Les Véhicules Etroits et Inclinables (VEI) sont la convergence d’une voiture et d’un motocycle. Un mètre de largeur seulement suffit pour transporter une ou deux personnes en Tandem. Les VEI sont conçus dans le but de résoudre partiellement les problèmes de trafic routier, de minimiser la consommation énergétique et l’émission de polluants. De par leurs dimensions(ratio hauteur/largeur), ces véhicules doivent s’incliner en virage pour rester stable en compensant l’effet de l’accélération latérale. Cette inclinaison doit dans certains cas être automatique : elle peut être réalisée à l’aide d’un couple d’inclinaison généré par un actionneur dédié (système DTC), soit encore en modulant l’angle de braquage des roues (Système STC). Nous avons proposé dans ce mémoire une méthodologie de synthèse d’un régulateur structuré minimisant la norme H2 d’un problème bien posé au bénéfice d’une régulation optimisée de l’accélération latérale, considérant tour à tour les systèmes DTC et STC. Les régulateurs proposés sont paramétrés par la vitesse longitudinale et s’avèrent performants et robustes, et les moyens de réglages proposés permettent d’étudier l’intérêt relatif d’une solution DTC pure ou mixte DTC/STC, permettant de supporter les développements futurs sur le sujet. L’originalité des solutions proposées en regard des études rencontrées dans la littérature porte en particulier sur le fait de choisir de réguler directement l’accélération latérale perçue (plutôt que l’angle d’inclinaison), en anticipant la prise de virage par la prise en compte des angles et vitesse de braquage. L’optimisation de la régulation permet de réduire de manière importante le couple d’inclinaison requis, et l’accélération latérale subie par les passagers est faible. Tous les développements proposés s’appuient naturellement en amont sur un travail de modélisation (recherche du modèle juste nécessaire), et de bibliographie conséquent. Le modèle retenu comprend 5 degrés de libertés. Nous avons démontré qu’il possédait la propriété intéressante d’être plat, et avons utilisé cette propriété pour ouvrir des perspectives relatives à la conception d’un régulateur non-linéaire robuste, susceptible apriori d’accroître les performances dans le cas de « grands mouvements ». Au contraire de ce qui existe dans la littérature,le régulateur multivariable conçu pour le système SDTC permet le contrôle coordonné des actions sur les systèmes STC et DTC. / Narrow Tilting Vehicles (NTV) are the convergence of a car and a motorcycle. One meter wide, these vehicles are designed for one or two people sitting the one in front the other. The idea behind the conception of NTV is the minimization of traffic congestion, energy consumption and pollutant emission. But because of their dimensions, these cars would have to lean into corners in order to compensate for the lateral acceleration and maintain their stability. The tilting should be automatic, and can be achieved by a tilting torque generated by a dedicated tilting actuator (DTC) or by modifying the steering angle (STC) or both (SDTC). In this thesis, we first propose a methodology for the design of an output feedback structured regulator, minimizing the H2 norm of a well-posed problem, built to optimize the lateral acceleration of the NTV, considering DTC and SDTC systems.The designed controllers, with the longitudinal velocity as a parameter, lead to the minimization of the tilting torque and of the lateral acceleration perceived by the driver, and have good performances as well as good robustness properties. Furthermore, the tuning methodology allows the comparison of a pure DTC solution and a mixed SDTC alternative. Compared to the literature, the originalities in this thesis are the direct control of the measured value of the lateral acceleration (instead of the tilting angle), and the anticipation of the tilt, thanks to the use of the steering angle and angular velocity. Furthermore, the SDTC solution allows to drive both the STC and DTC systems in a coordinated manner. The design strategies are based on a preliminary study of vehicle models, and a design model with 5DoF was developed. We demonstrated that the model has the nice property to be flat, and in the last section of the thesis, used this property to initiate the design of a non-linear robust controller, which can a priori lead to better performances in case of “large motions”.

