúmulo da c-Myc fosforilada e total nas amostras tumorais, o que coincidiu com aumento de SET e hnRNP K. Com relação à proteína MARK3, observou-se sua redução no tumor e menor sobrevida livre de doença. Foi realizado ensaio de RNA de interferência (RNAi) contra hnRNP K e SET em linhagem de carcinoma oral (HN13). A redução da proteína SET por RNAi levou a redução significativa da hnRNP K, enquanto a hnRNP K gerou menor efeito na proteína SET, sugerindo um efeito regulatório na expressão ou manutenção da hnRNP K pela SET na célula tumoral. A interferência contra a hnRNP K também reduziu a proliferação celular tumoral. Em conclusão, o aumento da proteína SET está associado à desmoplasia em HNSCC e pode ser um potencial marcador específico para essa condição. hnRNP K e MARK3 podem servir como potenciais marcadores em HNSCC e ajudar a identificar um subgrupo de pacientes com pobre prognóstico. A hnRNPK exerce efeito positivo na proliferação da célula tumoral. SET e hnRNP K podem atuar como fatores oncogênicos favorecendo o aumento de c-Myc. / The head and neck cancers constitute a major public health problem due to the high incidence and some types are associated with behavioral factors such as consumption of alcohol and tobacco. Despite these data, the disease, especially in its early stage can be cured and some types can be prevented. Therefore, there is a need to identify and validate new biomarkers in head and neck cancer, with applications in prognosis and selection of therapies most appropriate. Accordingly, the objectives of this study were validation of the profile of three proteins, SET, hnRNP K and MARK3 in tumors of head and neck, and verify the potential application as markers for diagnosis and prognosis in HNSCC, and suggest a role for these proteins in tumorigenesis. We analyzed 22 samples of head and neck tumors by western blotting (WB) and 96 samples (91 tumors, 4 biopsies and 1 control) arranged in duplicate in the tissue microarray slide, obtained in Brazil and assigned by the GENCAPO Group, by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The data were correlated with all clinical and pathological parameters and prognosis of patients with HNSCC for a period of 48 months. The results obtained by WB and IHC showed the SET accumulation and fragmentation and hnRNP K nuclear and cytoplasmic accumulation in tumor compared to the surgical margin and normal tissue. The hnRNPK prognostic value has been associated with overall survival of patients. The c-Myc protein and its phosphorylated form were analyzed in tumor and surgical margins samples due to its relationship with SET, PP2A and hnRNP K. The results showed accumulated total and phosphorylated c-Myc in tumor samples, which was coincided with increase in SET and hnRNP K. Regarding the protein MARK3 was observed its reduction in tumor and lower disease-free survival. RNA interference (RNAi) against hnRNP K and SET were performed in oral squamous cell carcinoma line (HN13). SET protein reduction by RNAi led to significant reduction of hnRNP K, and hnRNP K showed a minor effect on SET protein, suggesting a regulatory effect on expression or maintenance of hnRNP K by SET in tumor cells. Interference against hnRNP K also reduced tumor cell proliferation. In conclusion, increased SET protein is associated with desmoplasia in HNSCC and may be a potential specific marker for this condition. hnRNP K and MARK3 can serve as potential markers in HNSCC and help identify a subgroup of patients with poor prognosis. The hnRNPK must act a positive effect on cell proliferation of the tumor. SET and hnRNP K may act as oncogenic factors contributing for c-Myc activity.

