Magistro darbe tiriama Verkių regioninio parko miškų ir vandenų tinkamumas rekreacijai. Darbo objektas – Verkių regioninis parkas Darbo tikslas – įvertinti Verkių regioninio parko rekreacinius išteklius ir jų naudojimą, ir parengti siūlymus rekreacijos plėtrai. Darbo metodika – Lankomumas tirtas atrankiniu momentiniu metodu, esant giedram ir apsiniaukusiam orui įprastinėmis dienomis ir savaitgaliais prie Balsio, Didžiojo Gulbino ežerų. Anketinė apklausa apima 160 respondentų. Miškų tinkamumas poilsiui vertintas pagal E. Riepšo (1990) metodiką. Miškai vertinti atsižvelgiant į tinkamumo poilsiui kriterijus tokius kaip medyno rūšinė sudėtis, amžius, augavietė, skalsumas. Buvo tirta 24 kvartalai ir jų sklypai, patenkantys į rekreacinės zonos miškus. Darbo rezultatai – Rekreacinei zonai priskirta visai netinkamų ir mažai tinkamų baltalksnynų, drebulynų. Poilsiavimo vietos pasirinkimui miške svarbus yra vandens telkinių, tinkamų maudytis, artumas. Labiausiai lankomos 50-100 metrų atstumu nuo jų esančios poilsiavietės ir maudyklės. / This study is analyzing park niches and water suitability for recreation at Verkiai Regional Park. The Object – Verkiai Regional Park. The Goal - To evaluate use of recreational resources of Verkiai Regional Park and to propose suggestions for further development of recreation. Research methods – Attendance was examined by using selective instantaneous method, given during the weekdays and weekends, both fine and overcast days next to Balsys, Didysis Gulbinas lakes. 160 respondents participated in poll. Suitability of forests was estimated according to E. Riepšas methods (Riepšas, 1990). Forests were rated depending on several parameters, such as forest composition, habitat, density. 24 forest sections and their sites that overlapped recreational forest zones were examined. Results – Some inapplicable forests such as aspen-wood or whiter alder-wood were classified as recreational forest zone. Distance from water sources that are suitable for swimming matters a lot, while selecting places of recreation in forest. Most attended resorts and swimming places ranged between 50 – 100 meters.

This research has focussed on the development of a commercial business model (CBM) for providing tourism and support service based commercial activities in Victoria's national parks which also allowed for the protection of the parks natural values. National parks are vital if we as a nation are to retain our natural heritage - but the public sector land stewards of these important assets are facing increasing funding and user pressures. The result is a growing focus on the commercialisation of our national parks to provide services and generate the revenue required to maintain these assets. However, this has resulted in the exacerbation of a long existing conflict - these commercial operators are primarily focus on the achievement of a commercial return, while the land stewards' main responsibility is in the protection of the natural values of these assets. In completing this project an abductive research approach (using grounded theory) has been adopted. Specifically, the research activities undertaken included data collection via a number of techniques including stakeholder interviews, detailed examination of existing commercial arrangements, literature research on international approaches and models, development of a suggested commercial business model based on a synthesise of the research outcomes and, finally, obtaining user feedback. The use of the various data sources, and subsequent sourcing of user feedback facilitated the triangulation of the research results. The findings from this research challenge a number of the practices currently adopted in the structuring of commercial activities suggesting that these practices are inhibiting the quality of the service being provided to the national park visitor along with the level of protection being afforded to the parks natural values. The resulting CBM provides park managers with a framework for identification and structuring of commercial business activities, practical guidance on the actions required in the completion of a concession process and identification of a number of the relevant issues which need to be considered and addressed in establishing and managing a national park concession. The CBM has been developed specifically for application within Victoria's national parks (based on a public/private sector relationship). The output will also provide guidance on methods for embedding natural values on public/private sector relationships in other settings.