Sammanfattning Titel: Vildsvinskedjan – En utvärderingsstudie av handeln av vildsvinskött i södra Sverige Kurs: Kandidatuppsats Civilekonomprogrammet, Controller 15 hp (2FE24E) Lärosäte: Ekonomihögskolan vid Linnéuniversitet Växjö Författare: Victoria Fagerlund Larsson, Anton Lindh och Max Börjesson Handledare: Elin Funck Examinator: Pia Nylinder   Nyckelord: Logistikprocesser, processer, trånga sektioner, flaskhalsar, effektivitet, kvalitet, produktivitet, kartläggning, utvärdering och Supply Chain Management. Bakgrund: Det finns problem med handeln av vildsvinskött, där det idag inte är mer än 15% av köttet som når den legala marknaden. Detta beror på de hinder och flaskhalsar som existerar i kedjan som i dagsläget hindrar en effektiv kedja. Den resterande delen av köttet förbrukas antingen av jägarna själva eller för populationskontroll och skadedjursskjutning då vildsvin kan orsaka stora skador på bönders verksamhet. Detta leder till att det sker ett stort svinn av helt ätbart kött som hade kunnat säljas på en marknad. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att kartlägga logistikkedjan för vildsvinskött i södra Sverige. Genom kartläggningen identifieras svårigheter som finns inom logistikkedjan idag. Utifrån relevant teori ges förslag på potentiella förbättringar. Genom att överkomma svårigheterna möjliggörs en mer effektiv logistikkedja, med mer vildsvinskött på marknaden och ökad lönsamhet för de olika aktörerna som verkar inom kedjan. Metod: I uppsatsen har en processutvärdering använts för att kunna få en överblick över processerna och vad som behöver förändras. Den empiriska materialinsamlingen gjordes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. Slutsats: I uppsatsen har handeln av vildsvinskött kartlagts. Hinder har identifierats och förslag presenterats. En av de tydligaste slutsatserna har visat sig vara stora fluktuationerna i både utbud och efterfrågan vilket innebär att det är svårt att göra prognoser, vilket vi ändå föreslår att man gör. Digitaliseras prognoserna skulle informationsutbytet bli betydligt bättre då butiker och anläggningar skulle kunna dela prognoser om utbud och efterfrågan med varandra. Det hade lett till ett bättre in- och utflöde på marknaden vilket slutligen resulterat i en bättre fungerande handel av vildsvinskött. / Abstract Title: The wild boar chain- An evaluation study of the market of wild boar meat in southern Sweden Course: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration, Controller 15 hp (2FE24E) Institution: School of Business and Economics at Linnaeus University in Växjö Authors: Victoria Fagerlund Larsson, Anton Lindh and Max Börjesson Tutor: Elin Funck Examiner: Pia Nylinder   Keywords: Logistics processes, processes, narrow section, bottleneck, efficiency, improvement, quality, productivity, process mapping and evaluation. Background: No more than 15% of wild boar meat reaches the market because of the issues surrounding the market. It exists of obstacles and bottlenecks in the chain that hinder an effective market. The rest of the 85% of wild boar meat that does not reach the market is consumed by hunters and wasted because of population control and pest control because wild boars cause damage for farmers. This leads to partially wasted meat which could have been sold on the market for profits. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to map the process of the logistic chain for wild boar meat in southern Sweden. The difficulties that exist today in the logistic chain will be identified through process mapping. We also give suggestions for potential improvements, supported by relevant theory. Overcoming these difficulties will enable a more efficient logistic chain, with more wild boar meat on the market and increased profitability for the different actors that operate within the chain. Method: This essay uses a process evaluation study to be able to get an overview of the processes and what needs to change. The empirical material was collected through semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: The market for wild boar meat in Sweden has been identified through process mapping. Problems have been visualized and potential solutions have been presented. This paper has showed large fluctuations in both demand and supply. That means that it is difficult to make forecasts. We suggest forecasts as a tool for predicting the fluctuations. The sharing of information between the different parties will be considerably better if stores and the plants that handle wild boar meat in Sweden digitalize the forecasts. That would increase the inflow and the outflow to the market. This would result in a better logistic chain for wild boar meat.

