Na atualidade, a deficiência é conceituada com base em seu caráter dinâmico e biossocial. O processo funcionalidade/incapacidade decorre da interação entre a pessoa com deficiência e os fatores contextuais presentes no ambiente físico e societal, sendo eles determinantes para a participação social. Universalidade, integralidade e equidade formam o tripé do ideário da Reforma Sanitária brasileira, trazendo para o centro das práticas de saúde as demandas e as necessidades de saúde da população. Vários estudos no campo da Saúde Coletiva problematizam as práticas e os modelos de atenção em saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro, postulando que o trabalho em saúde tem como finalidade das práticas assistenciais a prestação de serviços com fins de satisfazer demandas e necessidades de saúde daqueles que buscam esses serviços. Entretanto, poucos deles recortaram a temática das práticas de reabilitação na perspectiva da integralidade do cuidado, da funcionalidade humana e da participação social da população de pessoas com deficiência física adquirida. Por meio do método de pesquisa qualitativa se objetivou analisar - a partir do percurso de busca de cuidados - como as necessidades de saúde de pessoas com deficiência física são contempladas nas práticas de saúde e reabilitação, desde a perspectiva da integralidade do cuidado e da funcionalidade humana. O ciclo de pesquisa envolveu uma fase exploratória, com pesquisa documental, e uma fase de campo, na qual foram feitas doze entrevistas abertas com pessoas com deficiência física adquirida na idade adulta, incluindo seus cuidadores, acerca dos percursos de busca de cuidados na rede loco-regional do Sistema Único de Saúde, no município de Santos, estado de São Paulo. Empregou-se a análise temática das entrevistas com apoio do software NVivo11®, enriquecidas com os dados da pesquisa documental, adotando-se a abordagem interpretativa-compreensiva de perspectiva crítico-hermenêutica na discussão, com base no aporte teórico do estudo e em autores que discutem o tema investigado. Os participantes do estudo foram onze homens e uma mulher, com idades variando entre 21 e 79 anos, indicados pelos serviços de atenção básica (n= 8) e atenção domiciliar (n= 4). Segundo informações declaradas pelos participantes, as deficiências decorreram de afecções neurológicas (n= 10) e ortopédicas (n= 2), determinando quadros motores de paralisias e amputações, respectivamente. O tempo transcorrido desde o adoecimento foi de 17 anos para o caso mais antigo; o mais recente ocorrera há menos de trinta dias até o momento da entrevista. Sete deles necessitavam de moderada a completa assistência de terceiros nas atividades de vida diárias e três deles tiveram complicações secundárias, de ordem biológica e/ou psicossocial, após a condição de deficiência física. A análise dos dados produzidos resultou em dois temas centrais. O primeiro identificou aspectos da complexidade das necessidades de saúde inter-relacionados com o conjunto das circunstâncias que compõem a vida doméstica e comunitária dos participantes e elementos sobre as nuances dos encontros terapêuticos entre profissionais de saúde e usuários, que ora se aproximaram ora se afastaram da perspectiva de integralidade do cuidado. Tais necessidades, quando não atendidas, provocaram situações de vulnerabilidades clínicas, sociais e experiências de incapacidade e exclusão social, desvelando, ainda, vulnerabilidades programáticas dos serviços e programas. Com isso se assevera o valor do conceito ampliado de saúde e de funcionalidade, pautado nos saberes interdisciplinares, centrado no usuário e no trabalho interprofissional em direção à integralidade do cuidado nas práticas de reabilitação. O segundo tema revelou aspectos da organização da rede de serviços que antagonizam e tensionam os princípios finalísticos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): fragmentação da assistência, fragilidades no acolhimento às demandas e necessidades dos participantes; carência de ferramentas de compartilhamento de informações entre serviços e profissionais intra e interserviços; exiguidade na abordagem dos fatores contextuais; insuficiência nas ações voltadas à orientação e informação que minimizem a dependência de assistência de terceiros no manejo das atividades de vida diária e eliminação de barreiras contextuais. Conclui-se que a reabilitação é um processo multidimensional dinâmico e complexo, que depende de saberes interdisciplinares para melhor direcionar o trabalho em equipe interprofissional tomando as demandas e necessidades de saúde, funcionalidade e participação social individuais e comuns das pessoas com deficiência como seu horizonte normativo para produção das boas práticas de reabilitação. Acredita-se que seja ao tomar o caminho da ética do cuidado e da valorização dos direitos humanos como princípios orientadores das práticas profissionais se fará possível - a profissionais, serviços e usuários - tecer a rede de atenção à saúde, com os fios e linhas da integralidade do cuidado investindo-se em todas as possibilidades e nuances dos projetos de felicidade dos sujeitos / Currently, disability is conceptualized based on its dynamic and biosocial character. The functioning/disability process stems from the interaction between the disabled person and the contextual factors present in the physical and societal environment, which are fundamental to social participation. Universality, integrality and equity form the tripod of the ideology of the Brazilian Sanitary Reform, bringing