The premise of this thesis is the need for research regarding the relation between social and natural values and the competitive advantage of a firm. The overall purpose of this thesis is to identify, describe and analyze how a firm can achieve competitive advantage from a transformation of social and natural values. In order to reach the purpose of this thesis a case study of Cascades Djupafors has been carried out which entailed personal interviews with a selection of the firm’s customers.  The theoretical framework involves a description of the creation of a sustainable business, process for creating societal advantage, the transformation of societal advantage to competitive advantage as well as an elaboration of the transformation process. The empirical study deals with the sustainable approach of Cascades Djupafors, their quest for a sustained business, their process from sustainability to competitiveness and an elaboration of Cascades Djupafors’ innovation developments. In the analysis the theoretical framework is related to the results of the empirical study. It is discussed and analysed how Cascades Djupafors can create social and natural values as well as economic values which is continued by a discussion regarding the creation of a sustainable business. In addition, the organizational learning process at Cascades Djupafors is elaborated with focus on capability development. It is concluded that a firm can transform social and natural values to competitive advantage by developing green capabilities to perform CSR activities that the customers value and thereby gain legitimacy. This can lead to a positive reputation which is linked to competitive advantage through the source of competitive advantage, i.e. green innovations. The competitive advantage allows a firm to set a premium price or increase its amount of sales which offers a possibility for increased financial outcome. At last, recommendations for further research within this field are presented together with specific managerial implications for Cascades Djupafors.

<p>У овој дисертацији су студиозно сагледане могућности унапређења туристичке понуде северозападне&nbsp; Црне&nbsp; Горе(општине&nbsp; Жабљак,&nbsp; Пљевља,&nbsp; Плужине,&nbsp; Шавник)&nbsp; на&nbsp; бази недовољно&nbsp; искоришћених&nbsp; природних&nbsp; туристичких&nbsp; вредности.&nbsp; Управо&nbsp; разноврстан, хоризонтално&nbsp; и&nbsp; вертикално&nbsp; рашчлањен&nbsp; рељеф&nbsp; и&nbsp; веома&nbsp; сложен&nbsp; геолошки&nbsp; састав, специфичне климатске&nbsp; карактеристике, потом реке и бројна планинска језера, те богат биљни и животињски свет, представљају оне природне вредности које потенцијално чине&nbsp;основу унапређења туристичке понуде овог дела Црне Горе базираног и на заштићеним природним добрима (Национални парк&bdquo;Дурмитор&ldquo;, Регионални парк&bdquo;Пива&ldquo;). Посебан акценат је дат у сагледавању и оцени нивоа искоришћености природних туристичких вредности,&nbsp; као&nbsp; примарних&nbsp; туристичких&nbsp; мотива&nbsp; у&nbsp; границама&nbsp; истраживаног&nbsp; простора. Истовремено су уз процену и вредновање ових ресурса предложене поједине активности за&nbsp; њихово&nbsp; квалитетније&nbsp; уклапање&nbsp; у&nbsp; туристичку&nbsp; понуду&nbsp; северозападне&nbsp; Црне&nbsp; Горе.