Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Samara Rodrigues[1].pdf: 1486003 bytes, checksum: 31d0e0cb1c9c341ca0e307d3684010b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-08 / Weeds can negatively affect the quantity and quality on orchards fruit yield. They usually occur in clusters in a given area, not evenly distributed throughout the entire field. Thus, the site-specific application of herbicides makes possible the use of control methods, decreasing the entire cost. In this work, both spatial and temporal variability of broad-leafed and narrow-leafed weeds were evaluated in an orchard of pear trees, using tools of precision agriculture. The experimental area has 1.24 ha, cultivated with 146 pear trees (variety ―Pêra D água‖), located in Nova Laranjeiras, Paraná State, Brazil. The orchard s productivity was through two distinct harvests, given the different reaping point of its fruits. Eighteen pear trees were selected as reference for the four samplings of broad-leafed and narrow-leafed weeds populations, performed per tree, using a 0.5 m x 0.5 m (0.25 m2) wooden frame. Data collected were then used to elaborate maps of mean incidence from both types of weeds. The methodology used was efficient to quantify both types of weeds, since it allows to build maps of the spatial and temporal incidence of both types of plants (broad and narrow). Pear yield showed little correlation with weed incidence. The weeds showed spatial and temporal dependence and such dependence was different due to the leaf type (broad or narrow) and of the position (under the tree canopy or between lines). The western region showed the highest incidence of weeds in the experimental area. / As plantas daninhas podem afetar negativamente a quantidade e a qualidade da produção de frutíferas. Normalmente ocorrem em agrupamentos em uma determinada área, não se distribuindo regularmente. Assim, a definição de unidades de manejo para controle de plantas daninhas viabiliza a aplicação de métodos de controle, diminuindo os custos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade espacial e temporal das plantas daninhas de folhas largas e estreitas, em um pomar de pereiras, visando definir unidades de manejo. A área experimental tem 1,24 ha, cultivada com 146 pereiras da variedade ―Pêra D'água‖, fica no município de Nova Laranjeiras, Paraná, Brasil. A produtividade do pomar foi obtida em duas colheitas distintas em função da maturação diferenciada dos frutos. Foram selecionadas dezoito árvores de pêra como referência para os quatro períodos de amostragens da população de plantas daninhas de folhas largas e estreitas, utilizando-se um quadro de madeira de 0,5 m x 0,5 m (0,25 m2). Os dados levantados foram usados então para elaborar mapas de incidência de ambos os tipos de plantas daninhas. A metodologia adotada para quantificação das plantas daninhas foi considerada eficiente, pois permitiu que se construísse mapas da incidência espacial e temporal de ambos os tipos de plantas (largas e estreitas). A produtividade de pêra apresentou fraca correlação linear com a incidência de plantas daninhas. As plantas daninhas apresentaram dependência espacial e temporal e esta dependência foi diferente em função do tipo de folha (larga ou estreita) e da posição (copa - linha de plantio ou nas entre-linhas). A região oeste apresentou a maior incidência de plantas daninhas na área experimental.

