L’objectif principal de cette thèse est l’étude et la formalisation de nouvelles constructions permettant d’augmenter l’expressivité du filtrage et des langages à base de règles en général. Ceci est motivé par le développement de Tom, un système qui enrichit les langages impératifs comme Java et C avec des constructions de haut niveau comme le filtrage et les stratégies. Une première extension que l’on propose est la notion d’anti-patterns, i.e. des motifs qui peuvent contenir des symboles de complément. Nous définissons de manière formelle la sémantique des anti-patterns dans le cas syntaxique et modulo une théorie équationnelle arbitraire. Puis nous étendons la notion classique de filtrage entre les motifs et les termes clos au filtrage entre les anti-patterns et les termes clos (anti-filtrage). Ensuite, nous proposons plusieurs extensions aux constructions de filtrage fournies par Tom. La condition pour l’application d’une règle devient une conjonction ou disjonction de contraintes de filtrage et d’anti-filtrage ainsi que d’autres types de conditions. Les techniques classiques de compilation du filtrage ne sont pas bien adaptées à ces conditions complexes. On propose donc une nouvelle méthode de compilation basée sur des systèmes de réécriture contrôlés par des stratégies. Nous avons complètement réécrit le compilateur de Tom en utilisant cette technique. Tous ces éléments rassemblés constituent un environnement pour décrire et implémenter des transformations de manière élégante et concise. Pour promouvoir son utilisation dans des projets à grand échelle, on développe une technique pour extraire automatiquement des informations structurelles à partir d’une hiérarchie de classes Java. Cela permet l’intégration du filtrage offert par Tom dans n’importe quelle application Java / The main objective of this thesis is the study of new constructs and formalisms that increase the expressivity of pattern matching and rule based languages in general. This is motivated by the development of Tom, a system that adds high level constructs such as pattern matching and strategies to languages like Java and C. A first extension that we propose is the notion of anti-patterns, i.e. patterns that may contain complement symbols. We define formally the semantics of anti-patterns both in the syntactic case and modulo an arbitrary equational theory. We then extend the classical notion of matching between patterns and ground terms to matching between anti-patterns and ground terms. We further propose several extensions to the matching constructs provided by Tom. Consequently, the condition for the application of a rule becomes a combination of matching and anti-matching constraints together with other types of conditions. Classical compilation techniques for pattern matching are not very well suited for these complex conditions. Therefore we propose a new compilation method based on rewrite systems controlled by strategies, which provides a high level of modularity. Tom’s compiler has been rewritten from scratch using this technique. All this constitutes a software environment for expressing transformations in a clear and concise way. To promote its use in large scale applications, we propose an approach for extracting automatically structural information from arbitrary Java hierarchies. This allows a seamless integration of Tom’s pattern matching facilities in any application

La question du système des morphèmes de la négation simple ou composée en français suscite depuis toujours l’intérêt de la linguistique mais reste traitée de manière fluctuante par la linguistique diachronique qui l’étudie de façon inégale selon les périodes de l’histoire du français. En effet, concernant la période préclassique (1550-1630), si cette question est régulièrement abordée, aucune étude approfondie et détaillée du système de la négation n’existe à ce jour. Ainsi, ce travail s’inscrit au croisement d’une double visée de la recherche en linguistique : d’une part, celle d’un éclairage nouveau sur la question des marques grammaticales de la négation en français ; d’autre part, celle d’une réactualisation des questionnements sur la langue préclassique qui, longtemps négligée, jouit depuis une vingtaine d’années d’un regain d’intérêt croissant. La finalité de cette étude est de proposer une description précise de l’organisation et du fonctionnement du système des signes grammaticaux de la négation simple et de la négation composée (non, ne, ne…pas, ne…point, ne…jamais, etc.) à travers leurs divers emplois et leurs jeux de concurrence, tels qu’ils apparaissent dans un vaste corpus de textes de la période préclassique (1550-1630). Les méthodes de la morphosyntaxe et de la sémantique se sont avérées ici tout à fait adéquates, tout comme le cadre théorique de la psychomécanique du langage dont les postulats permettent de traiter en profondeur les enjeux et les subtilités impliqués par cette recherche. / The issue of simple and compound negation morphemes system in French language has always attracted a lot of interest. However, diachronic linguistics tackles this question in an uneven way according to different periods of French language’s history. Thus, although it is regularly mentioned, no detailed study about system of negation in pre-Classical French (1550-1630) exists so far.Therefore, this work has dual benefits for linguistics research: on the one hand it sheds a new light on the question of grammatical markers of negation in French; on the other hand it renews questions on the pre-Classical French language, which has been a topic of growing interest over the last two decades.The goal of this research is first to offer a detailed description of the organisation and operation of the system of simple and compound negation grammatical markers (non, ne, ne…pas, ne…point, ne…jamais, etc.) according to their different usages as they appear in a large text corpus of pre-Classical period (1550-1630). Their competition is also investigated. Morphosyntax and semantic methods turned out to be very efficient, as well as the theoretical framework of language psychomecanics whose postulates allow an in depth analysis of the issues and intricacies involved in this research.

