As gramáticas normativas, as descritivas e as semânticas assim como outras obras que tratam sobre a negação e sobre a restrição em francês moderno descrevem as expressões \"ne que\", \"sans que\", \"rien que\", \"bien que\", \"autre que\", \"nul autre que\" e \"pour peu que\" em diversos quadros teóricos sem descrever seus valores semânticos, suas naturezas verdadeiras e as funções de \"que\" distinguindo seu valor dos que a ele estão associados. Esse estudo, fundamentado nos princípios da teoria psico-mecânica de Gustave Guillaume (1971, 1973) e expandido pelas considerações semântico gramaticais elaboradas pelo Prof. M. Jacques Ouellet (2004), tenta identificar, compreender e explicar o funcionamento do \"que\" restritivo encontrado nas expressões acima, principalmente na de \"ne... que\". / Prescriptive, descriptive and semantic grammars, as well as other works dealing with negation and restrictions in modern French, describe the expressions ne... que, sans que, rien que, bien que, autre que, nul autre que and pour peu que by a variety of theoretical approaches without describing their semantic values, their very nature and the functions of que. Moreover, these works do not distinguish the value of que from those associated with it. This study, founded on the principles of psico-mechanic theory elaborated by Gustave Guillaume (1971, 1973) and expanded by grammatical semantic studies made by Prof. Jacques Ouellet, M.A. (2004), tries to identify, understand and explain the functioning of restrictive que, found in the above-mentioned expressions, especially in ne... que.

This essay aims to explain Finnish students’ acquisition of Swedish as a second language: the focal point is the learners’ use of the possessive personal pronouns (hennes, hans and deras) and the possessive reflexive pronouns (sin, sitt and sina), and the placement of the Swedish negation in subordinate clauses. The theoretical background for the analysis of these linguistic structures is the Processability theory. This thesis suggests that the pronouns, which have not been earlier investigated through the Processability theory, are a part of the stage 4 of the theory, whilst the placement of negation in subordinate clauses is part of the stage 5. The basis for this thesis is a survey made in a secondary school in the north of Sweden and an upper secondary school in the north of Finland in autumn 2016. In other words two different groups of students have participated in the survey: one group studying Swedish as a second language in Sweden and one group studying Swedish as a foreign language in Finland. The analysis shows no linguistic differences between these two groups and for this reason there is no distinction made between them. The results reveal that the possessive personal pronouns are slightly more overused than the possessive reflexive pronouns. However, the results show that those students who have not commenced to process level 4 have not either began to process level 5. The learners’ utilization of the negation placement suggests that they first learn the preverbal placement of the negation in a main verb and afterwards the preverbal placement of a negation in an auxiliary verb. The results and conclusions given in this essay may be of some interest for other teachers and educational researchers.

The resources required to have humans score extended written response items in English language learner (ELL) contexts has caused automated essay scoring (AES) to emerge as a desired alternative. However, these systems often rely heavily on indirect proxies of writing quality such as word, sentence, and essay lengths because of their strong correlation to scores (Vajjala, 2017). This has led to concern about the validity of the features used to establish the predictive accuracy of AES systems (Attali, 2007; Weigle, 2013). Reliance on construct-irrelevant features in ELL contexts also forfeits the opportunity to provide meaningful diagnostic feedback to test-takers or provide the second language acquisition (SLA) field with real insights (C.-F. E. Chen & Cheng, 2008). This thesis seeks to improve the validity and reliability of an AES system developed for ELL essays by employing a new set of features based on the acquisition order of English negation. Modest improvements were made to a baseline AES system's accuracy, showing the possibility and importance of engineering features relevant to the construct being assessed in ELL essays. In addition to these findings, a novel ordering of the sequence of English negation acquisition not previously described in SLA research emerged.

Diese Arbeit liefert einen Beitrag zur Erforschung der Negation von <i>bar</i>-Adjektiven. <i>Bar</i>-Adjektive k&ouml;nnen auf zwei verschiedene Weisen negiert werden: durch Pr&auml;figierung mit <i>un</i> wie in <i>undenkbar</i> und durch vorangestelltes <i>nicht</i> wie in <i>nicht essbar</i>. Die Negation mit <i>nicht</i> ist immer m&ouml;glich. Die Negation mit <i>un</i> unterliegt hingegen bestimmten Restriktionen. Diese Restriktionen zu erforschen ist Gegenstand dieser Arbeit. Es wird daf&uuml;r ein integrierter Ansatz aus Korpusanalyse und Data Mining benutzt.

Thesis (M.A.)--York University, 1999. Graduate Programme in Philosophy. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-107). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pMQ39201

This dissertation is a study of negative concord in Levantine Arabic (Israel/Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria), where negative concord is the failure of an n-word to express negative meaning distinctly when in syntagm with another negative expression . A set of n-words is identified, including the never-words <ʔɛbadan> and <bɪlmarra> "never, not once, not at all," the negative minimizers <hawa> and <qɛšal> "nothing," and the negative scalar focus particle <wala> "not (even) (one), not a (single)." Each can be used to express negation in sentence fragments and other constructions with elliptical interpretations, such as gapping and coordination. Beyond that, the three categories differ syntactically and semantically. I present analyses of these expressions that treat them as having different morphological and semantic properties. The data support an ambiguity analysis for wala-phrases, and a syntactic analysis of it with never-words, indicating that a single, uniform theory of negative concord should be rejected for Levantine Arabic. The dissertation is the first such work to explicitly identify negative concord in Levantine Arabic, and to provide a detailed survey and analysis of it. The description includes subtle points of variation between regional varieties of Levantine, as well as in depth analysis of the usage of n-words. It also adds a large new data set to the body of data that has been reported on negative concord, and have several implications for theories on the subject. The dissertation also makes a contribution to computational linguistics as applied to Arabic, because the analyses are couched in Combinatory Categorial Grammar, a formalism that is used both for linguisic theorizing as well as for a variety of practical applications, including text parsing and text generaration. The semantic generalizations reported here are also important for practical computational tasks, because they provide a way to correctly calculate the negative or positive polarity of utterances in a negative concord language, which is essential for computational tasks such as machine translation or sentiment analysis. / text