A field experiment was conducted to examine the responses in growth, total dry matter (TDM), seed yield and nitrogen (N) accumulation of Kabuli chickpea cv. Principe and narrow-leafed lupin cv. Fest to different irrigation levels and N fertilizer on a Templeton silt loam soil at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand in 2007/08. The irrigation and fertilizer treatments were double full irrigation, full irrigation, half irrigation and nil irrigation and a control, full irrigation plus 150 kg N ha⁻¹. There was a 51 % increase in the weighed mean absolute growth rate (WMAGR) by full irrigation over no irrigation. The maximum growth rates (MGR) followed a similar response. The growth rates were not significantly decreased by double irrigation. Further, N fertilizer did not significantly improve crop growth rates. With full irrigation MGRs were 27.6 and 34.1 g m⁻² day⁻¹ for Kabuli chickpea and narrow-leafed lupin, respectively. Seed yields of fully-irrigated crops were trebled over the nil irrigation treatment. With full irrigation, seed yield of chickpea was 326 and that of lupin was 581 g m⁻². Seed yield of the two legumes was reduced by 45 % with double irrigation compared with full irrigation. Nitrogen fertilizer did not increase seed yields in either legume. Increased seed yield with full irrigation was related to increased DM, and crop growth rates, seeds pod⁻¹ and seeds m⁻². Crop harvest index (CHI) was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by irrigation and was related to seed yield only in narrow-leafed lupin. With full irrigation, the crops intercepted more than 95 % of incoming incident radiation at leaf area indices (LAIs), 2.9 and 3 or greater in Kabuli chickpea and narrow-leafed lupin, respectively. In contrast, without irrigation the two legumes achieved a maximum fraction of radiation intercepted of less than 90 %. With full irrigation, total intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was increased by 28 % and 33 % over no irrigation for Kabuli chickpea and narrow-leafed lupin, respectively. Fully-irrigated Kabuli chickpea intercepted a total amount of PAR of 807 MJ m⁻² and fully-irrigated narrow-leafed lupin intercepted 1,042 MJ m⁻². Accumulated DM was strongly related to accumulated intercepted PAR (R² ≥ 0.96**). The final RUE was significantly (P < 0.001) increased by irrigation. With full irrigation the final RUE of Kabuli chickpea was 1.49 g DM MJ⁻¹ PAR and that of narrow-leafed lupin was 2.17 g DM MJ⁻¹ PAR. Total N accumulation of Kabuli chickpea was not significantly affected by irrigation level. Kabuli chickpea total N was increased by 90 % by N fertilizer compared to fully-irrigated Kabuli chickpea which produced 17.7 g N m⁻². In contrast, total N accumulated in narrow-leafed lupin was not increased by N fertilizer but was decreased by 75 % with no irrigation and by 25 % with double irrigation (water logging) compared to full irrigation with a total N of 45.9 g m⁻². Total N was highly significantly related to TDM (R² = 0.78** for Kabuli chickpea and R² = 0.99** for narrow-leafed lupin). Nitrogen accumulation efficiency (NAE) of narrow-leafed lupin was not affected by irrigation or by N fertilizer. However, the NAE of Kabuli chickpea ranged from 0.013 (full irrigation) to 0.020 (no irrigation) and 0.017 g N g⁻¹ DM (full irrigation with N fertilizer). The N harvest index (NHI) was not affected by irrigation, N fertilizer or legume species. The NHI of Kabuli chickpea was 0.50 and that of narrow-leafed lupin was 0.51. The NHI was significantly (r ≥ 0.95 **) related to CHI.

Shorter product development cycles, densely packed engine compartments and intensified noiselegislation increase the need for accurate predictions of IC-engine air intake noise at earlystages. The urgent focus on the increasing CO2 emissions and the efficiency of IC-engines, aswell as new techniques such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) mightworsen the noise situation. Nonlinear one-dimensional (1D) gas dynamics time-domainsimulation software packages are used within the automotive industry to predict intake andexhaust orifice noise. The inherent limitation of 1D plane wave propagation, however, limitsthis technique to sufficiently low frequencies where non-plane wave effects are small. Thereforethis type of method will first fail in large components such as air cleaners. Further limitations,that might not be important for simulation of engine performance but indeed for acoustics,include difficulties to apply frequency dependent boundary conditions and losses as well as toinclude effects of vibrating walls. The first part of this thesis treats two different strategies to combine nonlinear and linearmodelling of intake systems in order to improve the accuracy of the noise predictions. Paper Adescribes how a linear time-invariant one-port source model can be extracted using nonlineargas dynamics simulations. Predicted source data for a six-cylinder naturally aspirated engine isvalidated using experimental data obtained from engine test bench measurements. Paper Bpresents an experimental investigation on the influence of mean flow and filter paper on theacoustics of air intake systems. It also suggests how a linear source, extracted from nonlinearsimulations can be coupled to acoustic finite elements describing the intake system and toboundary elements describing the radiation to the surroundings. Simulations and measurementsare carried out for a large number of engine revolution speeds in order to make the firstsystematic validation of an entirely virtual intake noise model that includes 3D effects for awide engine speed range. In Paper C an initial study on a new technique for the use of two-portsin the time domain for automotive gas dynamics applications is presented. Tabulated frequencydomaintwo-port data representing an air cleaner unit on the impedance form is inverselytransformed to the time domain and used as FIR filters in nonlinear time-domain calculations. The second part of the thesis considers detailed modelling of sound propagation in capillarytubes. Thermoviscous boundary effects and interaction between sound waves and turbulencecan, for sufficiently narrow tubes, yield significant attenuation. Several components in the gasexchange system of IC-engines are based on arrays of narrow ducts and might haveunderestimated silencing capabilities. In particular the sound transmission properties of chargeair coolers (CAC) have so far gained interest from very few authors. In Paper D a detailedinvestigation of the acoustic properties of CACs is presented. As a result the first linearfrequency-domain model for CACs, which includes a complete treatment of losses in the narrowtubes and 3D effects in the connecting tanks, is proposed. Interesting low frequency dampingmost likely due to interaction between sound and turbulence is observed in the experimentaldata. A new numerical model that describes this dissipative effect in narrow tubes is suggestedin Paper E. Validation is carried out using experimental data from the literature. Finally, inPaper F the CAC-model presented in Paper D is updated with the new model for interactionbetween turbulence and acoustic waves proposed in Paper E. The updated model is shown toyield improved predictions. / QC 20100723