the population\'s demands and health needs to the center of health practices. Several studies in the field of Public Health problematize practices and models of health care in the Brazilian National Unified Health System (SUS), postulating that health working aims to provide health care services to meet the demands and health needs of those who seek for such services. However, few of them highlighted the theme of rehabilitation practices based on the perspective of comprehensive care, human functioning and social participation of the population with acquired physical disability. By means of the qualitative research method - as from the quest for health care pathways, this study aimed to analyze how health care needs of people with physical disability are approached by health and rehabilitation practices, according to the perspective of comprehensive care and human functioning. The research cycle involved an exploratory phase, with documentary research, and a field phase, in which twelve interviews were conducted with people with physical disability acquired in adulthood, including their caregivers, about the health care pathways in the locoregional network of the Brazilian National Unified Health System, in the city of Santos, state of São Paulo. We have used interviews thematic analysis with the support of Nvivo11® software, enriched with data from the documentary research, and adopted an interpretative-comprehensive approach and a critical-hermeneutic perspective discussion data, also based on the study theoretical framework and authors who discuss the subject. Eleven men and one woman, ranging from 21 to 79 years old, participated in the study, and were referred by primary care (n = 8) and home care services (n = 4). According to reported information by the participants, the disabilities were due to neurological (n = 10) and orthopedic (n = 2) illness, that implicated on motor impairments such as paralysis and amputations, respectively. The elapsed time since illness was 17 years for the oldest case and the most recent one occurred less than thirty days before the interview. Seven of them demanded moderate to total assistance in activities of daily living and three of them sustained secondary conditions due to biological and/or psychosocial complications due physical disability. The analysis of produced data resulted in two central themes. The first one identified aspects of the complexity of health needs interrelated with the set of circumstances which constitutes the participants\' domestic and community life and elements about the nuances of the therapeutic meetings between health professionals and clients, meetings that sometimes get closer, sometimes move away from the perspective of comprehensive care. When health needs were not met, they created situations of clinical and social vulnerability and experiences that potentializes disability and social exclusion, revealing programmatic vulnerabilities related to services and programs organizations. This situation highlights the value of the comprehensive health and functioning concepts based on interdisciplinary knowledge, inter professional team working and client centered towards an effective comprehensive approach in rehabilitation practices. The second theme revealed aspects of the service network organization which antagonize and tension the finalist principles of the Brazilian National Unified Health System: fragmentation of care, fragility attendance on health demands and needs; lack of tools to share information between intra and inter health professionals and services; lack to approach contextual factors barriers; insufficiency actions to promote independence and autonomy on activities of daily living. In conclusion, we highlighted that rehabilitation is multidimensional dynamic and complex and process, which must rely on interdisciplinary knowledge to best guide inter professional team working focusing on individual and common health needs, functioning and social participation of people with disability as a normative horizon to produce rehabilitation best practices. We have confidence that if we take the path of an ethical of care and value human rights as principles to guide professional practices, it will become possible for professionals, services and clients to weave the health care network with threads and lines of comprehensive care, and investing in all the possibilities and nuances of the subjects\' happiness projects

This thesis examines how cultural competency operates as a regime of governmentality. Inspired by Foucauldian genealogy, institutional ethnography, and Said’s concept of contrapuntality, this thesis problematizes the seamless production of racialized bodies in relation to mental disorder. I begin by elaborating a theoretical framework for interpreting race and madness as mutually constructed ordering practices. I then analyze what cultural competence produces and sustains in a position paper published by the Ontario Federation of Community Mental Health and Addiction Programs. I argue the Federation dismisses ongoing institutional violence—suggesting it is simply the perception, as opposed to the everyday reality, of discrimination that causes problems such as low educational attainment among youth of colour. To further support this claim, I deconstruct narratives of low self-esteem, maladaptive coping, depression, and denial of mental illness in the community needs assessments of two of the Federation’s member organizations: Hong Fook and Across Boundaries.