<p>This study sought to investigate the alleged problem of &lsquo / academic dependency&rsquo / , on the part of South African sociologists, on western scholarship. The stated problem is said to undermine South African sociologists&rsquo / ability to set their own intellectual and epistemological agenda. Sociology in South Africa is characterised by two issues: &lsquo / negations&rsquo / and theoretical &lsquo / extraversion&rsquo / . In the light of the foregoing claim, the study sought to investigate the underlying epistemological features of sociology curriculum in one of the South African universities. In investigating these issues, the thesis relies on the notion of &lsquo / authentic interlocutors&rsquo / put forward by Archie Mafeje. Literature on transformation of the social sciences in (South) Africa was reviewed. Methodologically, the study assumes a qualitative approach. In order comprehensively to understand the problem under investigation, in-depth interviews were conducted along with a review of course outlines of the selected department of sociology / these, in turn, were subjected to content analysis. Interviewees included, respectively, academic members of staff and postgraduate students. The study concludes by highlighting the &lsquo / ontological disconnect&rsquo / , on the part of South African sociologists, not only with their immediate environment but the rest of the African continent. In maintaining this view, it argues that their ontological and epistemological standpoints only succeed in highlighting their cultural affinity with Euro-American perspectives. The said ontological disconnect and cultural affinity, it is argued, lead to extraverted curricula.</p>

<p>This study sought to investigate the alleged problem of &lsquo / academic dependency&rsquo / , on the part of South African sociologists, on western scholarship. The stated problem is said to undermine South African sociologists&rsquo / ability to set their own intellectual and epistemological agenda. Sociology in South Africa is characterised by two issues: &lsquo / negations&rsquo / and theoretical &lsquo / extraversion&rsquo / . In the light of the foregoing claim, the study sought to investigate the underlying epistemological features of sociology curriculum in one of the South African universities. In investigating these issues, the thesis relies on the notion of &lsquo / authentic interlocutors&rsquo / put forward by Archie Mafeje. Literature on transformation of the social sciences in (South) Africa was reviewed. Methodologically, the study assumes a qualitative approach. In order comprehensively to understand the problem under investigation, in-depth interviews were conducted along with a review of course outlines of the selected department of sociology / these, in turn, were subjected to content analysis. Interviewees included, respectively, academic members of staff and postgraduate students. The study concludes by highlighting the &lsquo / ontological disconnect&rsquo / , on the part of South African sociologists, not only with their immediate environment but the rest of the African continent. In maintaining this view, it argues that their ontological and epistemological standpoints only succeed in highlighting their cultural affinity with Euro-American perspectives. The said ontological disconnect and cultural affinity, it is argued, lead to extraverted curricula.</p>

Nier, c'est refuser, c'est s'opposer a un fait ou a une idee. Dans ce travail on defini la phrase negatif en partant des notions de negation, on voit les differences entre negation polemique, negation descriptive, negation totale et negation partielle. En nanlysant la signification de la phrase negative, on distingue d'une part la portee de la negation et son incidence, et d'autre part, le foyer de la negation de sa portee. De plus on analyse les mots negatifs et leur place dans la phrase.

This thesis is a description of some aspects of the grammar of Sɛlɛɛ, a Ghana-Togo-Mountain (GTM) language, based on my own fieldwork. The thesis consists of an introduction and five papers. Paper (I), Noun classes in Sεlεε, describes the noun class system of Sɛlɛɛ. It consists of eight noun class prefixes, four marking singular and four plural. They are paired in irregular ways to form eight genders (singular-plural pairs). Nouns agree with determiners, numerals and interrogative qualifiers within the noun phrase and can be indexed on the predicate. Nouns are allocated to classes/genders based partly on semantic notions. Paper (II), Sεlεε (with Francesca Di Garbo), details the morphological encoding of diminution in Sɛlɛɛ either by the suffixes -bi, -bii, -mii, -e or -nyi alone or in combination with noun class shift. Augmentation is not expressed morphologically. Paper (III), The tense and aspect system of Sεlεε: A preliminary analysis, shows that Sɛlɛɛ, unlike most Kwa languages, has a rather elaborate tense system encompassing present, hodiernal, pre-hodiernal and future tenses. The aspectual categories are progressive, habitual and perfect. Both categories often amalgamate with first person singular subject clitics. Paper (IV), Standard negation in Sεlεε, deals with the negation of declarative verbal main clauses. This is primarily encoded by a high tone, sometimes combined with segmental morphemes, portmanteau negative tense-aspect morphemes and vowel lengthening. Each tense-aspect category has at least one particular negation strategy. Paper (V), Unravelling temperature terms in Sεlεε (with Francesca Di Garbo), investigates the grammatical constructions employed for temperature evaluations. Personal feeling is only encoded via subjects, while ambient and tactile evaluations are construed attributively and predicatively. A comparison of Selee and other GTM languages revealed similar noun morphologies but very different verbal morphologies. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Unpublished book chapter. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: In press. Paper 5: Unpublished book chapter.</p>