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-06-09T12:29:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardedonascimentorodrigues.pdf: 2214371 bytes, checksum: 63b390c0d1258662578ebfbb5c79419b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-06-26T20:28:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardedonascimentorodrigues.pdf: 2214371 bytes, checksum: 63b390c0d1258662578ebfbb5c79419b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T20:28:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leonardedonascimentorodrigues.pdf: 2214371 bytes, checksum: 63b390c0d1258662578ebfbb5c79419b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-16 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / O espalhamento inelástico de luz tem sido extensivamente utilizado no estudo de materiais semicondutores e se tornou uma técnica indispensável para o entendimento de processos físicos fundamentais. Os efeitos das interações em sistemas eletrônicos quantizados como o gás de elétrons bidimensional foram investigados por meio do espalhamento inelástico de luz, o qual permite entender a natureza das excitações coletivas que são conhecidas como excitações de densidade de carga (CDE) e excitações de densidade de spin (SDE). CDE são oscilações plasmônicas resultantes do acoplamento entre as flutuações de carga via interações de Coulomb e correlação e troca, enquanto SDE ocorrem apenas em decorrência da presença dos efeitos de correlação e troca. CDE são ativas quando a energia do laser é ressonante com o gap óptico do semicondutor (regime de ressonância próxima) e as polarizações da luz incidente e espalhada são paralelas entre si. SDE é também ativa em condições de ressonância próxima e possui polarizações da luz incidente e espalhada perpendiculares entre si. Todavia, tal cenário rompe quando a luz do laser coincide com as energia das transições interbandas do material (regime de ressonância extrema). Em adição as excitações coletivas emergem transições anômalas de gás de elétrons tipo não interagente conhecidas como excitações de partícula independente (SPE). A física envolvida em tais transições ainda parece não ser completamente entendida. Neste trabalho, são apresentados resultados experimentais e teóricos via espalhamento Raman eletrônico oriundos de gás de elétrons bidimensional realizados a partir de poços quânticos simples com o intuito de compreender a natureza das excitações de partícula independente. A medida experimental e os cálculos presentes na tese consistem de um poço quântico simples de 250Å de GaAs (arseneto de gálio) com dopagem modular e densidade eletrônica total de 8.81 x 1011cm-2. Também foi considerado o acoplamento das flutuações de densidade de carga com o fônon óptico longitudinal do GaAs. Em adição, é realizado um cálculo teórico de uma estrutura de poço quântico simples considerado estreito de 100Å de GaAs com dopagem modular e densidade eletrônica total de 1.2 x 1012cm-2. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar em um caminho claro e transparente a situação física da existência das excitações eletrônicas em gás de elétrons. O trabalho mostrou que, no regime de extrema ressonância, as oscilações de plasma se dividem em duas contribuições: um conjunto de excitações coletivas renormalizadas (plasmons) e transições eletrônicas não renormalizadas (SPE). A fim de alcançar esse propósito, o trabalho evidenciou que o espalhamento Raman eletrônico pertence a uma mesma classe de problemas como o oscilador harmônico amortecido, acoplado e forçado assim como o estado supercondutor na teoria BCS de metais normais. A comparação entre os dados experimentais e teóricos mostrou um excelente acordo. / The inelastic light scattering has been widely used in the study of the semiconductor materials and it has become an indispensable technique for the understanding of fundamental physical processes. The effects of the electronic interactions on quantized electronic systems as two-dimensional electron gas are investigated through means of Raman scattering which allows understand the nature of collective excitations which are known as charge density excitations (CDE) and spin density excitations (SDE). CDE are plasmonic oscillations arising from the coupling between charge fluctuations via Coulombian and exchange-correlation interactions while SDE occur only when exchange-correlation effects are present. CDE is active when the laser energy is resonant with a semiconductor optical gap (near resonance regime) and the incoming and outgoing light polarizations are parallel to each other and SDE has incoming and outgoing light polarizations perpendicular to each other. Nevertheless, such a picture breaks down when the laser matches interband transitions energies of the material (extreme resonance regime). In addition to the collective excitations emerge anomalous transitions of the electron gas noninteracting-like known as single-particle excitations (SPE). The physics of such transitions is still not completely understood. In this work, were present experimental and theoretical results via electronic Raman scattering originating from the two-dimensional electron gas carried out from single quantum wells with the aim of understand the nature of the single-particle excitations. The experimental measures and calculations present in the thesis consists of the GaAs (gallium arsenide) single quantum well of a 250Å wide with modulation-doped and total electronic density of 8.81 x 1011cm2. It was also considered the coupling of the charge fluctuations with the longitudinal optical phonon of GaAs. In addition, it is performed a theoretical calculation of a structure of the GaAs single quantum well considered narrow of a 100Å wide with modulation-doped and and total electronic density of 1.2 x 1012cm2. However, the goal of this work is to show in a clear and transparent way the physical situation of the existence of electronic excitaions in electron gas. The work showed that, in extreme resonance regime, the plasma oscillations splits into two contributions: a set of renormalized collective excitations (plasmons) and unrenormalized electronic transitions (SPE). In order to accomplish this purpose, the study showed that electronic Raman scattering belongs to the same class of problems such as a set of forced, coupled and damped harmonic oscillators or formation of the superconducting state in BCS theory of normal metals. Comparison between experiment and theory shows an excellent agreement.

