My intention in conducting this research endeavor is to satisfy the requirements of earning a Master of Art degree in the Department of History at the University of Central Florida. My research aim has been to examine literature written from the 1930's through 2006 which chronicles the lives of Jewish and Gentile German men, women, and children living under Nazism during the years 1933-1945. I was particularly interested and hopeful in discovering the various ways in which young German females were affected by the introduction and spread of Nazi ideology. My main goal was to sort through the features of everyday life to extricate the often subtle ways Germans rebuffed conformity to Nazism. And as the research commenced, it became increasingly necessary to acknowledge and distinguish the ongoing historical debate about what aspects of non-conformity are acceptably considered "resistance" among contemporary historians also analyzing this period. The original research questions I hoped to address and discuss were firstly these; Upon the arrival of Nazism on the heels of the Weimar Republic, how was Nazism received by German citizens; secondly, once Nazism gathered a contingent of strong support, what avenues existed for those opposed to Nazism?; and thirdly, in what ways did opposition, resistance, and non-conformance to Nazism manifest itself? This examination focused singly on efforts and motivations of German citizens within Germany, to illuminate reactions and actions of women and children; whether Jewish, Protestant, or Catholic because I feel their stories are often over-looked as being insignificant. This study further recognizes the contributions and great courage which manifest when faced with Hitler's totalitarian regime.

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The subject of the essay is about a society called Klippan and the existing conflicts there between an active racist group and some youths with foreign heritage. The essay also concerns issues like racism, its effects and how it is expressed at different levels in a society. Futhermore we discuss how a community can prevent 'subtle' racism and open declared racism and how to work in a racist manner. We also talk about which role the immigrant youths play in the conflicts and how their behaviour can be understood. Another perspective that is discussed is which aspects can affect individuals to join an active racist group and which factors can make them leave such a group. Two examples of anti-racist projects illustrate this discussion: "Stocken" och " Krocken", which took place in Klippan. Finally we conclude that subtle racism and open declared racism is interrelated and that different factors at the structural level in a sosiety may have a function of legitimate. Furthermore we discuss how Klippan has worked in an anti-racism manner and discuss which components should be included in an anti-racist work. We continouesly use our empirical material throught the essay. / Vi gör ett avstamp i Klippans kommun och de uppmärksammade konflikter som finns i kommunen mellan den aktiva rasistiska gruppen och en del invandrarungdomar. Detta leder oss in på en diskussion om subtil- och öppen rasism, dess olika former och effekter samt hur samhället kan arbeta förebyggande och antirasistiskt. Vi diskuterar även vilken roll invandrarungdomar spelar i motsättningarna samt vilka faktorer som kan påverka en individ till att gå med i eller ur en aktiv rasisktisk grupp. Vi illustrerar antirasisktiska åtgärder med "Stocken" och "Krocken" som har anordnats i kommunen. Avslutningsvis berör vi kopplingen mellan subtil- och öppen rasism och faktorer på strukturell nivå som kan ha en legitimerande funktion, Klippans kommuns antirasistiska arbete mot rasism samt vilka aspekter ett antirasistiskt arbete bör inkludera. Ett genomgående inslag i uppsatsen är att vårt empiriskt insamlade material appliceras på de resonemang vi för.

The purpose of this study is to examine the work of a number of prominent German philosophers to determine the philosophical basis of Nazism, if it is granted that there is such a basis.

Study gives an interpretation of the materials relevant to the birth and growth of National Socialist Party in Germany as of 1941.

The purpose of this study is to highlight how Pär Lagerkvist’s fictional dwarf, a symbol of the deformed in man but is not always visible on the outside, despises weakness and peace and how the desire for power is expressed in the novel. These aspects in turn lead to contempt for love and mercy, the absence of which implies hostility, something that has moral consequences. The overall moral theme is highlighted from an anti-Nazi perspective through the three images of women with the help of the narratological concept of unreliable narrator. The material used as a basis for the study is the first edition of Lagerkvist’s novel The Dwarf from 1944. Primarily, narratological theory has been used with regard to the concept of unreliable narrator, something that belongs to modern narratology and fiction theory. Unreliable storytelling means that there is a difference between this discourse and the sanctioned content. The unreliable narrator has emerged as a concept in relation to the implicit author. To highlight the anti-Nazi perspective, I have used the moral philosopher Harald Ofstads Vårt förakt för svaghet. The power-theme which is central to the novel, is highlighted on the basis of Nietzsche, who according to Urpu-Liisa Karahka is important in the reading of Lagerkvist in general. Close reading, thematic analysis and narratological method are the methods applied in this study. Christer Johansson has presented and summarized an interesting starting point based on Wayne C. Booth, for narratological analysis where he works with four possible variants for unreliable storytelling. In terms of main results, the question of the dwarf as an unreliable narrator and example of Nazism in relation to the three female charachters show eight cases of false facts, four cases of misinterpretations of correct facts, eight cases regarding how a fictional narrator can make unreliable value judgements about certain fictional facts or circumstances, and finally four cases of how a fictional narrator can express unreliable perceptions of a more general kind, not directly related to individuals in the fictional world.