O objetivo do presente estudo clínico randomizado e controlado foi de avaliar e comparar o nível ósseo marginal (NOM) ao redor de implantes de diâmetro reduzido (IDRs - 3,3 mm) confeccionados em uma liga de titânio/zircônio e titânio puro instalados em regiões de molares inferiores após um ano das próteses estarem em função. Dez pacientes participaram do estudo. Em cada paciente um IDR de titânio com adição de zircônio (TiZr; Grupo Teste) e um IDR de titânio puro (Ti; Grupo Controle) foram instalados de forma randomizada em áreas contralaterais de molares inferiores. Após 8 semanas de cicatrização, as próteses metalocerâmicas foram instaladas e os pacientes foram incluídos em um programa de controle de placa bacteriana. Radiografias periapicais foram utilizadas para avaliar o NOM nas faces mesial e distal dos implantes. Essas medidas foram realizadas imediatamente após a instalação das próteses (T1) e um ano após as próteses estarem em função (T2). Além disso, profundidade clínica de sondagem, sangramento à sondagem, supuração, placa bacteriana visível, e mobilidade do implante foram avaliados para a determinação das taxas de sucesso e sobrevivência do implante. Após 1 ano de acompanhamento, a média da mudança do nível ósseo periimplantar marginal nas faces interproximais foi de 0,32±0,27 e 0,35±0,24 mm nos sítios do Grupo Teste e Controle, respectivamente (p> 0,05). Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos. Além disso, não houve falhas nos implantes neste período de acompanhamento e os valores médios das variáveis clínicas estudas também foram similares entre os grupos (p> 0,05). Desta forma, este trabalho sugere que IDRs feitos da liga titânio/zircônio ou de titânio puro, podem ser igualmente usados para suportar coroas unitárias em regiões posteriores da mandíbula. / The aim of the present randomized controlled trial study was to analyze marginal bone loss (MBL) and clinical parameters around narrow-diameter implants (NDIs - 3.3 mm) made of titanium/zirconium alloy (TiZr) in comparison to commercially pure titanium (cpTi) installed in the molar region of the mandible after one year in function. Ten patients participated in the study. A TiZr and a cpTi NDI were randomly installed in contralateral molar sites of the mandible of each patient in a split-mouth design. Eight weeks after healing, all metal-ceramic single crowns were adapted to the implants and patients were enrolled in a plaque control program. MBL at the mesial and distal aspects of the implants were evaluated by comparing periapical radiographs taken immediately after prosthesis installation (T1) and one year after loading (T2). Clinical probing depth, bleeding on probing, suppuration, visible plaque, and implant mobility were evaluated to determine implant success and survival rates. Mean MBL at the interproximal aspects of TiZr implant sites was 0.32±0.27 mm, while at cpTi implant sites MBL was 0.35±0.24 mm (p> 0.05). Both TiZr and cpTi NDIs presented 100% implant survival and success rates, with no significant differences in the clinical parameters studied (p> 0.05). In conclusion, TiZr and cpTi NDIs presented similar outcomes after one year in function in the molar region of the mandible. The results suggest that TiZr and cpTi NDIs may be equally used to support single crowns in the posterior area of the mouth. However, further studies with longer follow-up periods are necessary to confirm these findings.

Detta projekt har utförts på monteringslinan i Volvo Construction Equipment (VCE), Hallsberg. Där har man en robotcell som arbetar i samspel med limstationerna 17&18. Utav 4 hyttfamiljer limmas och monteras glasrutor till 3 av hyttfamiljerna manuellt. Robotcellen limmar glasrutorna för 1 hyttfamilj som har 2 typer av hytter, med en cykeltid på 8,4–9,5 min. Då takttiden ligger på 7,5 min/hytt för resten av linan anses limstationerna vara en trång sektor enligt VCE. Med en ökad framtida produktvariation och ett ökat kundbehov anser VCE att den trånga sektorn har förutsättningarna för att bli en framtida flaskhals då takttiden ska ner till 7,2 min/hytt till år 2020. Med hjälp av Leanprinciper och Sex Sigma verktyg har projektutförarna avhandlat frågeställningen "Hur kan robotcellen effektiviseras med avseende på cykeltid och framtida produktvariation?". Genom en framtagning av en nulägesanalys med hjälp av tidmätningar, intervjuer och teoriinsamling kunde sedan en värdeflödeskarta skapas. Genom rotorsaksanalyser på icke-värdeskapande men nödvändiga aktiviteter kunde ett förbättringsförslag presenteras med en uppskattad cykeltid