Morphological productivity is difficult to define and describe. Nevertheless have several measures been proposed by scholars, in order to quantify this notion. This paper investigates ten common English prefixes with meanings related to degree or size. The aims of the study are (1) to review several measures of morphological productivity, (2) via a sample of corpus occurrences of ten prefixes, to calculate productivity figures using five different measures of productivity, and (3), perhaps most importantly, to discuss the differences and similarities of the five measures. The results suggest that while several of the measures are quite similar (e.g. type frequency and hapax legomena frequency), other measures are different (e.g. 'Productivity in the narrow sense'). While three of the measures could be said to provide information concerning past or 'factual' productivity, two of the measures seem instead to indicate an aspect of productivity that is referred to as 'potential' productivity.

Der Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit liegt auf der Simulation, Entwicklung und Realisierung organischer Halbleiterbauelemente für Anwendungen im Bereich der Sensorik. Unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Fertigung sollen die organischen lichtemittierenden Dioden (OLEDs) und die organischen Photodioden (OPDs) einfach konzeptioniert sein. Je nach Bauelementetyp stehen für die Herstellung der organischen Schichten die Vakuumtechnologie oder lösungsmittelbasierte Prozesse zur Verfügung. Eine Besonderheit der Arbeit ist die Integration der OLEDs bzw. der OPDs auf Silizium-Substraten. Zudem wird die Integration von optischen Filtern für die OLEDs sowie die Etablierung einer Dünnschichtverkapselung für die OLEDs und OPDs gezeigt. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit wird anhand von Simulationen der Dünnschichtoptik erarbeitet, welche Möglichkeiten vorhanden sind, die Charakteristik der OLEDEmission bzw. die Absorptionseigenschaften der OPDs zu beeinflussen. Die Besonderheit der OLEDs für die Sensorikanwendungen liegt hierbei in der Licht-Emission mit geringen Halbwertsbreiten. Es wird anhand von Fluoreszenzmarkern (Rhodamin 6G und Nah-IR Alzheimer Farbstoff-4) und einem Chromoprotein (PAS-GAF-64) verdeutlicht, welche Möglichkeiten für die Sensorik durch die Anregung mit der OLED bestehen. Für die OPDs hingegen wird gezeigt, welche Möglichkeiten es für das Rodamin 6G gibt, mit dielektrischen Spiegeln die Absorptionseigenschaften so zu beeinflussen, dass die gewünschten spektralen Bereiche des Lichtes absorbiert bzw. reflektiert werden. Der zweite Teil widmet sich der Entwicklung der OLEDs anhand der Integrationsmöglichkeiten der dielektrischen Filter sowie deren Optimierung. Es wird am Beispiel des Rhodamin 6G gezeigt, dass für die OLED-Emission eine Halbwertsbreite von 18 nm beim Maximum von 530 nm hat. Durch die Verwendung von Entlastungsschichten zwischen OLED und dielektrischem Spiegel können die Kennwerte der OLED positiv beeinflusst werden und weiterhin werden das Temperaturverhalten der OLEDs sowie die Verspannungseigenschaften der dielektrischen Schichten betrachtet. Darüber hinaus steht im dritten Teil die Entwicklung der organischen Photodioden im Fokus. Hierbei wurden OPDs auf Glas- und Siliziumsubstraten gefertigt. Inhalt der Entwicklung auf Glassubstraten ist die Variation der absorbierenden Schicht und deren Einfluss auf die elektro-optischen Eigenschaften. Die Entwicklung der OPDs auf Siliziumsubstraten basiert auf der Integration sowie der Optimierung verschiedener Absorbersysteme, einer alternativen Anode und Kathode sowie der Integration einer Dünnschichtverkapselung. Im Ergebnis wurden OPDs entwickelt, die ohne Dünnschichtverkapselung einen Photonen-zu-Elektron-Umwandlungs-wirkungsgrad (IPCE) von ca. 37 % bei 550 nm haben. Der IPCE konnte zudem durch die