Células Y-1 apresentam o gene K-ras amplificado, o que resulta em altos níveis de expressão da proteína codificada por este gene. Este fato faz com que células Y-1 apresentem níveis cronicamente altos de K-Ras-GTP. Além disso, estas células apresentam uma relativa desregulação da transição G0→Gl→S, a qual é caracterizada por uma porcentagem de células entrando na fase S do ciclo celular na condição carenciada; e também, por um afrouxamento na regulação de Myc, o qual apresenta níveis basais significantes de mRNA e proteína. Para verificar se existe uma relação entre K-Ras-GTP elevado e os níveis basais de Myc e a desregulação na transição G0→Gl→S, células Y-1 foram transfectadas com uma forma dominante negativa de H-ras, H-ras Asn-17 (RasN 17). Os transfectantes resultantes também foram utilizados para verificar o papel de Ras na transdução do sinal iniciado por FGF-2 e ACTH. Com estes clones foi possível verificar uma redução nos níveis de ativação de K-Ras na condição carenciada, e com isso ficou claro que FGF-2 e ACTH são capazes de induzir a ativação de K-Ras, porém com cinética diferentes: uma ativação tardia e lenta para FGF-2, e rápida e transiente para ACTH. Com a redução nos níveis de Ras-GTP, verificamos uma concomitante redução no basal da proteína c-Myc e também no basal de entrada em S, indicando que existe uma correlação entre estes fatores. Além disso, os clones Yl-RasN17 foram determinantes para mostrar que em células Y-1 a presença de Akt/PKB constitutivamente ativada é conseqüência dos níveis cronicamente elevados de K-Ras-GTP (Forti et al, 2002). / Abstract not available.

La reprogrammation du métabolisme est maintenant considérée comme des caractéristiques des cellules cancéreuses et une conséquence de leur adaptation à un microenvironnement hostile se traduisant par une baisse de la concentration d’oxygène et de la disponibilité des nutriments. Donc, les cellules cancéreuses sont capables d’adapter leur métabolisme pour survivre et proliférer. Des avancées récentes dans la connaissance de ces modifications permettent l’émergence de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques ciblant spécifiquement ces changements métaboliques. Un des principaux régulateurs du métabolisme cellulaire est le coactivateur transcriptionnel PGC-1α (PPARgamma coactivator1-alpha). PGC-1α contrôle, entre autres, la biogénèse mitochondriale, la phosphorylation oxydative et l’oxydation des acides gras. Récemment, il a été montré que PGC-1α facilite la biogénèse mitochondriale dans les cellules cancéreuses du sein et augmentent significativement leurs potentiels métastatiques. Au contraire, il a été montré que la surexpression de PGC-1α diminue la formation de métastases dans le mélanome et l’adénocarcinome prostatique. Cependant, les modifications métaboliques et moléculaires conduisant à l’agressivité du cancer de la prostate sont, à l’heure actuelle, peu connues. Dans ce contexte, le but de ma thèse était d’étudier le rôle de PGC-1α sur le métabolisme et l’agressivité des cellules cancéreuses de prostate. Au cours de ma thèse, nous avons démontré que la diminution de l’expression de PGC-1α augmente les trois caractéristiques fondamentales de l’agressivité tumorale : la prolifération, la migration et l’invasion. Afin de déterminer les modifications métaboliques impliquées dans ce phénotype, nous avons réalisé des expériences de métabolomiques en comparant les cellules contrôles aux cellules dont l’expression de PGC-1α est diminuée (shPGC-1α). Nous avons montré que la baisse de PGC-1α augmente significativement la biosynthèse des polyamines. Les polyamines sont impliquées dans de nombreuses fonctions cellulaires, en particulier la prolifération et la migration cellulaire. Ainsi, nous avons inhibé la synthèse des polyamines avec le DFMO, l’inhibiteur de l’enzyme limitante de la voie : ODC, ou bien des siRNA dirigés contre ODC. Nous avons montré que les effets pro-migratoires et pro-invasifs dus à l’invalidation de PGC-1α sont bloqués par le DFMO et les siRNA ODC. De façon intéressante, l’ajout de polyamines exogènes restaure partiellement l’agressivité des cellules. En accord avec ces résultats, nous montrons que ODC est surexprimée quand PGC-1α est diminué et que l’expression de ODC est régulée positivement par l’oncogène c-MYC. En s’intéressant plus en détail à cet oncogène, nous observons que son niveau d’expression augmente dans les cellules invalidées pour PGC-1α et que l’inhibition de c-MYC bloque les effets pro-migratoires et pro-invasifs dus à l’invalidation de PGC-1α. Donc c-MYC participe au phénotype agressif lié à l’augmentation de la voie de biosynthèse des polyamines. Ces résultats in vitro ont été