<br />Реализација таквих активности би требала утицати на унапређење туристичке понуде које се може постићи, генерално само развојем туризма који је у сагласности са еколошким нормама, нарочито ако се имају у виду постојећа заштићена природна добра на територији подручја. Такође је у разматрању наведене проблематике презентовано актуелно стање постојеће укупне туристичке понуде истраживаног подручја која укључује или би требала<br />укључивато поједине антропогене вредности. Оне практично нису укључене у понуду локалних&nbsp; туристичких&nbsp; агенција,&nbsp; с&nbsp; обзиром&nbsp; на&nbsp; то&nbsp; да&nbsp; су&nbsp; агенције&nbsp; готово&nbsp; искључиво&nbsp;&nbsp; усмерене на програме валоризације природних вредности (рафтинг, планинарење и др.). Ове вредности јесу основа унапређења туристичке понуде подручја, али су антропогене вредности&nbsp; њена&nbsp; потенцијално&nbsp; адекватна&nbsp; допуна&nbsp; која&nbsp; уз&nbsp; одговарајуће&nbsp; активности надлежних&nbsp; субјеката&nbsp; може&nbsp; утицати&nbsp; једним&nbsp; делом&nbsp; на&nbsp; садржајну&nbsp; диверзификацију туристичке понуде подручја. SWOT анализом се кроз њене саставне факторе указало на&nbsp;<br />значајне претпоставке у формирању туристичке понуде истраживаног подручја, као што се указало и на прагове ограничења, али и на могућности које могу послужити за умањење или&nbsp; превазилажење&nbsp; неких&nbsp; од&nbsp; њих.&nbsp; За&nbsp; реализацију&nbsp; тих&nbsp; могућности&nbsp; је&nbsp; потребна&nbsp; свест локалне заједнице о томе да се резултати појединих негативних процеса на делу подручја (изразити пример НП&bdquo;Дурмитор&ldquo;) који су мотивисани краткорочним потребама морају са аспекта квалитета природних вредности, одразити на исте кроз дугорочне импликације.<br />Осим&nbsp; овом&nbsp; анализом,&nbsp; значајна&nbsp; сазнања&nbsp; су&nbsp; добијена&nbsp; и&nbsp; из&nbsp; анкетног&nbsp; истраживања спроведеног&nbsp; на&nbsp; узорку&nbsp; од200 случајно&nbsp; изабраних&nbsp; туриста&nbsp; на&nbsp; више&nbsp; локација&nbsp; унутар подручја.&nbsp; Резултати&nbsp; овог&nbsp; истраживања&nbsp; су&nbsp; послужили&nbsp; као&nbsp; веома&nbsp; валидан&nbsp; индикатор предности&nbsp; и&nbsp; недостатака&nbsp; актуелне&nbsp; туристичке&nbsp; понуде,&nbsp; али&nbsp; и&nbsp; нивоа&nbsp; задовољства анкетираних туриста чиме је такође указано на смернице унапређења појединих сегмената туристичке понуде. Наглашеним апликативним карактером овај део истраживања пружа одговарајући&nbsp; информативни&nbsp; допринос&nbsp; надлежним&nbsp; туристичким&nbsp; субјектима&nbsp; којим&nbsp; се<br />указује&nbsp; на&nbsp; анкетним&nbsp; истраживањем&nbsp; утврђен&nbsp; степен&nbsp; афирмативности&nbsp; места,&nbsp; односно подручја&nbsp; у&nbsp; целини.&nbsp; Истовремено,&nbsp; резултати&nbsp; поменутог&nbsp; истраживања&nbsp; пружају,&nbsp; између осталог, и значајне информације које се односе на остварен квалитет, као и на израженије преферирање неких сегмената туристичке понуде при чему исто може послужити делом и као полазна основа у прилагођавању појединих сегмената понуде потребама туриста. Истраживањем&nbsp; у&nbsp; оквиру&nbsp; израде&nbsp; дисертације&nbsp; је&nbsp; констатоватована&nbsp; присутност&nbsp; одређене<br />дискоординације услед различитости у нивоима надлежности и неуједначености у погледу централизације/децентрализације управљања над појединим организационим субјектима. У вези са тим, а на основу резултата проистеклих из целокупно спроведеног истраживања кроз интердисциплинарни приступ дошло се до сагледавања потребе реализације више конкретних мера међу којима је једна од њих потреба формирања Регионалне туристичке организације&nbsp; што&nbsp; је&nbsp; једна&nbsp; од&nbsp; предиспозиција&nbsp; које&nbsp; су&nbsp; од&nbsp; значаја&nbsp; у&nbsp; просецу&nbsp; бољег позиционирања истраживаног подручја као туристичке дестинације.</p> / <p>U ovoj disertaciji su studiozno sagledane mogućnosti unapređenja turističke ponude severozapadne&nbsp; Crne&nbsp; Gore(opštine&nbsp; Žabljak,&nbsp; Pljevlja,&nbsp; Plužine,&nbsp; Šavnik)&nbsp; na&nbsp; bazi nedovoljno&nbsp; iskorišćenih&nbsp; prirodnih&nbsp; turističkih&nbsp; vrednosti.