Mellan åren 1934-1946 pågick en debatt i Sverige om kvinnlig samhällstjänst skulle införas som en frivillig eller obligatorisk tjänst. År 1939 startades Riksförbundet kvinnlig samhällstjänst som en ideell organisation. Studiens syfte var att undersöka Riksförbundet kvinnlig samhällstjänst under och kort efter andra världskriget. Undersökningen utfördes med hjälp av en kvalitativ textanalys med genusperspektiv. Riksförbundet kvinnlig samhällstjänsts huvudsakliga syfte var beredskap och fostran.  Grundtanken var en frivillig tjänst för unga kvinnor, mellan 17–25 år, med en teoretisk och en praktisk del med arbete på landsbygden hos överbelastade husmödrar. Tjänsten hade tydliga nationalistiska drag och skulle verka för landets gemenskap. Initiativtagaren för Riksförbundet kvinnlig samhällstjänst var  Nora Torulf som hade kopplingar till flera nazistiska rörelser. / Between the years of 1934 – 1946 a debate was held in Sweden about whether female civil service should be a voluntary or an obligatory service. In 1939 the National Organization of Female Civil Service started as a voluntary organization. The purpose of the study was to investigate this national organization during and shortly after World War II.  The study was carried out through a qualitative text analysis with a perspective on gender. The organization’s main purpose was mobilization and nursing. The idea was a voluntary service for young women, between 17 – 25 years of age, with one theoretical and one practical part working in the countryside for overburdened housewives. The service had clear nationalistic traces and would help the nation’s community. The originator of the organization, Nora Torulf, had connections to many Nazi movements.

This thesis deals with the image of the Vikings. I wish to investigate how this image came to being during the 19th and early 20th century and give examples of how the Viking age was approached archaeologically during this time period. In addition to this, I discuss the image of the Vikings in relation to concepts such as nationalism, Scandinavian identity and how we use history. The aim is to contribute to the discourse about ideology in relation to history. I wish to raise awareness about how we use history and how our evaluation of the past, in this case the Viking age, affects our perception of the past and the present. I have chosen three archaeological sites in order to exemplify how archaeologists have approached the Viking age, and how archaeology can be linked to ideology. These sites are Old Uppsala and Birka in Sweden, and Hedeby in present-day Germany. In addition to this, I also discuss what role the Viking age played in the 19th century world of ideas. I read and analyse publications on the topic from different time periods and contexts. The theories used are those of Stefan Bohman, Benedict Anderson and Lise Nordenborg Myhre on nationalism and its symbolism. The discussion is also based on Evert Baudou’s theories on archaeological interpretations, as well as the theoretical framework characteristic of the 19th century, culture-historical archaeology. The Viking age played an important part in shaping a Scandinavian identity, particularly in Sweden. The loss of Finland to Russia in 1809 created a need of a new identity. In the wake of this, as well as deepened relations to Norwegians and Danes, a new ideology called scandinavism was formed with the Viking age at centre. Later, the Iron Age was of significance when the German Nazi regime needed to legitimise their policies and ideology. The excavations at Hedeby mirror the Nazi ideology, but the Swedish sites have also proven to have connections to nationalism, both at the time of excavation but also in the form of interpretation. I base my analysis on the phenomena explanation, consolidation and rejection in order to establish how the past can be used in defining the present in relation to the past. I discuss how the past is used to define the present, ourselves and our society and how it is can be used in a nationalistic setting.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-02-18T11:05:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 marceloalmeidasilva.pdf: 14112106 bytes, checksum: 43a951c1d551c9d0444e36b959528a8f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-02-26T13:25:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 marceloalmeidasilva.pdf: 14112106 bytes, checksum: 43a951c1d551c9d0444e36b959528a8f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T13:25:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marceloalmeidasilva.pdf: 14112106 bytes, checksum: 43a951c1d551c9d0444e36b959528a8f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-24 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / As páginas que se seguem têm como objetivo analisar e compreender como os chargistas cariocas formaram representações e mergulharam em críticas os movimentos totalitários, mais especificamente o nazismo, através de charges publicadas na revista periódica Careta, durante o período da Segunda Guerra Mundial, que durou de 1939 a 1945. As charges circularam no Rio de Janeiro, capital do país na época, num período em que o Brasil vivenciava, desde 1937, a ditadura do Estado Novo comandada por Getúlio Vargas. / The following pages are designed to analyze and understand how the locals cartoonists built representations and dived in critical totalitarian movements, specifically Nazi movement through cartoons published in the periodical Grimace, during the Second World War, which lasted from 1939 to 1945. The cartoons circulated in Rio de Janeiro, capital of the country at the time, a period when Brazil was experiencing, since 1937, the Estado Novo dictatorship led by Getúlio Vargas.