confirmés in vivo par l’analyse des micro-métastases, ils démontrent que les cellules shPGC-1α forment plus de métastases et le traitement par le DFMO inhibe la formation de micro-métastases. Finalement, les données cliniques démontrent que l’expression de PGC-1α est diminuée chez des patients atteints de cancer de la prostate, et cette diminution est corrélée avec une augmentation de c-MYC et ODC. En conclusion, nous avons démontré que PGC-1α est le régulateur majeur d’une voie onco-métabolique par c-MYC et qui promeut l’agressivité du cancer de la prostate par l’intermédiaire de la voie de biosynthèse des polyamines. Ce nouveau circuit métabolique représente une cible thérapeutique intéressante pouvant aider à freiner les formes avancées du cancer de la prostate. / Metabolism reprogramming are now considered to be characteristic of cancer cells and a consequence of their adaptations to a hostile microenvironment resulting in a decrease in oxygen concentration (hypoxia) and the availability of nutrients, particularly glucose and glutamine. Thus, cancer cells can adapt their metabolism to survive and proliferate. Recent advances in the knowledge of these modifications allow the emergence of new therapeutic approaches targeting these metabolic changes. One of the main regulators of cellular metabolism is the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha). PGC-1α controls mitochondrial biogenesis, oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation. Recently, it has been shown that PGC-1α promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in cancer cells and dramatically increases their metastatic potential. On the contrary, it appears that overexpression of PGC-1α decreases the formation of metastases in melanoma and prostatic adenocarcinoma. However, the metabolic and molecular changes leading to the aggressiveness of prostate cancer are unclear. Oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes are known to be able to regulate the metabolic adaptations of cancer cells. Several studies show that the number of copies of the gene is increased in 30% of prostate cancers. Transgenic mice overexpressing c-MYC in the prostate develop prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia followed by prostatic adenocarcinoma. At the cellular level, c-MYC expression has been shown to stimulate glycolysis and glutaminolysis in tumor cells, by controlling the expression of genes involved in these metabolic pathways. In addition, c-MYC is also able to increase the polyamine synthesis pathway by inducing the expression of the limiting enzyme of this pathway, ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). In this context, the purpose of my thesis was to study the role of PGC-1α on the metabolism and aggressiveness of prostate cancer cells. During my thesis, we have shown that the decrease of PGC-1α expression increases the three fundamental characteristics of tumor aggressiveness: proliferation, migration and invasion. To determine the metabolic changes involved in this phenotype, we performed metabolic experiments and compared control cells to cells where PGC-1α expression is decreased. We show that the decrease of PGC-1α significantly increases the biosynthesis of polyamines. Polyamines are involved in many cellular functions, particularly in proliferation and cell migration. Thus, we inhibit the synthesis of polyamines with DFMO, an inhibitor ODC which is the rate limiting enzyme of this pathway. We have shown that pro-migratory and pro-invasive effects due to PGC-1α knockout are blocked by DFMO and ODC siRNA. Interestingly, the addition of exogenous polyamine partially restores the aggressiveness of the cells. Consistent with these results, we show that ODC is overexpressed when PGC-1α is decreased and that ODC expression is upregulated by the c-MYC oncogene. In addition, we observe that c-MYC expression increases in cells invalidated for PGC-1α and that the inhibition of c-MYC blocks the pro-migratory and pro-invasive effects due to the invalidation of PGC-1α. Therefore, c-MYC participates in the aggressive phenotype related to the increase of the polyamine biosynthesis pathway. These in vitro results were confirmed in vivo by micro-metastasis analysis, we demonstrate that shPGC-1α cells form more metastases and treatment with DFMO inhibits the formation of micro-metastases. Clinical data indicate that PGC-1α expression is decreased in patients with prostate cancer, and this decrease correlates with an increase in c-MYC and ODC. In conclusion, we show that PGC-1α is the major regulator of an onco-metabolic which promotes prostate cancer aggressiveness via the polyamine biosynthesis pathway.