på mindre än 7–7,6 min. Detta med hjälp av en hanteringsrobot och en limrobot som har separata aktiviteter som är parallella, istället för att ha en robot som har samtliga aktiviteter som i nuläget. Projektutförarna rekommenderar att VCE för arbetet vidare genom att- ta reda på hur lång tid det tar för en automatiserad limning av glasrutor till samtliga hyttyper, - undersöka hur snabbt hanteringsroboten behöver arbeta i förhållande till limroboten för att tillfredsställa behovet av glasrutor för limroboten, - undersöka hur kasserade glasrutor från robotcellerna påverkar monteringsflödet samt - undersöka utvecklingsmöjligheter för att effektivisera den enda värdeskapande aktiviteten för limroboten med avseende på cykeltid. / This project has been carried out on the assembly line in Volvo Construction Equipment (VCE), Hallsberg. A robotic cell is located in the assembly line and works in conjunction with the glue stations 17 & 18. Out of 4 cab families, windows are glued and mounted to 3 of the cab families manually. The robotic cell glues the windows for 1 cab family that has 2 types of cabs, with a cycle time of 8.4-9.5 min. Since the takt time is 7.5 min/cab in the other sections of the assembly line, the glue stations are considered a narrow sector according to VCE. With increased future product variability and increased customer demand, VCE considers that the narrow sector has the prerequisites for becoming a future bottleneck, as the takt time will drop to 7.2 min/cab to 2020. With the help of Lean principles and Six Sigma tools, project executives have dealt with the question "How can the robotic cell be made more efficient with respect to cycle time and future product variability?”. Through a current state analysis by means of time measurements, interviews and theory collection, a value-flow chart could then be created. By root cause analysis on non-value-adding but necessary activities an improvement proposal could be presented with an estimated cycle time of less than 7-7.6 min. The thesis workers propose that VCE goes ahead by- finding out how long an automated gluing of windows take (for all cabs),- examining how fast the handling robot needs to work in relation to the glue robot (to satisfy the need for windows for the glue robot),- examining how discarded windows from the robotic cells affect the assembly flow, and- investigating the opportunities to streamline the only value-creating activity for the glue robot with regards to cycle time.

Esta tesis caracteriza experimentalmente el comportamiento del canal MIMO en diferentes escenarios y evalúa la dependencia del rendimiento del canal con la tipología del escenario y diferentes condiciones de propagación. Para facilitar el desarrollo de futuros sistemas con múltiples antenas en estos escenarios, se presentan modelos sencillos y eficientes de canales SISO y MIMO.Se ha realizado el análisis de canales MIMO 2x2 a partir de diversas campañas de medidas realizadas en distintos escenarios interiores, exteriores y mixtos. Se han estudiado dos aspectos fundamentales: la correlación espacial y la capacidad del canal. El estudio se completa con el desarrollo de un método de modelado basado en líneas de retardo. Mediante este método se obtienen modelos sencillos y eficientes de canales SISO y MIMO de los escenarios interiores y mixtos medidos. Así se contribuye al desarrollo de nuevos sistemas de comunicaciones inalámbricos en escenarios mixtos y a facilitar la simulación de sistemas MIMO gracias a los nuevos modelos propuestos. / This thesis characterizes in an experimental way the MIMO channel behavior in different scenarios, including the evaluation of the channel performance dependency with the type of scenario and different propagation conditions. In order to facilitate the development of future systems with multiple antennas in these scenarios, simple and efficient SISO and MIMO channel models are presented.The analysis of the 22 MIMO channel has been based on several measurement campaigns carried out in different outdoor, indoor and mixed environments. Two fundamental aspects are studied: the spatial correlation and the channel capacity. The analysis is completed with the development of a method to model the radio channel based on tapped delay lines. Using this method, simple and efficient SISO and MIMO channel models of indoor, outdoor and mixed scenarios have been obtained. In this way this work contributes to the development of new wireless communication systems and to facilitate the simulation of MIMO systems by means of the new proposed models.