&nbsp; Upravo&nbsp; raznovrstan, horizontalno&nbsp; i&nbsp; vertikalno&nbsp; raščlanjen&nbsp; reljef&nbsp; i&nbsp; veoma&nbsp; složen&nbsp; geološki&nbsp; sastav, specifične klimatske&nbsp; karakteristike, potom reke i brojna planinska jezera, te bogat biljni i životinjski svet, predstavljaju one prirodne vrednosti koje potencijalno čine&nbsp;osnovu unapređenja turističke ponude ovog dela Crne Gore baziranog i na zaštićenim prirodnim dobrima (Nacionalni park&bdquo;Durmitor&ldquo;, Regionalni park&bdquo;Piva&ldquo;). Poseban akcenat je dat u sagledavanju i oceni nivoa iskorišćenosti prirodnih turističkih vrednosti,&nbsp; kao&nbsp; primarnih&nbsp; turističkih&nbsp; motiva&nbsp; u&nbsp; granicama&nbsp; istraživanog&nbsp; prostora. Istovremeno su uz procenu i vrednovanje ovih resursa predložene pojedine aktivnosti za&nbsp; njihovo&nbsp; kvalitetnije&nbsp; uklapanje&nbsp; u&nbsp; turističku&nbsp; ponudu&nbsp; severozapadne&nbsp; Crne&nbsp; Gore.<br />Realizacija takvih aktivnosti bi trebala uticati na unapređenje turističke ponude koje se može postići, generalno samo razvojem turizma koji je u saglasnosti sa ekološkim normama, naročito ako se imaju u vidu postojeća zaštićena prirodna dobra na teritoriji područja. Takođe je u razmatranju navedene problematike prezentovano aktuelno stanje postojeće ukupne turističke ponude istraživanog područja koja uključuje ili bi trebala<br />uključivato pojedine antropogene vrednosti. One praktično nisu uključene u ponudu lokalnih&nbsp; turističkih&nbsp; agencija,&nbsp; s&nbsp; obzirom&nbsp; na&nbsp; to&nbsp; da&nbsp; su&nbsp; agencije&nbsp; gotovo&nbsp; isključivo&nbsp;&nbsp; usmerene na programe valorizacije prirodnih vrednosti (rafting, planinarenje i dr.). Ove vrednosti jesu osnova unapređenja turističke ponude područja, ali su antropogene vrednosti&nbsp; njena&nbsp; potencijalno&nbsp; adekvatna&nbsp; dopuna&nbsp; koja&nbsp; uz&nbsp; odgovarajuće&nbsp; aktivnosti nadležnih&nbsp; subjekata&nbsp; može&nbsp; uticati&nbsp; jednim&nbsp; delom&nbsp; na&nbsp; sadržajnu&nbsp; diverzifikaciju turističke ponude područja. SWOT analizom se kroz njene sastavne faktore ukazalo na&nbsp;<br />značajne pretpostavke u formiranju turističke ponude istraživanog područja, kao što se ukazalo i na pragove ograničenja, ali i na mogućnosti koje mogu poslužiti za umanjenje ili&nbsp; prevazilaženje&nbsp; nekih&nbsp; od&nbsp; njih.&nbsp; Za&nbsp; realizaciju&nbsp; tih&nbsp; mogućnosti&nbsp; je&nbsp; potrebna&nbsp; svest lokalne zajednice o tome da se rezultati pojedinih negativnih procesa na delu područja (izraziti primer NP&bdquo;Durmitor&ldquo;) koji su motivisani kratkoročnim potrebama moraju sa aspekta kvaliteta prirodnih vrednosti, odraziti na iste kroz dugoročne implikacije.<br />Osim&nbsp; ovom&nbsp; analizom,&nbsp; značajna&nbsp; saznanja&nbsp; su&nbsp; dobijena&nbsp; i&nbsp; iz&nbsp; anketnog&nbsp; istraživanja sprovedenog&nbsp; na&nbsp; uzorku&nbsp; od200 slučajno&nbsp; izabranih&nbsp; turista&nbsp; na&nbsp; više&nbsp; lokacija&nbsp; unutar područja.&nbsp; Rezultati&nbsp; ovog&nbsp; istraživanja&nbsp; su&nbsp; poslužili&nbsp; kao&nbsp; veoma&nbsp; validan&nbsp; indikator prednosti&nbsp; i&nbsp; nedostataka&nbsp; aktuelne&nbsp; turističke&nbsp; ponude,&nbsp; ali&nbsp; i&nbsp; nivoa&nbsp; zadovoljstva anketiranih turista čime je takođe ukazano na smernice unapređenja pojedinih segmenata turističke ponude. Naglašenim aplikativnim karakterom ovaj deo istraživanja pruža odgovarajući&nbsp; informativni&nbsp; doprinos&nbsp; nadležnim&nbsp; turističkim&nbsp; subjektima&nbsp; kojim&nbsp; se<br />ukazuje&nbsp; na&nbsp; anketnim&nbsp; istraživanjem&nbsp; utvrđen&nbsp; stepen&nbsp; afirmativnosti&nbsp; mesta,&nbsp; odnosno područja&nbsp; u&nbsp; celini.