MYC is a family of three regulator genes that codes for transcription factors. Expression of Myc proteins from MYC genes is found to be deregulated in 70 % of all cancer forms. The three human homologs C-Myc, N-Myc and L-Myc are mainly associated with cancer in the lymphatic system, nerve tissues and lung cancer, respectively. Even though N-Myc is associated with Neuroblastoma, the cancer variant that is most common among children, the field is focused towards C-Myc. The activation of C-Myc begins with phosphorylation of Serine 62, followed by trans-to-cis isomerisation of Proline 63. Then Threonine 58 becomes phosphorylated leading to that Serine 62 is dephosphorylated and subsequent cis-to-trans isomerisation of Proline 63, and C-Myc is marked for degradation. Cis-trans isomerisation is necessary for regulation of gene expression, and is therefore important to understand. Since N-Myc and C-Myc have identical sequences between residues 47 to residue 69, the hypothesis is that N-Myc is activated in the same manner, but this has not been confirmed. In this project the first 69 amino acids of N-Myc were analysed with NMR spectroscopy. This resulted in a near complete assignment of the major conformation, and of the alternative minor conformations as well. The traditional assignment experiments HNCACB, HN(CO)CACB, HNCO, HN(CA)CO in combination with CCH-TOCSY and HN(CCO)C revealed that the majority of the minor configurations can be explained by cis/trans isomerisation of prolines. In addition, the protein was analysed with direct carbon detected NMR spectroscopy to be able to detect the prolines.

Although cure rates have significantly improved for children with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), 20-30% undergo induction failure or relapse with most succumbing to disease. Leukemia-initiating cells (L-ICs) are hypothesized to be resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiation and are thereby responsible for disease recurrence. Using an in vivo limiting dilution assay, we previously showed that the murine T-ALL L-IC is quite rare, with only 0.003-0.05% of cells capable of initiating disease, and demonstrated that the L-IC is a subset of the leukemic DN3 thymic progenitor population. Work described in this thesis validates the L-IC assay using two transplantation methods to rule out effects of homing and/or microenvironment on T-ALL L-IC survival and maintenance. Using this assay, we demonstrate that sustained Notch1 signaling is required for T-ALL initiation in vivo and show that treatment with a Notch1 inhibitor reduces or in some cases eliminates the L-IC population. We further analyze the effects of inhibiting c-Myc, a Notch1-regulated gene, on L-IC frequency and uncover an essential role for c-Myc in L-IC survival and expansion. Suppressing c-Myc by using specific shRNAs or a c-Myc inhibitor reduces the L-IC population and interferes with leukemia initiation. Together, these findings reveal a critical role of the Notch1-c-Myc pathway in T-ALL initiation and suggest that therapeutics targeted at this pathway could be used to treat and/or prevent disease relapse in patients.

Die Aufrechterhaltung der sogenannten failsafe Programme ist ein wichtiges Kennzeichen des zellulären Lebens, da das genaue Gleichgewicht zwischen Proliferation und Wachstumsarrest es sicherstellt, dass die Zelle sich selber vor potentiell gefährlichen Mutationen schützen kann. Apoptose und Seneszenz bewahren die Zellhomeostase und sind von aüsserster Bedeutung dafür, die Zelle vor maligner Transformation zu bewahren. Die Seneszens zeichnet sich dabei durch Veränderungen des Heterochromatins bei Genen aus, welche für den Eintritt in die DNA-Synthese-Phase des Zellzyklus verantwortlich sind. Insgesamt wurde die Bedeutung epigenetischer Modifikationen bei malignen Erkrankungen in den letzten Jahren immer deutlicher. So konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Rb-assoziierte Histon-Methyltransferase Suv39h1 ein entscheidender Vermittler der Seneszenz in Ras-induziertem Maus Lymphom-Modell ist. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass die transgenen Eµ-myc Maüse (ähnlich dem Burkitt''s Lymphom im Menschen), wenn sie mit Suv39h1-defizienten Maüsen gekreuzt werden. Die Überexpression von Myc, wie sie in humanen und murinen Tumoren zu beobachten ist, induziert primär ein apoptotische Antwort mit dem zentralen Vermittler p53. Allerdings bewirkte die Suv39h1 Defizienz, obwohl sie die Lebenserwartung signifikant verkürzte, keine Veränderung der Apoptose-Rate in diesem Modell. Dieses Ergebnis demonstriert die Tumor-suprimierende Wirkung des Suv39h1 in Myc-getriebener Lymphomagenese. Weiterhin wurde in dieser Arbeit ein zusätzlicher Mechanismus zur Vermittlung Myc-induzierter Seneszenz unter Einbeziehung des Zytokin-Signaling identifiziert. Im Falle der Expression von intaktem Suv39h1 in der Tumorzelle kann TGF-beta die Myc-induzierte Seneszenz in vivo beeinflussen. Schliesslich ergaben die Untersuchungen, dass die Suv39h1-defizienten Lymphome über eine beeinträchtigte Therapie-Anwort verfügen, da sie keine Therapeutika-induzierte Seneszenz ausführen können. / Maintenance of cellular failsafe pathways (apoptosis and senescence) is one of the hallmarks of life, as fine equilibrium between proliferation and growth arrest ensures that the cell can protect itself from the potentially dangerous mutations. Senescence is a mechanism distinguished by heterochromatin modifications leading to silencing of the genes responsible for the entry to the DNA synthesis [S] phase of the cell cycle. Involvement of epigenetic modifications in cancer development has been subject of a more intense research in the past few years. It was shown that the Rb-associated histone methyltransferase Suv39h1 is a critical mediator of senescence in a Ras-induced mouse lymphoma model. Additional mechanisms of the senescence regulation are currently being under investigation. In this thesis Eµ-myc transgenic mice, crossed to mice deficient for Suv39h1, were shown to succumb to the same type of B-cell lymphoma (similar to Burkitt''s lymphoma in humans). Overexpression of Myc, as seen in human and mouse tumors will primarily induce an apoptotic response using p53 as a mediator of this response. In Eµ-myc, Suv39h1-/- mouse model deficiency in Suv39h1 has significantly shortened life expectancy, but it did not affect spontaneous apoptosis rates. This finding established Suv39h1 as a tumor suppressor in Myc-lymphomagenesis. Further, an additional mechanism of mediating oncogene-induced senescence involving cytokine signaling was identified and reported here. When intact Suv39h1 is present in the tumor, TGF-beta is able to mediate oncogene-induced senescence in vivo. Finally, in the treatment studies it was shown that Suv39h1 deficient lymphomas have an impaired response to chemotherapy, caused by their inability to execute drug-induced senescence. This finding can be of use for the design of novel cancer therapies.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Le cancer de l’ovaire épithélial (COE) est caractérisé par un mauvais pronostic dû au diagnostic tardif, à une résistance élevée à la chimiothérapie et à la fréquence élevée des récurrences, avec une survie après 5 ans d’environ 50% seulement. La sénescence est un des destins cellulaires qui peut être pris par les cellules tumorales suite à divers types de traitement, appelé sénescence induite par la thérapie (TIS). Bien que l’induction de la sénescence cellulaire suite à la thérapie permet initialement de freiner la prolifération des cellules cancéreuses, leur accumulation dans les tumeurs peut être délétère pour la patiente à long terme. Cette étude s’est penchée sur la sénescence induite par la thérapie dans des cellules de COE, plus précisément les TOV21G. Les résultats démontrent que les TOV21G entrent en sénescence suite à un traitement de carboplatine et paclitaxel (CP). Le facteur de transcription MYC a été montré comme une piste intéressante dans ce modèle de TIS, car ses gènes cibles se trouvent significativement diminués dans les cellules TIS. Cette étude a démontré que les niveaux protéiques de MYC sont significativement diminués dans les cellules TIS, alors que son ARN messager est légèrement augmenté. Cependant, ces résultats ne seraient pas dus à plus forte régulation post-traductionnelle de MYC dans les cellules TIS. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à la surexpression de MYC dans l’entrée en sénescence suite aux traitements de chimiothérapies. Les résultats montrent que les niveaux augmentés de MYC auraient comme conséquence plus de morts cellulaires, bien qu’un certain pourcentage de ces cellules entrent quand même en sénescence. De plus, nous avons aussi observé une augmentation de la polyploïdie dans les cellules qui surexpriment MYC suite aux traitements de chimiothérapie. Notre étude est la première à montrer un rôle de MYC dans la régulation de l’entrée en sénescence dans le cancer de l’ovaire épithéliale. À long terme, cette étude pourrait nous aider à mieux comprendre le rôle de MYC dans la TIS ainsi ces résultats pourront également nous aider à trouver de meilleures cibles thérapeutiques afin de proposer de meilleurs traitements aux patientes atteintes de CEO afin de voir leur pronostic s’améliorer. / Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is characterized by a poor prognosis due to late diagnosis, high resistance to chemotherapy, and a high recurrence rate, with a 5-year survival of approximately 50%. Senescence is one of the cellular fates that tumor cells can undergo following various types of treatment, termed Therapy-Induced Senescence (TIS). While cellular senescence initialy blocks cancer cell proliferation, their accumulation of TIS cells in tumors can be detrimental to the patient in the long term. This study focused on therapy-induced senescence in EOC cells, specifically TOV21G.The results demonstrate that TOV21G undergo senescence following treatment with carboplatin and paclitaxel (CP). The transcription factor MYC emerged as an interesting candidate in this TIS model, as its targets were significantly reduced in TIS cells. This study revealed a significant decrease in MYC protein levels in TIS cells, while its mRNA levels showed a slight increase. However, these results were not attributed to a stronger post-translational regulation of MYC in TIS cells. Subsequently, we investigated the overexpression of MYC in the induction of senescence following chemotherapy treatments. The results indicate that increased levels of MYC would result in more cell death, although a certain percentage of these cells still undergo senescence. Additionally, we observed an increase in polyploidy in cells overexpressing MYC following chemotherapy treatments. Our study is the first to demonstrate a role for MYC in the regulation of senescence in epithelial ovarian cancer. In the long term, this study could help us better understand the role of MYC in TIS, and these findings may also assist in identifying better therapeutic targets to offer improved treatments for patients with EOC, thereby enhancing their prognosis.

Les lymphocytes B et T sont issus de cellules progénitrices lymphoïdes de la moelle osseuse qui se différencient grâce à l’action de facteurs de transcription, cytokines et voies de signalisation, dont l’interleukine-7 (IL-7)/IL-7 récepteur (IL-7R). Le facteur de transcription c-Myc est exprimé par les cellules lymphoïdes et contrôle leur croissance et leur différenciation. Cette régulation transcriptionnelle peut être coordonnée par le complexe c-Myc/Myc-Interacting Zinc finger protein-1 (Miz-1). Le but de ce projet était de comprendre les mécanismes qui impliquent Miz-1 et le complexe c-Myc/Miz-1 dans le développement des lymphocytes B et T. Pour réaliser ce projet, des souris déficientes pour le domaine de transactivation de Miz-1 (Miz-1POZ) et des souris à allèles mutantes pour c-MycV394D, mutation qui empêche l’interaction avec Miz-1, ont été générées. La caractérisation des souris Miz 1POZ a démontré que l’inactivation de Miz-1 perturbe le développement des lymphocytes B et T aux stades précoces de leur différenciation qui dépend de l’IL-7. L’analyse de la cascade de signalisation IL-7/IL-7R a montré que ces cellules surexpriment la protéine inhibitrice SOCS1 qui empêche la phosphorylation de STAT5 et perturbe la régulation à la hausse de la protéine de survie Bcl-2. De plus, Miz-1 se lie directement au promoteur de SOCS1 et contrôle son activité. En plus de contrôler l’axe IL-7/IL-7R/STAT5/Bcl-2 spécifiquement aux stades précoces du développement afin d’assurer la survie des progéniteurs B et T, Miz-1 régule l’axe EBF/Pax-5/Rag-1/2 dans les cellules B afin de coordonner les signaux nécessaires pour la différenciation des cellules immatures. La caractérisation des souris c-MycV394D a montré, quant à elle, que les fonctions