This thesis examines how cultural competency operates as a regime of governmentality. Inspired by Foucauldian genealogy, institutional ethnography, and Said’s concept of contrapuntality, this thesis problematizes the seamless production of racialized bodies in relation to mental disorder. I begin by elaborating a theoretical framework for interpreting race and madness as mutually constructed ordering practices. I then analyze what cultural competence produces and sustains in a position paper published by the Ontario Federation of Community Mental Health and Addiction Programs. I argue the Federation dismisses ongoing institutional violence—suggesting it is simply the perception, as opposed to the everyday reality, of discrimination that causes problems such as low educational attainment among youth of colour. To further support this claim, I deconstruct narratives of low self-esteem, maladaptive coping, depression, and denial of mental illness in the community needs assessments of two of the Federation’s member organizations: Hong Fook and Across Boundaries.

The system of care for persons suffering from mental retardation is in a state of upheaval. Considering the mentally handicapped as holistic beings, this study explored and assessed the needs of those residing in the community of District 22 (sub-district 222), KwaZulu-Natal, thus facilitating the planning of care and care facilities for these individuals to enable them to function optimally in the community. To accomplish this purpose, specific objectives were formulated. A quantitative, exploratory and descriptive study based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory was carried out, using 167 respondents. The study revealed that despite being mentally retarded, they were still regarded as valuable members of the community, their needs did not differ from the needs of others in the rest of the world and that mental retardation is still rated low in the prioritization of health problems, hence the lack of resources and support needed for the rehabilitation of such persons. / Health Studies / M.A. (Health Studies)

Antiretroviral therapy is an important public health strategy to reduce the risk of HIV vertical transmission. Implementation of such therapy depends on the identification of HIV-infected pregnant women. This study investigated how the biographical characteristics of the pregnant women (16-45 years) influenced their health decision-making in Bulawayo clinics. The study was guided by the theories of health behaviour. The study assumed that the respondents’ demographic characteristics will influence their attitudes towards PMTCT programme. Using a structured questionnaire, forty pregnant women who visited the Bulawayo clinics to have prenatal checkups were interviewed. The majority of respondents came from a poor, high-density township. Most of the respondents were married, but about a third were not married at the time data collection and 5% were separated. The survey items were demographic characteristics, knowledge of PMTCT, HIV risk perceptions and service utilisation. The levels of literacy among the respondents were high; more than 80% had completed primary education. Overall the respondents’ demographic characteristics influenced their attitudes towards PMTCT. Majority of the women knew that a mother with HIV can pass the virus to her child, during pregnancy, delivery and breastfeeding. The pregnant women’s health-seeking behaviour and their attitudes toward reproductive health services are influenced by their demographic situation. / Health Studies / (M.A. (Social Behavior Studies in HIV/AIDS))

Introduction: HIV referral and linkage system in many countries in general and in Ethiopia in particular was poorly characterised by low linkage rate. The purpose of this study was to analyses factors associated with poor referral and linkage system and develop strategies to improve the system. Methods: A sequential mixed method approach using exploratory descriptive study design was employed. The study was conducted in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and it was conducted in two phases. Phase I involved data collection and analysis as evidence for the development of strategies while phase II was the development of strategies. For phase I, data were collected in steps 1 and 2 using individual interviews and focus group discussions respectively. The study participants were programme owners and partners who were supporting facilities during the data collection period in step 1 and health care providers in step 2. A total of 4 individual interviews and 3 FGDs were conducted with purposively selected participants. Data were analysed using computer assisted software called OpenCode version 4.2. Results: The findings revealed five themes namely, issues of referral and linkage practice, ensuring linkage through communication, issues of health care, issues of health care system and issues of partnerships and Health Bureau. Many gaps that affected the referral system were identified and in phase II, nine strategies were developed to strengthen the referral and linkage system. Conclusion:The results of this study highlighted weaknesses in the referral and linkage system of the HIV positive clients from counselling and testing services to chronic care and proposed strategies to strengthen those weaknesses. Measures to operationalise those strategies are also proposed. The successful implementation of the proposed strategies depends on the support of the ministry of health and regional bureau in terms of resources and the readiness of the health care providers to adhere to the proposed measures. Intervention research is needed to test the effectiveness of the proposed strategies. / Health Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Health Studies)