&nbsp; Istovremeno,&nbsp; rezultati&nbsp; pomenutog&nbsp; istraživanja&nbsp; pružaju,&nbsp; između ostalog, i značajne informacije koje se odnose na ostvaren kvalitet, kao i na izraženije preferiranje nekih segmenata turističke ponude pri čemu isto može poslužiti delom i kao polazna osnova u prilagođavanju pojedinih segmenata ponude potrebama turista. Istraživanjem&nbsp; u&nbsp; okviru&nbsp; izrade&nbsp; disertacije&nbsp; je&nbsp; konstatovatovana&nbsp; prisutnost&nbsp; određene<br />diskoordinacije usled različitosti u nivoima nadležnosti i neujednačenosti u pogledu centralizacije/decentralizacije upravljanja nad pojedinim organizacionim subjektima. U vezi sa tim, a na osnovu rezultata proisteklih iz celokupno sprovedenog istraživanja kroz interdisciplinarni pristup došlo se do sagledavanja potrebe realizacije više konkretnih mera među kojima je jedna od njih potreba formiranja Regionalne turističke organizacije&nbsp; što&nbsp; je&nbsp; jedna&nbsp; od&nbsp; predispozicija&nbsp; koje&nbsp; su&nbsp; od&nbsp; značaja&nbsp; u&nbsp; prosecu&nbsp; boljeg pozicioniranja istraživanog područja kao turističke destinacije.</p> / null / <p>The dissertation deals with the advancement possibilities of tourist offer in north western part of Montenegro (municipalities of Žabljak, Pljevlja, Plužine, &Scaron;avnik) based &nbsp;on insufficiently utilised natural tourism values. Natural tourism values such as diverse, horizontally and vertically segmented relief, extremely complex geological formation, specific climate features, rivers and numerous mountain lakes, bio-diversity &nbsp;of flora and fauna form the prospective ground for tourism offer advancement in this part of Montenegro jointly with protected natural assets (National Park Durmitor and Regional Park Piva). There is special emphasis on comprehension and evaluation of utilization level of natural tourism assets, as primary tourist motives within the boundaries of the researched area. Simultaneous to estimation and evaluation of the resources, certain activities have been proposed for their qualitative integration into the tourist offer of north western part of Montenegro. Realisation of the activities should impact the&nbsp;tourist offer advancement that can be achieved only by means of tourism development that is in concordance with ecology principles, especially related &nbsp;to existing natural assets of this area. Moreover, the study of the issues describes the current condition of the total tourist offer which implies or should imply certain anthropogenic values of the researched area. In practice anthropogenic values were not included into the offer of the local travel agents. Instead, there was exclusive orientation towards the valorisation programmes of natural values (rafting, mountaineering, etc.). Natural values do create the basis for tourist offer advancement in the area, but anthropogenic values create prospective adequate complement to the &nbsp;tourist offer which together with appropriateactivities of the subjects in charge may in return partly impact the content diversification of the tourist offer in the area. SWOT analysis by means of its constituent factors specifies the presuppositions in tourist offer creation of the researched area, identifies&nbsp;restriction factors and also the possibilities that may help to alleviate or surpass some of them. Furthermore, the realisation of the possibilities demands higher awareness of the local community on the issue that the results of certain negative processes in the part of the researched area (prominent example National Park Durmitor) motivated by short-termed needs must have long-termed impact on natural values in terms of quality. Apart from this analysis, important findings have been obtained by the questionnaire conducted on the sample of 200 randomly&nbsp;selected tourists on several locations within the area. The &nbsp;results of the research serve as a valid indicator of strengths and weaknesses of the current tourist offer and the level of satisfaction of the respondents, which also indicates the directions for future improvement of certain segments within the tourist offer. This part of the research offers appropriate informative contribution to the tourism subjects by means of its highlighted applicative potential and defined level of affirmative features of the total area. At the same time the results of the research offer significant information on the achieved quality level and preferred segments of tourist &nbsp;offer that may partly&nbsp;serve as the basisfor adaptation of certain segments within the offer to tourist needs.