de Miz-1 dans les cellules B et T semblent indépendantes de c-Myc. Les cellules T des souris Miz-1POZ ont un défaut de différenciation additionnel au niveau de la -sélection, étape où les signaux initiés par le TCR remplacent ceux induits par IL-7 pour assurer la prolifération et la différenciation des thymocytes en stades plus matures. À cette étape du développement, une forme fonctionnelle de Miz-1 semble être requise pour contrôler le niveau d’activation de la voie p53, induite lors du processus de réarrangement V(D)J du TCR. L’expression de gènes pro-apoptotiques PUMA, NOXA, Bax et du régulateur de cycle cellulaire p21CIP1 est régulée à la hausse dans les cellules des souris Miz-1POZ. Ceci provoque un débalancement pro-apoptotique qui empêche la progression du cycle cellulaire des cellules TCR-positives. La survie des cellules peut être rétablie à ce stade de différenciation en assurant une coordination adéquate entre les signaux initiés par l’introduction d’un TCR transgénique et d’un transgène codant pour la protéine Bcl-2. En conclusion, ces études ont montré que Miz-1 intervient à deux niveaux du développement lymphoïde: l’un précoce en contrôlant la signalisation induite par l’IL-7 dans les cellules B et T, en plus de l’axe EBF/Pax-5/Rag-1/2 dans les cellules B; et l’autre tardif, en coordonnant les signaux de survie issus par le TCR et p53 dans les cellules T. Étant donné que les thymocytes et lymphocytes B immatures sont sujets à plusieurs rondes de prolifération, ces études serviront à mieux comprendre l’implication des régulateurs du cycle cellulaire comme c-Myc et Miz-1 dans la génération des signaux nécessaires à la différenciation non aberrante et à la survie des ces cellules. Enfin, les modèles expérimentaux, souris déficientes ou à allèles mutantes, utilisés pour ce travail permettront de mieux définir les bases moléculaires de la transformation maligne des lymphocytes B et T et de révéler les mécanismes conduisant au lymphome. / Signaling pathways control the differentiation and proliferation of blood cells, like B and T lymphocytes. They converge into regulating the activity of transcription factors that influence ultimately gene expression patterns. The transcription factor c-Myc is a central regulator of cellular proliferation and growth, and its deregulated expression has been demonstrated to be involved in many types of cancers, in particular lymphoma. Recent studies have shown that repression by c-Myc can be mediated by a complex formed with the BTB/POZ domain transcription factor Miz-1 (Myc Interacting Zinc finger protein-1). Given that both c-Myc and Miz-1 proteins are expressed in lymphoid precursors and since c-Myc has been shown to be important for B- and T-cell development, the aim of this thesis was to investigate the role of Miz-1 and the c-Myc/Miz-1 complex in regulating B and T cell survival, commitment and differentiation. To do so, mice expressing a non-functional Miz-1 protein lacking the BTB/POZ domain (Miz-1POZ) and knock-in mice expressing a mutant c-MycV394D allele that no longer interacts with Miz-1 were generated. B- and T-cell development requires the coordinated action of transcription factors and cytokines, in particular interleukin-7 (IL-7). The studies presented in this work demonstrated that mice deficient for the BTB/POZ domain of transcription factor Miz-1 almost entirely lack follicular B cells and T cells, since their progenitors fail to activate the JAK/STAT5 pathway and to up-regulate Bcl-2 upon IL-7 stimulation. Miz-1 exerts a dual role in the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) pathway by directly repressing the JAK inhibitor SOCS1 and by activating Bcl-2 expression. In B cells, a functional form of Miz-1 is also required for the proper expression of early B cell genes like E2A and EBF. These data suggest that Miz-1 represents a new regulatory element of early B- and T-cell differentiation required for the regulation of the IL-7/IL-7R/STAT5/Bcl-2 axis by monitoring SOCS1 for survival and by regulating the EBF/Pax-5/Rag-1/2 axis for the proper commitment and differentiation of the B-cell lineage. The regulation exerted by Miz-1 in B and T cells is mostly likely independent of its interacting partner c-Myc, and seems specifically linked to the BTB/POZ domain of Miz-1. Mice