Na atualidade, a deficiência é conceituada com base em seu caráter dinâmico e biossocial. O processo funcionalidade/incapacidade decorre da interação entre a pessoa com deficiência e os fatores contextuais presentes no ambiente físico e societal, sendo eles determinantes para a participação social. Universalidade, integralidade e equidade formam o tripé do ideário da Reforma Sanitária brasileira, trazendo para o centro das práticas de saúde as demandas e as necessidades de saúde da população. Vários estudos no campo da Saúde Coletiva problematizam as práticas e os modelos de atenção em saúde no Sistema Único de Saúde brasileiro, postulando que o trabalho em saúde tem como finalidade das práticas assistenciais a prestação de serviços com fins de satisfazer demandas e necessidades de saúde daqueles que buscam esses serviços. Entretanto, poucos deles recortaram a temática das práticas de reabilitação na perspectiva da integralidade do cuidado, da funcionalidade humana e da participação social da população de pessoas com deficiência física adquirida. Por meio do método de pesquisa qualitativa se objetivou analisar - a partir do percurso de busca de cuidados - como as necessidades de saúde de pessoas com deficiência física são contempladas nas práticas de saúde e reabilitação, desde a perspectiva da integralidade do cuidado e da funcionalidade humana. O ciclo de pesquisa envolveu uma fase exploratória, com pesquisa documental, e uma fase de campo, na qual foram feitas doze entrevistas abertas com pessoas com deficiência física adquirida na idade adulta, incluindo seus cuidadores, acerca dos percursos de busca de cuidados na rede loco-regional do Sistema Único de Saúde, no município de Santos, estado de São Paulo. Empregou-se a análise temática das entrevistas com apoio do software NVivo11®, enriquecidas com os dados da pesquisa documental, adotando-se a abordagem interpretativa-compreensiva de perspectiva crítico-hermenêutica na discussão, com base no aporte teórico do estudo e em autores que discutem o tema investigado. Os participantes do estudo foram onze homens e uma mulher, com idades variando entre 21 e 79 anos, indicados pelos serviços de atenção básica (n= 8) e atenção domiciliar (n= 4). Segundo informações declaradas pelos participantes, as deficiências decorreram de afecções neurológicas (n= 10) e ortopédicas (n= 2), determinando quadros motores de paralisias e amputações, respectivamente. O tempo transcorrido desde o adoecimento foi de 17 anos para o caso mais antigo; o mais recente ocorrera há menos de trinta dias até o momento da entrevista. Sete deles necessitavam de moderada a completa assistência de terceiros nas atividades de vida diárias e três deles tiveram complicações secundárias, de ordem biológica e/ou psicossocial, após a condição de deficiência física. A análise dos dados produzidos resultou em dois temas centrais. O primeiro identificou aspectos da complexidade das necessidades de saúde inter-relacionados com o conjunto das circunstâncias que compõem a vida doméstica e comunitária dos participantes e elementos sobre as nuances dos encontros terapêuticos entre profissionais de saúde e usuários, que ora se aproximaram ora se afastaram da perspectiva de integralidade do cuidado. Tais necessidades, quando não atendidas, provocaram situações de vulnerabilidades clínicas, sociais e experiências de incapacidade e exclusão social, desvelando, ainda, vulnerabilidades programáticas dos serviços e programas. Com isso se assevera o valor do conceito ampliado de saúde e de funcionalidade, pautado nos saberes interdisciplinares, centrado no usuário e no trabalho interprofissional em direção à integralidade do cuidado nas práticas de reabilitação. O segundo tema revelou aspectos da organização da rede de serviços que antagonizam e tensionam os princípios finalísticos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS): fragmentação da assistência, fragilidades no acolhimento às demandas e necessidades dos participantes; carência de ferramentas de compartilhamento de informações entre serviços e profissionais intra e interserviços; exiguidade na abordagem dos fatores contextuais; insuficiência nas ações voltadas à orientação e informação que minimizem a dependência de assistência de terceiros no manejo das atividades de vida diária e eliminação de barreiras contextuais. Conclui-se que a reabilitação é um processo multidimensional dinâmico e complexo, que depende de saberes interdisciplinares para melhor direcionar o trabalho em equipe interprofissional tomando as demandas e necessidades de saúde, funcionalidade e participação social individuais e comuns das pessoas com deficiência como seu horizonte normativo para produção das boas práticas de reabilitação. Acredita-se que seja ao tomar o caminho da ética do cuidado e da valorização dos direitos humanos como princípios orientadores das práticas profissionais se fará possível - a profissionais, serviços e usuários - tecer a rede de atenção à saúde, com os fios e linhas da integralidade do cuidado investindo-se em todas as possibilidades e nuances dos projetos de felicidade dos sujeitos / Currently, disability is conceptualized based on its dynamic and biosocial character. The functioning/disability process stems from the interaction between the disabled person and the contextual factors present in the physical and societal environment, which are fundamental to social participation. Universality, integrality and equity form the tripod of the ideology of the Brazilian Sanitary Reform, bringing the population\'s demands and health needs to the center of health practices. Several studies in the field of Public Health problematize practices and models of health care in the Brazilian National Unified Health System (SUS), postulating that health working aims to provide health care services to meet the demands and health needs of those who seek for such services. However, few of them highlighted the theme of rehabilitation