&nbsp;The research conducted for doctoral thesis highlighted certain discoordination due to differences&nbsp; between the levels of responsibility and unevenly&nbsp; entralised/decentralised management of organisational subjects. Related to this and based on the results of the research based on interdisciplinary approach several measures have been highlighted, among which the need to form Regional tourist organisation as one of the predispositions for the process of better positioning of the researched area as a tourist destination.</p>

I denna beskrivande studie tas ett steg i att kartlägga höga naturvärden inom tätortsnära skog. Studiens syfte är att bidra med värdefull data som beskriver höga naturvärden i Östersunds tätortsnära granskogar med utgångspunkt i ett grön infrastruktur-perspektiv. Resultaten av studien kan sedan användas som grund för förslag på särskilt intressanta områden där myndigheter och samhälle bör satsa på att arbeta med grön infrastruktur och bevarande av biologisk mångfald i skogslandskapet. För studien utformades följande mål: 1. En översiktlig kartläggning av skogsbestånd med höga naturvärden inom de tätortsnära granskogar som innefattas i denna studie och vilka typer av indikatorer på höga naturvärden som kan påträffas där; 2. En beskrivning av skogsbestånden utifrån förekomst av studiens naturvårdsarter, deras substrat och livsmiljöer samt skogsmiljöns potential att hysa höga naturvärden. Studien baseras på fältinventering i 10 provytor inom 9 skogsbestånd med främst äldre granskog, belägna längs en sträcka på ca 6 km i tätortsnära skog nordöst om Östersund i Jämtlands län. Undersökningsområdet förlades längs en specifik sträcka utifrån en idé om att sträckans skogsbestånd kan vara delar i ett värdenätverk för grön infrastruktur. Sträckan löper mellan Källmyrens och Rannåsens naturreservat. Fältinventeringen genomfördes under 21 dagar perioden februari till maj 2020 och bestod av två huvudmoment. Det ena momentet innefattade inventering av ett urval epifytiska signalartslavar som indikerar höga naturvärden i sin livsmiljö. Moment två utgjordes av en naturvärdesbedömning enligt metod framtagen av Skogsbiologerna där bedömt område får en viss poäng som kan indikera om där finns höga naturvärden. Lavinventeringen innefattade fem indikatorarter som är knutna till lövträd; lunglav (Lobaria pulmonaria); skrovellav (Lobaria scrobiculata); luddlav (Nephroma resupinatum); stuplav (Nephroma bellum) och skinnlav (Leptogium saturninum). I granskogsbestånd längs den specifika sträckan placerades provytor baserat på förekomst av stora lövträd som kunde observeras på flygbilder och rekognosering i fält. Lavinventeringen innefattade bland annat datainsamling för lavart, lavens täckningsgrad på trädet, trädart som laven växer på, trädets brösthöjdsdiameter och barkstruktur samt närhet till lucka och andra träd etc. Naturvärdesbedömningen utfördes i de 9 skogsbestånden inom en 0,5 ha ruta över varje provyteområde. Resultaten av lavinventeringen visar att det finns trädlevande indikatorlavar som indikerar höga naturvärden inom varje provyta och det var särskilt lunglav som påträffades i de flesta provytorna. Ymniga förekomster av lunglav och fertil lunglav, vilket indikerar extra höga naturvärden, påträffades även i flera provytor. Sammantaget visar kartläggningen att både lavinventeringens och naturvärdesbedömningens resultat indikerar höga naturvärden i 6 av 9 skogsbestånd. Slutsatsen av studien är att det finns flertalet skogsbestånd inom undersökningsområdet