Text in English / Negation and tense markers in the verb structure have been the subject of diverse linguistic descriptions, especially in Bantu languages. In Mozambique, however, many Bantu languages, including Cilenge, have not been sufficiently studied. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to examine tense and negation in Cilenge, with special reference to the strategies used to indicate negation and various tenses, from data collected in the Valenge community in Chidenguele, Manjacaze district, Gaza province. The study has shown that this language has wide categories of the past, while the future may be closer or distant and the present appears as focused, habitual, continuous and progressive. The variation and positioning of tense markers are mainly determined by the characteristics of the verb root. In relation to negation, Cilenge employs three strategies: the negative concord, the post-initial and the post-verbal. In some contexts, negative markers may also signal tense. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

We study the properties of a number of algorithms proposed to explore the computational space generated by a very simple and general idea: the notion of a mathematical definition and a number of suggested formal interpretations ofthis idea. Theories of partial inductive definitions (PID) constitute a class of logics based on the notion of an inductive definition. Formal systems based on this notion can be used to generalize Horn-logic and naturally allow and suggest extensions which differ in interesting ways from generalizations based on first order predicate calculus. E.g. the notion of completion generated by a calculus of PID and the resulting notion of negation is completely natural and does not require externally motivated procedures such as "negation as failure". For this reason, computational issues arising in these calculi deserve closer inspection. This work discuss a number of finitary theories of PID and analyzethe algorithmic and semantical issues that arise in each of them. There has been significant work on implementing logic programming languages in this setting and we briefly present the programming language and knowledge modelling tool GCLA II in which many of the computational prob-lems discussed arise naturally in practice. / <p>Also published as SICS Dissertation no. SICS-D-19</p>

This study investigates the cross-linguistic encoding of bad and evil expressions. Using parallel data from the Bible corpus consisting of translations of the New Testament into 30 languages, probabilistic semantic maps have been created using Multi-Dimensional scaling. Special attention has been paid to the presence of morphological and syntactic negation withinthe domain. The results show that languages either have one broader expression that is used within the entire domain, or they have at least two expressions of which one is broader, i.e. expresses a bad state, action or character flaw, and the other one narrower, i.e. is restricted to themost evil actions or characters which require a moral agent. Languages with several expressions vary largely in how broad or restricted the expressions are within the domain. Therefore, a scalar view of the domain has been proposed, rather than dividing the domain into discrete semantic categories. In the languages where negation marking was present within the domain, it only occurred in the broader expressions. / I denna studie undersöks den tvärspråkliga kodningen av uttryck med dålig och ond. Probabilistiska semantiska kartor har skapats med hjälp av Multi-Dimensional scaling genom att använda parallel data från Bibelkorpusen som består av 30 översättningar av Nya Testamentet. Förekomsten av eventuell morfologisk och syntaktisk negation inom domänen har tillägnats särskild uppmärksamhet. Resultaten visar att de flesta språken antingen har ett bredare uttryck som används inom hela domänen, eller har minst två uttryck varav ett är bredare, dvs används för dåliga tillstånd, handlingar eller karaktärsdrag, och det andra är mer begränsad, dvs används endast för de mest onda handlingar och karaktärer som kräver en moralisk agent. Språk med flera uttryck varierar mycktet i hur breda eller begränsade uttrycken är. En representation av den semantiska domänen som en skala föreslås därför, snarare än att dela uppdomänen i diskreta semantiska kategorier. I de språken där negation förekom inom domänen fanns det endast i de bredare uttrycken.