practices based on the perspective of comprehensive care, human functioning and social participation of the population with acquired physical disability. By means of the qualitative research method - as from the quest for health care pathways, this study aimed to analyze how health care needs of people with physical disability are approached by health and rehabilitation practices, according to the perspective of comprehensive care and human functioning. The research cycle involved an exploratory phase, with documentary research, and a field phase, in which twelve interviews were conducted with people with physical disability acquired in adulthood, including their caregivers, about the health care pathways in the locoregional network of the Brazilian National Unified Health System, in the city of Santos, state of São Paulo. We have used interviews thematic analysis with the support of Nvivo11® software, enriched with data from the documentary research, and adopted an interpretative-comprehensive approach and a critical-hermeneutic perspective discussion data, also based on the study theoretical framework and authors who discuss the subject. Eleven men and one woman, ranging from 21 to 79 years old, participated in the study, and were referred by primary care (n = 8) and home care services (n = 4). According to reported information by the participants, the disabilities were due to neurological (n = 10) and orthopedic (n = 2) illness, that implicated on motor impairments such as paralysis and amputations, respectively. The elapsed time since illness was 17 years for the oldest case and the most recent one occurred less than thirty days before the interview. Seven of them demanded moderate to total assistance in activities of daily living and three of them sustained secondary conditions due to biological and/or psychosocial complications due physical disability. The analysis of produced data resulted in two central themes. The first one identified aspects of the complexity of health needs interrelated with the set of circumstances which constitutes the participants\' domestic and community life and elements about the nuances of the therapeutic meetings between health professionals and clients, meetings that sometimes get closer, sometimes move away from the perspective of comprehensive care. When health needs were not met, they created situations of clinical and social vulnerability and experiences that potentializes disability and social exclusion, revealing programmatic vulnerabilities related to services and programs organizations. This situation highlights the value of the comprehensive health and functioning concepts based on interdisciplinary knowledge, inter professional team working and client centered towards an effective comprehensive approach in rehabilitation practices. The second theme revealed aspects of the service network organization which antagonize and tension the finalist principles of the Brazilian National Unified Health System: fragmentation of care, fragility attendance on health demands and needs; lack of tools to share information between intra and inter health professionals and services; lack to approach contextual factors barriers; insufficiency actions to promote independence and autonomy on activities of daily living. In conclusion, we highlighted that rehabilitation is multidimensional dynamic and complex and process, which must rely on interdisciplinary knowledge to best guide inter professional team working focusing on individual and common health needs, functioning and social participation of people with disability as a normative horizon to produce rehabilitation best practices. We have confidence that if we take the path of an ethical of care and value human rights as principles to guide professional practices, it will become possible for professionals, services and clients to weave the health care network with threads and lines of comprehensive care, and investing in all the possibilities and nuances of the subjects\' happiness projects

Introduction: Despite being one of the most preventable diseases, TB still remains a serious and largely neglected disease. Nurses as compared to the general population are at greater risk of acquiring nosocomial TB. This study was conducted to describe the perceptions of nurses on the underlying contributory factors that may lead to the spread of TB in the clinics treating TB patients. Methods: Quantitative, non – experimental, descriptive, exploratory and cross sectional design was used. A structured and pretested questionnaire was used. Findings: The key contributory factors identified were insufficient TB training for staff and lack of knowledge on the TB legislative framework and TB policy directives. Conclusion: The findings indicate the need for a comprehensive TB infection prevention and control policy, with associated standards for provision and practice. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

Introduction: Despite being one of the most preventable diseases, TB still remains a serious and largely neglected disease. Nurses as compared to the general population are at greater risk of acquiring nosocomial TB. This study was conducted to describe the perceptions of nurses on the underlying contributory factors that may lead to the spread of TB in the clinics treating TB patients. Methods: Quantitative, non – experimental, descriptive, exploratory and cross sectional design was used. A structured and pretested questionnaire was used. Findings: The key contributory factors identified were insufficient TB training for staff and lack of knowledge on the TB legislative framework and TB policy directives. Conclusion: The findings indicate the need for a comprehensive TB infection prevention and control policy, with associated standards for provision and practice. / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)