som indikerar höga naturvärden både på artnivå och utifrån skogsbeståndens miljökaraktär. Bland studiens indikatorarter förekom lunglav och skrovellav mest frekvent inom provytorna. Dessa två arter har höga krav på sin livsmiljö vilket särskilt visar på områdets betydelse för höga naturvärden. Merparten av skogsbestånden som kartlagts i studien är till synes relativt orörda sedan lång tid vilket möjliggör en bra grund för utveckling av höga naturvärden som gynnar biologisk mångfald i Östersunds tätortsnära skogar. / This describing study stands for one step of mapping high natural values in forests close to urban areas. The aim of this study is to contribute with valuable data that describes high natural values in urban spruce forests of Östersund based on a green infrastructure perspective. The results of this study can then be used as a basis for proposals of particularly interesting areas where authorities and society could invest in working with green infrastructure and conservation of biodiversity in the forest landscape. The following goals were designed for this study: 1. An overview mapping of forest stands with high natural values within the spruce forests close to urban areas included in this study and what types of indicators of high natural values that can be found there; 2. A description of the forest stands based on the presence of the study's nature conservation species, their substrates and habitats and the forest environment's potential to harbor high natural values. The study is based on field inventory in 10 sample areas within 9 forest stands with mainly older spruce forest, located along a stretch of about 6 km in urban forests northeast of Östersund in Jämtland County. The study area was located along a specific stretch based on an idea that the forest stands of that stretch could be parts of a value network for green infrastructure. The stretch of the study area runs between Källmyrens and Rannåsens nature reserves. The field inventory was implemented during 21 days in the period February to May 2020 and consisted of two main parts. The first part included an inventory of selected epiphytic lichens that are signal species which indicates high natural values in their habitats. Part two consisted of a natural value assessment, according to a method developed by Skogsbiologerna, where the assessed area receives a certain score that can indicate whether there are high natural values. The lichen inventory included five indicator species linked to deciduous trees; lung lichen (Lobaria pulmonaria); textured lungwort (Lobaria scrobiculata); pimpled kidney lichen (Nephroma resupinatum); naked kidney lichen (Nephroma bellum) and saturn skin lichen (Leptogium saturninum). In spruce forest stands along the specific stretch, sample areas were placed based on the presence of large deciduous trees that could be observed on aerial photos and reconnaissance in the field. The lichen inventory included data collection for lichen species, the lichen's coverage of the tree, tree species on which the lichen grows, the tree's diameter in breast height and bark structure as well as location near gaps and other trees etc. The natural value assessment was implemented in the 9 forest stands within a square of 0.5 ha over each sample area. The lichen inventory results shows that there are epiphytic lichens that indicate high natural values within each sample area and especially lung lichen was found in most of the sample areas. Abundant occurrences of lung lichen and fertile lung lichen, which indicates extra high natural values, were also found in several sample areas. Overall, the study shows that the results of the lichen inventory and the natural value assessment indicates high natural values in 6 of 9 forest stands. The conclusion of the study is that there are several forest stands within