We present a detailed study of mid-infrared spectroscopy and optical imaging of Seyfert galaxies with the goal of understanding the properties of astronomical dust around the central supermassive black hole and the accretion disk. Specifically, we have studied Spitzer Space Telescope mid-infrared spectra of 12 Seyfert 1.8-1.9s and 58 Seyfert 1s and 2s available in the Spitzer public archive, and the nuclear dust morphology in the central 500 pc of 91 narrow and broad-line Seyfert 1s using optical images from the Hubble Space Telescope. We have also developed visualization software to aid the understanding of the geometry of the central engine. Based on these studies, we conclude that the nuclear regions of Seyfert galaxies are fueled by dusty spirals driven by the large-scale stellar bars in the host galaxy. The accumulation of dusty gas in the central kiloparsec leads to enhanced star formation. In this case, the circumnuclear starburst and the central engine compete for dominance in the heating of the circumnuclear dust. Emission from the heated dust is most clearly seen in the mid-infrared. We find that the spectra of Seyfert 2s show the most variety in the continuum shapes due to different starburst contributions. We find that the spectra of Seyfert 2s that are devoid of starburst contribution are dominated by a single thermal component at a temperature of T ~ 170 K. We also find that the mid-IR continua of Seyfert 1.8/1.9 galaxies are more like those of starburst-dominated Seyfert 2s than Seyfert 1s, contrary to expectations. We discuss the implications of these findings in the context of the Unified Model of AGN and the secular evolution of Seyfert nuclei.

The design of power amplifiers within a circuit simulator requires a good non-linear model that accurately predicts the electormagnetic behaviour of the power transistor. In recent years, a certain class of large signal frequency-dependent black-box behavioural modeling techniques known as Poly-Harmonic Distortion (PHD) models has been devised to mimic the non-linear unmatched RF transistor. These models promise a good prediction of the device behaviour under multi-harmonic periodic continuous wave inputs. This thesis describes the capabilities of the PHD modeling framework and the theoretical type of behaviour that it is capable of predicting. Specifically, the PHD framework cannot necessarily predict the response of a broadband aperiodic signal. This analysis will be performed by deriving the PHD modeling framework as a simplification of the Volterra series kernel functions under the assumption that the power transistor is operating under continuous periodic multi-harmonic voltage and current signals in a stable circuit. A PHD model will be seen as a set of describing functions that predict the response of the Device Under Test (DUT) for any given non-linear periodic continuous-wave inputs that have a specific fundamental frequency. Two popular implementations of PHD models that can be found in the literature are the X-parameter and Cardiff models. Each model formulates the describing functions of the general PHD model differently. The mathematical formulation of the X-parameter and Cardiff models will be discussed in order to provide a theoretical ground for comparing their robustness. The X-parameter model will be seen as the first-order Taylor series approximation of the PHD model describing functions around a Large Signal Operating Point (LSOP) of the device under test. The Cardiff large-signal model uses Fourier series coefficient functions that vary with the magnitude of the large signal(s) as the PHD model describing functions. This thesis will provide a breakdown of the measurement procedure required for the extraction of these models, the challenges involved in the measurement, as well as the mathematical extraction of the model coe cients from measurement data. As each of these models contain have extended versions that enhance the predictive capability of the model under stronger nonlinear modes of operation, a comparison is used to represent the cost of increasing model accuracy as a function of the increasing model complexity for each model. The order of complexity of each model can manifest itself in terms of the mathematical formulation, the number of parameters required and the measurement time that is required to extract each model for a given DUT. This comparison will fairly assess the relative strengths and weaknesses of each model.