Modifikation des Kathodenaufbaus um 4 % gesteigert werden. Die OPD-Bauelemente mit integrierter Dünnschichtverkapselung zeigen einen IPCE von ca. 33 % bei 550 nm. Weiterhin wurde die Methode der orthogonalen Photolithographie zur Strukturierung der OPDs verwendet und es erfolgte der Übertrag der OPD-Technologie auf 8-Zoll-Halbleitersubstrate. In diesem Zusammenhang sind zur Bewertung von Einflüssen, wie Wasser oder Sauerstoff, Untersuchungen zur Lebensdauer der OPDs durchgeführt worden. Die Kenntnis über den Einfluss der orthogonalen Photolithographie auf die Kennwerte der OPDs sowie der Einfluss der Dünnschichtverkapselung auf die Eigenschaften der OPDs und OLEDs sind essentiell für weitere Entwicklungen und zur Fertigung von Sensoranwendungen. / This work focuses on the simulation, development and implementation of organic semiconductor devices for applications in the field of sensor technology. From the viewpoint of manufacturing, organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) as well as organic photodiodes (OPD) should be designed simply. Depending on the type of device vacuum technology or solvent-based processes are available for producing organic layer. A special feature of OLED- and OPD-devices is the integration on silicon substrates. In addition, the integration of optical filters for OLED-devices and the thin-film encapsulation of OLEDs and OPDs is shown. The first part of the work elaborates on simulations of thin film optics, describing options to control the characteristics of the OLED-emission or the absorption properties of the OPD. A special characteristic of OLEDs is the light emission with a small full with half maximum for sensor applications. By using of fluorescent markers Rhodamine 6G and near-IR dye Alzheimer-4 or the Chromoproteins (PAS-GAF-64) clarifies the possibilities for sensors by excitation with the OLED. In contrast, for the OPD is shown which solutions are available, to influence the absorption properties of Rhodamin 6G with dielectric mirrors so that desired spectral ranges of light are absorbed or reflected. The second part is dedicated to the development of OLEDs based on integration of dielectric filters and their optimization. It is shown by the example of Rhodamine 6G that the OLED emission represents a full with at half maximum of 18 nm at 530 nm. Furthermore, the temperature behavior of the OLEDs and the strain properties of the dielectric layers are considered. Organic photodiodes are in the focus of the third part of the development. These OPDs were made on glass and silicon substrates. The main objective of the development on glass substrates is the variation of the absorption layer and its influence to the electro-optical properties to increase the spectral sensitivity of the OPD. The development of OPD on silicon substrates deals with the integration and optimization of different absorber systems, an alternative anode and cathode as well as the integration of a thin-film encapsulation. As a result, the OPDs without a thin-film encapsulation have an incident photon-to-electron conversion efficiency (IPCE) of about 37 % at 550 nm. The IPCE was increased to 4 % by modifying the cathode structure. The OPD devices with integrated thin-film encapsulation showed an IPCE of about 33 % at 550 nm. Furthermore, the method of orthogonal photolithography was used to pattern the OPD and an upscaling of the OPD technology to 8-inch semiconductor substrates have been realized. In this context studies have been carried out to evaluate the influence of process and encapsulation to the lifetime of OPDs. The knowledge about the influence of the orthogonal photolithography to the characteristics of OPDs and the influence of the thin-film encapsulation on the properties of OPD and OLEDs is essential for further development and for the manufacturing of sensor applications.