deficient for the BTB/POZ domain of Miz-1 have additionally a severe differentiation block at the pre-T cell “-selection” checkpoint. Miz-1 deficient pre-T cells are highly apoptotic and do show cell cycle defects. This concurs with enhanced expression of p53-target genes such as p21CIP1, Bax, PUMA and Noxa, most likely induced by the DNA double-strand breaks generated during the V(D)J recombination of the TCR. Only the co-expression of rearranged TCR and Bcl-2 fully rescued Miz-1-deficient cell numbers and enabled them to differentiate into TCR+ cells. These data suggest that Miz-1 is required for both the regulation of the p53 response and proper expression of the pre-TCR to support the proliferative burst of pre-T cells. In conclusion, the studies presented in this thesis revealed the so far unknown implication of Miz-1 in B- and T-cell development. More specifically, Miz-1 exerts early regulatory functions by monitoring the IL-7/IL-7R signaling in B and T cells. It regulates later stages of differentiation by controlling the EBF/Pax-5/Rag-1/2 in B cells and the TCR expression and the p53 response in T cells. These studies and the generated mice model (conditional knock-out and knock-in) will help characterize the implications of transcription factors that have been causally implicated in the altered genetic programming found in hematopoietic malignancies due to their capacities to regulate cell cycle. Ultimately the characterization of Miz-1 and c-Myc functions in B and T cells will help better understand the mechanisms responsible for the emergence of leukemia and lymphoma.

As células Y-1 pertencem a uma linhagem clonal de células funcionais de córtex adrenal de camundongo, que respondem a ACTH. Em células Y-1, ACTH promove a esteroidogênese (função) e tem efeitos regulatórios complexos na transição G0→G1→S do ciclo celular. ACTH promove a transição G0→G1, mas inibe a transição G1→S. É possível que a regulação do ciclo celular por ACTH seja mediada pelo controle da expressão dos proto-oncogenes das famílias fos, jun e myc. Nosso laboratório mostrou, anteriormente, que ACTH induz a expressão dos genes fos e jun, mas inibe c-myc. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar pontos de controle na expressão dos genes fos, jun e myc e na atividade dos fatores de transcrição AP-1 (dímeros da proteínas Fos e Jun) por ACTH, derivados de cAMP (ativadores de PKA), PMA (ativador de PKC) e FCS (soro fetal bovino). ACTH, PMA e dcAMP aumentam a atividade de ligação de AP-1 a DNA, independentemente de síntese protéica. Ensaios de elongação de cadeia nascente de RNA (run off transcription) mostram que ACTH, PMA e FCS são fortes indutores de c-fos, c-jun e junB, enquanto dcAMP induz apenas c-fos e junB. Hibridizações Northern permitiram estimar a meia-vida dos mRNAs de c-fos e c-jun em 30 min, independentemente do tratamento com ACTH ou PMA. Diferentemente de c-fos, o mRNA de fosB é superinduzido por ActinomicinaD em células Y-1 tratadas com ACTH e PMA. / The Y-1 cells belong to a clonal lineage of functional mouse adrenocortical cells, which are responsive to ACTH. In Y-1 cells, ACTH promotes esteroidogenesis (function) and has complex effects on the G0→G1→S transition of the Y-1 cell cycle. ACTH induces the G0→G1 transition but inhibits the G1+S transition. Probably, the cell cycle regulation by ACTH is mediated by the expression control of the proto-oncogenes from the fos, jun and myc families. Our laboratory has previously shown that ACTH induces the fos and jun genes expression, but inhibits c-myc expression. The target of this work was to identify control points in the fos, jun and myc genes expression and in the AP-1 transcription factors (Fos and Jun proteins dimers) by ACTH, cAMP derivatives (PKA activators), PMA (PKC activator) and FCS (Fetal Calf Serum). ACTH, PMA and dcAMP raise the AP-1 DNA binding activity, independently of protein synthesis. Run off transcription assays show that ACTH, PMA and FCS are strong c-fos, c-jun and junB inducers, while dcAMP induces only c-fos and junB. Northern hybridisations allowed us to estimate the half life of the fos and jun mRNAs in about 30 min, independently of ACTH or PMA treatment. Differently of c-fos, fosB mRNA is superinduced by ActinomicinD treatment in Y-1 cells treated with ACTH or PMA.