Siauro terapinio indekso vaistų vartojimas ir farmakokinetikos tyrimų interpretavimas reikalauja specialių farmakokinetikos žinių. Mokslinės literatūros šaltiniuose teigiama, jog gydymo procese dalyvaujant klinikiniams vaistininkams vaistų vartojimas yra optimizuojamas. Lietuvoje panašios vaistininkų veiklos nėra, todėl tyrimo tikslas buvo įvertinti siauro terapinio indekso vaistų vartojimo racionalumą ir nustatyti klinikinės farmacijos paslaugos poreikį stacionarinio gydymo įstaigoje. Darbo uždaviniai: nustatyti ir įvertinti farmakoterapinių problemų, siejamų su siauro terapinio indekso vaistų (vankomicino, ciklosporino, digoksino, gentamicino) vartojimu, paplitimą tretinio lygio ligoninėje; kiekybiškai ir kokybiškai įvertinti nustatytų farmakoterapinių problemų rizikos veiksnius; įvertinti vankomicino farmakokinetikos stebėsenos praktiką ligoninės skyriuose; įvertinti farmacininko konsultacijos įtaką vankomicino farmakokinetikos stebėsenai. Tyrimui pasirinktų siauro terapinio indekso vaistų farmakokinetikos tyrimų analizė atskleidė klinikinės farmacijos paslaugos poreikį optimizuojant tokių vaistų vartojimą Lietuvos ligoninėse. Nustatytų farmakoterapinių problemų rizikos veiksnių analizė identifikavo praktikoje dar visuotinai nepripažintą padidintą inkstų klirensą ir jo reikšmingą įtaką vaistų veiksmingumui. / The prescription of narrow therapeutic index drugs (NTID) and interpretation of pharmacokinetic measurements require special pharmacokinetic knowledge. Scientific publications report that active participation of clinical pharmacists in the treatment process results in optimization of the drugs use. In Lithuania, there are no similar services provided by pharmacists up till now. Aim of the study: to evaluate the rationality of the use of NTIDs and to determine the demand for clinical pharmacy services in hospitals. Objectives of the study: to identify and evaluate the prevalence of drug-related problems associated with the use of NTIDs (vancomycin, cyclosporine, digoxin, and gentamicin) in the tertiary-level hospital; to perform quantitative and qualitative analysis of risk factors for the identified drug-related problems; to evaluate the practice of pharmacokinetic vancomycin monitoring in hospital departments; to evaluate the influence of pharmacist intervention on pharma¬cokinetic vancomycin monitoring. The analysis of pharmacokinetic measurements of NTIDs selected for this study revealed the demand for clinical pharmacy services while optimizing NTIDs use in the Lithuanian hospitals. The analysis of risk factors associated with the identified drug-related problems identified augmented renal clearance, which is not widely acknowledged in practice, and its significant impact on the effectiveness of drugs.

The design of power amplifiers within a circuit simulator requires a good non-linear model that accurately predicts the electormagnetic behaviour of the power transistor. In recent years, a certain class of large signal frequency-dependent black-box behavioural modeling techniques known as Poly-Harmonic Distortion (PHD) models has been devised to mimic the non-linear unmatched RF transistor. These models promise a good prediction of the device behaviour under multi-harmonic periodic continuous wave inputs. This thesis describes the capabilities of the PHD modeling framework and the theoretical type of behaviour that it is capable of predicting. Specifically, the PHD framework cannot necessarily predict the response of a broadband aperiodic signal. This analysis will be performed by deriving the PHD modeling framework as a simplification of the Volterra series kernel functions under the assumption that the power transistor is operating under continuous periodic multi-harmonic voltage and current signals in a stable circuit. A PHD model will be seen as a set of describing functions that predict the response of the Device Under Test (DUT) for any given non-linear periodic continuous-wave inputs that have a specific fundamental frequency. Two popular implementations of PHD models that can be found in the literature are the X-parameter and Cardiff models. Each model formulates the describing functions of the general PHD model differently. The mathematical formulation of the X-parameter and Cardiff models will be discussed in order to provide a theoretical ground for comparing their robustness. The X-parameter model will be seen as the first-order Taylor series approximation of the PHD model describing functions around a Large Signal Operating Point (LSOP) of the device under test. The Cardiff large-signal model uses Fourier series coefficient functions that vary with the magnitude of the large signal(s) as the PHD model describing functions. This thesis will provide a breakdown of the measurement procedure required for the extraction of these models, the challenges involved in the measurement, as well as the mathematical extraction of the model coe cients from measurement data. As each of these models contain have extended versions that enhance the predictive capability of the model under stronger nonlinear modes of operation, a comparison is used to represent the cost of increasing model accuracy as a function of the increasing model complexity for each model. The order of complexity of each model can manifest itself in terms of the mathematical formulation, the number of parameters required and the measurement time that is required to extract each model for a given DUT. This comparison will fairly assess the relative strengths and weaknesses of each model.