L’objectif de cette recherche est de comparer les jurys criminels français et italien à travers une étude socio-anthropologique de la pratique judiciaire observable dans les cours d’assises. Il s’agit de rendre compte des différents aspects de l’expérience vécue par les jurés en étudiant minutieusement le rituel judiciaire ainsi que les interactions et relations qui se jouent entre les profanes et les professionnels de la justice le temps d’une session. Quels sont les résultats principaux qui émergent de la comparaison des jurys populaires français et italien ? Ils sont essentiellement de trois ordres. Premièrement, l’observation du « droit en mouvement » révèle que, malgré les similitudes des deux systèmes étudiés sur le plan théorique, la mise en œuvre pratique de la participation des citoyens au jugement des crimes est différente entre la France et l’Italie. Il est alors possible d’en détailler les mécanismes de fonctionnement au regard de la culture juridique de chacun des pays étudiés et en retour, les caractéristiques de chacun des jurys nous apportent des informations sur les mœurs démocratiques française et italienne. Deuxièmement, le jury populaire apparaît comme une « institution de sociabilité » pour les individus appelés à siéger temporairement à la cour d’assises. Cette dimension socialisante influence de manière décisive l’« expérience authentique » vécue par les jurés, et en fait une « expérience directe » de la souffrance d’autrui et du fonctionnement de la démocratie. Troisièmement, la comparaison des jurys criminels français et italien permet de rappeler la modernité et les enjeux actuels liés à la présence des profanes au sein de l’institution judiciaire. Le jury populaire peut être considéré comme une « institution bonne » capable à la fois de redonner de la crédibilité à l’institution judiciaire, de fournir aux acteurs professionnels la possibilité de « ré enchanter » leur quotidien, et enfin d’orchestrer une prise de conscience individuelle pour les jurés sur l’importance de leur participation pour le maintien du lien social. / The purpose of the research is to compare French and Italian juries through a socio-anthropological study of judicial practice in criminal courts. It reports on the different experiences of jurors by carefully studying court procedure, as well as the interactions and relations between laymen and legal professionals within a session.What are the main findings that emerge from comparing French and Italian juries? They can broadly be divided into three parts. Firstly, observation of "the law in motion" reveals that, despite the theoretical similarities between the two systems, the practicalities of involving citizens in judging crimes are different in France and Italy. It is then possible to examine the mechanics in view of the legal culture in both countries and, in return, the characteristics of their juries give us an insight into France and Italy’s democratic values. Secondly, juries appear to be a "socializing institution" for individuals who are required to attend court. This element of socialization has a decisive influence on the "authentic experience" of jurors, making it a "direct experience" of the suffering of others and the functioning of democracy. Thirdly, comparing French and Italian juries provides an opportunity to reflect on modern times and the current issues surrounding the presence of laymen within the judiciary. Juries may be seen as a "worthy" institution able to restore the credibility of the judicial system, stimulate legal professionals and raise individual awareness amongst jurors of the importance of their participation in maintaining social cohesion. / L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è di mettere a confronto la giuria popolare francese con quella italiana sviluppando uno studio socio-antropologico basato sulla pratica giudiziaria osservabile nelle corte d’assise. Si è cercato di mostrare le differenze nel modo di vivere l’esperienza di giurato osservando accuratamente, per ciascuno dei due contesti, il rituale giudiziario, le interazioni e le relazioni tra componenti laici e togati presenti durante una sessione. Quali sono i principali risultati che emergono del paragone delle giurie popolari francesi e italiane? Ne emergono soprattutto tre. Primo, sebbene ci siano delle somiglianze dell’impianto teorico su cui si fondano i due sistemi della giuria popolare, l’osservazione del “diritto in movimento” rivela quanto il loro funzionamento pratico sia diverso. Si descrivono nei dettagli i meccanismi del funzionamento della giuria popolare mettendoli in rapporto con la cultura giuridica di ogni paese mostrandoci, allo specchio, le caratteristiche dei loro costumi democratici. Secondo, la giuria popolare appare come un’“istituzione di sociabilità” per chi vi prende parte. La dimensione sociale influisce sull’“esperienza autentica” vissuta dai giurati agendo direttamente sul modo di percepire la sofferenza altrui e del funzionamento dei processi democratici. Terzo, il confronto tra giuria francese e italiana ci permette di porre l’accento sull’attuale modernità di questa istituzione e sulle sue implicazioni nella procedura penale. La giuria popolare può essere considerata come un’”istituzione buona” in grado di contribuire all’attendibilità del procedimento giuridico, di conferire autorevolezza alla pratica quotidiana dei magistrati togati e di indurre la consapevolezza, in ogni giudice popolare, dell’importanza della sua partecipazione attiva per il mantenimento del legame sociale.