the study area that indicates high natural values both at the species level and based on the environmental character of the forest stands. Among the study's indicator species, lung lichen and textured lungwort occurred most frequently in the sample areas. These two species have high habitat demands, which especially shows the study area's importance for high natural values. Most of the forest stands included in the study have seemingly been relatively untouched by forestry for a long time, which enables a good basis for the development of high natural values that benefit biodiversity in urban forests of Östersund. / <p>2020-09-12</p>

Gamla träd i kulturmiljöer uppmärksammas alltmer inom naturvården på grund av sina höga naturvärden och är viktiga som värdar för fortlevnaden av hotade och sällsynta växt- och djurarter. Studiens syfte var att undersöka om Sörenssons AHA-metod (framtagen för vedlevande insekter) fungerar också på mossor och lavar, samt att jämföra två kulturmiljöer med gamla träd. Inventeringen utfördes i Kristianstad och omfattade totalt 443 träd; 230 i Tivoliparken och 213 på Östra begravningsplatsen. Träden bedömdes utifrån olika karaktärer: förekomst av håligheter, barklösa partier, grenhål, savflöde samt svamppåväxt. Förekomsten av dessa användes sedan för att dela in träden i fem olika klasser av varierande värde för naturvården. Även kryptogamer inventerades; dels förutbestämda lavar och mossor som signalerar höga naturvärden, dels en enkel bedömning av det totala antalet triviala arter på varje träd. Träden i Tivoliparken hade större spridning mellan AHA-klasserna. Här hamnade 56 träd i de högsta värdeklasserna (klass I och II-träd), 114 i värdeklass III och 60 som resursträd. På Östra begravningsplatsen hamnade hälften av träden i de högsta värdeklasserna och 93 i värdeklass III. De resterade träden klassades som resursträd. Totalt gjordes 89fynd av 6 signalarter på de inventerade träden, samt en vedsvamp. Dessa fynd gjordes både på träd med höga och låga värden enligt AHA-metoden. AHA-klasser med högre naturvärde hade lägre artrikedom för samtliga träd sammanslagna, men inget samband för enbart trädslagen bok och lind. Endast hälften av träden med signalarter fick hög AHA-klassning. Resultatet antyder att AHA-metoden inte fungerar på kryptogamer som den gör för vedlevande insekter. / Old trees in cultural environments are receiving increasing attention in nature conservation due to their high conservation values and provide important habitat for endangered plant and animal species. The purposes of the study were to investigate whether Sörensson's AHA-method is applicable also to mosses and lichens, as well as to compare two environments with old trees. 443 trees were inventoried in Kristianstad, of which 230 in Tivoliparken and 213 in Östra begravningsplatsen. The trees were assessed based on the occurrence of: cavities, barkless areas, and so on. These findings were used to assign each tree to the five AHA classes of varying conservation value. Trees were also searched for predetermined lichens and mosses signalling high conservation value, and a simple count was made of the total number of trivial cryptogam species on each tree. Tivoliparken had a wider scatter of trees among the AHA classes; 56 in the highest value classes (class I and II), 114 in class III, and 60 as resource trees. At Östra begravningsplatsen, half of the oldest trees were in the two highest value classes and 93 in class III. The remaining trees ended up as resource trees. In total, 89 records of 6 signal species were made, and one wood fungus. There was a significant association between AHA class and richness of trivial species when trees of all species were pooled, but no association when beech and linden were assessed separately. These results suggest that the AHA method does not work on cryptogams.