Freiburg i. Br., Univ., Diss., 2007.

Permobil Produktion AB är världsledande tillverkare av elektriska rullstolar. Produktionsanläggningen i Timrå har verksamhet i två byggnader: en produktionslokal där stolarna monteras, anpassas och levereras till kund och ett produktionslager som förser monteringen med material. Dessa två byggnader ligger 600 meter separerade, vilket innebär slöseri i materialförsörjningen. Påfyllnadstiden av material från produktionslagret till produktionslinan är avtalad till fyra timmar. Syftet med arbetet är att minska ledtiden för påfyllning av material för att skapa ett jämnare produktionsflöde. Genom detta kan sekvensen som stolar tillverkas i låsas senare, vilket innebär att sekvensen kan optimeras. På grund av problem med saldodifferenser påbörjas stolar i produktionslinan som inte kan slutföras när materialbrist uppstår. Med en kortare ledtid för påfyllning av material kan man i större utsträckning undvika att plocka ur stolen från produktionslinan, vilket är en bidragande faktor till ryckigt flöde. I arbetet har en nulägesstudie genomförts för att skapa en förståelse för problemet. Därefter besöktes tre olika motormonteringar; Scania, Volvo Cars Engine och Volvo Group Trucks Operations för att skapa inblick i möjliga lösningar. Till sist utvecklades olika lösningar för lager- och produktionslokal. Arbetet har resulterat i tre lösningsförslag, varav ett är kortsiktigt och två långsiktiga. Samtliga innehåller ett materialtorg med plockyta placerad i produktionslokalen. De långsiktiga förslagen innefattar även smalgångslager med olika automationsgrad. Längsta ledtiden för materialpåfyllning är uppskattad till 56 minuter i samtliga lösningar. Lösningsförslagen presenteras för Permobil Produktion AB med återbetalningstider och rekommendationer på vidare arbete för att säkerställa utrymmeskrav med mer omfattande data. / Permobil Produktion AB is a world leading manufacturer of electric wheelchairs. The production site in Timrå consists of two main buildings: the production factory where chairs are assembled, customised and delivered to customer and the production warehouse that provides the production line with material. These two buildings are situated 600 meters apart which results in wastes in the material supply chain. The lead time of material refill, from warehouse to production line, is contracted to four hours. The purpose of this thesis is to reduce the lead time for material refill to create a more even production flow. Hereby, the sequence to manufacture chairs can be frozen later giving opportunity to optimise the sequence better. Due to problem with balance differences chairs are initiated at the production line without being possible to complete due to material shortage. With a shorter lead time for material refill more chairs will be possible to complete without being taken off the line which is a contributing factor to an uneven production flow. Included in the thesis work are an analysis of the current situation and visits to three engine assemblies, Scania, Volvo Cars Engine and Volvo Group Trucks Operations. This was to collect useful information about the problem and ways to solve it. Finally, solutions where developed for the warehouse and for the production. The thesis has resulted in three solutions, one-short term and two long-term solutions. All consisting of a supermarket for manual material picking placed next to the production line. The long-term solutions also include a narrow aisle warehouse with differing levels of automation. The longest lead time for material refill is estimated to 56 minutes for all solutions. The solutions are presented to Permobil Produktion AB accompanied with payback times and recommendations of further work to ensure restriction of areas with more comprehensive data.