The Chinese euphemisms have aroused much interest of many researches due to its distinctive function and diversity. The choice and use of Chinese euphemisms are affected by many factors such as the Chinese traditional culture, social customs, people’s self-cultivation, the situation context and linguistic context of a conversation, etc. Hence, the progress of society, the development of technology and the renewing of the concept make up the dynamic characteristic of the Chinese euphemisms. However, most studies focus mainly on the vocabulary people use and their expressing habits and patterns, there are few studies focus on how Chinese euphemisms develop along with the times. Studies that shed light on how modern people use broad euphemisms and narrow euphemisms are even less. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to collect linguistic materials and design a questionnaire to make a survey on the current situation of using euphemisms by respondents of different age groups. The result of this survey shows that modern people are not only becoming less and less indirect in terms of the scope of using euphemisms, but also less and less tactful in terms of the vocabulary that they use. This phenomenon can be observed when people talk about topics such as death, disease, appearance, unemployment, marriage and privacy. Modern people tend to be relatively low decoratively worded. In other words, people are to some extent becoming less indirect and less tactful. This paper verifies the adaptability as well as the updating and upgrading of Chinese euphemisms. It also discusses the linguistic diversity of modern people in terms of using broad and narrow euphemisms under different contexts. This paper will not only help us to understand how Chinese language adapts to the change with the times, but also digs deeper into the great role that social culture plays in language development. / 汉语委婉语的功能鲜明、灵活多变，引起了很多研究的兴趣。汉语委婉语的选择和使用 受到中国的传统文化、社会风俗，人自身的修养内涵、情景和语境等多方面因素的影响，并伴 随着社会的发展、科技的进步、观念的转变而处于一个动态的变化过程。然而，目前的研究对 委婉语的词汇、表达方式及表达规律探讨的比较多，但是对汉语委婉语基于时代变化的研究则 较少，特别是对于在现代社会的日常交谈中，人们具体如何使用狭义和广义委婉语，以及探讨 他们在委婉语使用方面出现了哪些变化的研究则更少了。 因此，本论文旨在搜集语言素材并设计问卷，对不同年龄段的人委婉语的使用现状做一 个问卷调查。调查数据的结果表明，在现代社会的日常交谈中，不同年龄段的人使用汉语委婉 语的范围不仅缩小了，并且委婉程度也有一定的降低。具体体现为在死、病、相貌、 失业、 婚姻、隐私等话题下，人们现在倾向于使用修饰性较低，或者说委婉程度较低的委婉语。 本论文验证了委婉语的顺应性和更新替代性，并具体阐述了在现代社会的日常交谈中， 不同年龄段的人在不同语境下对广义和狭义委婉语选择的多样性。因此，本论文不仅有助于理 解汉语随时代变迁发展变化的趋势，也有助于更深入的理解社会文化在语言发展中发挥的巨大 作用。

Le maintien des tissus péri-implantaires sains à un niveau le plus coronaire possible conditionne le succès à long terme des réhabilitations implanto-portées. Dès lors, la mise en place d'une barrière muqueuse protectrice et la préservation de l'os marginal au cours des premières semaines de cicatrisation est indispensable. Le design implantaire influence les remodelages tissulaires intervenant au niveau du col de l'implant lors des phases initiales de cicatrisation. L'objet de ce travail est d'analyser histologiquement chez le Beagle l'influence de deux systèmes implantaires innovants sur les caractéristiques de la muqueuse et la position de l'os marginal après 3 et 12 semaines de cicatrisation. Les résultats de cette étude, mis en relation avec les données de la littérature indiquent que les implants « deux-parts » présentant une connectique cône morse pourraient favoriser la mise en place d'un espace biologique court et limiter la perte osseuse marginale péri-implantaire. Les implants « une part » à col transmuqueux concave seraient quant à eux associés à des valeurs réduites d'espace biologique et autoriseraient une apposition osseuse sur l'épaule de l'implant. Dans la première partie de ce mémoire, nous établissons une synthèse des données histologiques actuelles concernant les caractéristiques et les processus de cicatrisation des tissus péri-implantaires, et l'influence de la conception implantaire sur les remodelages tissulaires marginaux intervenant au cours de la cicatrisation. Nous avons rédigé deux publications internationales que nous présentons en deuxième partie. Une réflexion analytique autour de ce travail est présentée dans la troisième partie / Aesthetic and functional long-term success of implant-supported rehabilitations relies on the preservation of peri-implant tissue levels in the most coronal position. Therefore, the achievement of an efficient protective mucosal seal, and the preservation of the peri-implant marginal bone during the first weeks of healing are essential to prevent long term implant failures. The characteristics of an implant transmucosal design (connections, platforms, surface properties) are related to biological width dimensions, marginal peri-implant bone levels, and the amount of inflammation within the peri-implant soft tissues. The aim of the research work presented in this manuscript was to investigate the effect of two innovative implant systems on peri-implant mucosa maturation, dimensions, collagen fiber organization, and marginal bone levels after 3 and 12 weeks of healing in the beagle dog. The results, compared with previous data, show that platform-switched twopiece implants exhibit reduced values of biological width and marginal bone loss, and that a concave transmucosal design in one-piece implants is associated with a short vertical value of biological width, and promote a mechanical interlocking of the implant body at the connective tissue and marginal bone levels. In the first part of this report, an overview of the current knowledge concerning the characteristics and healing patterns of peri-implant tissues, and the influence of implant design on the early peri-implant tissue remodeling is established. We have written two international publications which are presented in the second part. An analytical reflection about this work is presented in the third part