This dissertation represents an interpretation of the different forms of negativity in the modernist work that can be understood in terms of that which is unsaid, unsayable, or any other means of refusing to give an affirmative proposition regarding the world the work describes. It explores this negativity as both a representation of that which cannot be represented, and as an operational negativity, or negation, that takes part in the unmaking of the work's figures. The function of this negativity, as interpreted in Marcel Proust's Remembrance of Things Past (1913-1927), James Joyce's Ulysses (1922) and Krapp's Last Tape (1959) by Samuel Beckett, is to rewrite the representations of the work. Negativity is then also understood as a transformation and conditioning of elements already present in the literary work, that lead to ambivalent and problematic representations in the work. In this sense, negativity can be understood as a form of rewriting of the work's representations. The interpretations of the works of Proust, Joyce and Beckett are guided by this understanding, as given in the introduction, of negativity. In the analysis of Proust's novel, in "The Unmaking of Proust: Negation and Errors in Remembrance of Things Past", this form of negativity is situated in relation to Proust's handling of epistemological questions and mimetic references to reality in his work. The analysis of Joyce's work in "The Wandering of Language in James Joyce's Ulysses" discusses his treatment of language and the origins of language as being characterized by a negation that increases the difficulty of the language, and attempts to negate its origins. Finally, in the analysis of Beckett's "Krapp's Last Tape", in "Beckett, Proust, and the End of Literature", it is shown that negativity conditions both the reception of the influence of Proust by Beckett, and the play's attempt to suggest the end of writing. In conclusion the dissertation returns to the idea of negativity as a form of rewriting, and briefly indicates that the function of negativity in these novels can be understood as a form of invention. / Thesis (M.A.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000.

This dissertation represents an interpretation of the different forms of negativity in the modernist work that can be understood in terms of that which is unsaid, unsayable, or any other means of refusing to give an affirmative proposition regarding the world the work describes. It explores this negativity as both a representation of that which cannot be represented, and as an operational negativity, or negation, that takes part in the unmaking of the work's figures. The function of this negativity, as interpreted in Marcel Proust's Remembrance of Things Past (1913-1927), James Joyce's Ulysses (1922) and Krapp's Last Tape (1959) by Samuel Beckett, is to rewrite the representations of the work. Negativity is then also understood as a transformation and conditioning of elements already present in the literary work, that lead to ambivalent and problematic representations in the work. In this sense, negativity can be understood as a form of rewriting of the work's representations. The interpretations of the works of Proust, Joyce and Beckett are guided by this understanding, as given in the introduction, of negativity. In the analysis of Proust's novel, in "The Unmaking of Proust: Negation and Errors in Remembrance of Things Past", this form of negativity is situated in relation to Proust's handling of epistemological questions and mimetic references to reality in his work. The analysis of Joyce's work in "The Wandering of Language in James Joyce's Ulysses" discusses his treatment of language and the origins of language as being characterized by a negation that increases the difficulty of the language, and attempts to negate its origins. Finally, in the analysis of Beckett's "Krapp's Last Tape", in "Beckett, Proust, and the End of Literature", it is shown that negativity conditions both the reception of the influence of Proust by Beckett, and the play's attempt to suggest the end of writing. In conclusion the dissertation returns to the idea of negativity as a form of rewriting, and briefly indicates that the function of negativity in these novels can be understood as a form of invention. / Thesis (M.A.)--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2000.

This study analyzes negative particle variation (i.e., the variable presence or absence of the negative particle ne) in synchronous French chat discourse within a labovian-inspired framework. Selected morphosyntactic, lexical, and phonological constraints are considered. Multivariate analyses performed by GoldVarb 2001 revealed that subject type (i.e., NP, [- overt] subject environment, pronoun) and the phonological environment preceding the position of neregardless of its presence or absenceare determining factors in the variation. In addition, discursive-pragmatic effect was explored in a sub-sample of data. The results indicate that ne is seldom present in verbal negation during explanatory discourse style, yet it is very likely to be retained in ludic, emphatic, and proverbial styles.

Sein und Zeit est une Abhandlung, un « traité ». Si à aucun moment il ne donne de ce statut, qu’il revendique pourtant explicitement, une définition expresse, Sein und Zeit le fonde cependant dans sa propre structure méréologique, c’est-à-dire dans l’articulation, en lui, d’un tout et de parties. Cette structure ne se limite pas à la division textuelle de l’ouvrage en parties, sections, chapitres et paragraphes. Mais elle implique plus profondément la concordance de ces divisions textuelles et de celles de la chose même, c’est-à-dire du Dasein, dont la structure : l’être-au-monde, fait elle-même l’objet d’une tripartition. Il en résulte un risque, conjointement textuel et ontologique, de fragmentation, qui s’avère en définitive inhérent à l’acte même de détermination. Ce serait donc l’acte problématique de déterminer le Dasein qui, s’approfondissant en problème méréologique, confèrerait à Sein und Zeit sa structure de traité. Notre propos est alors de montrer que le traité de 1927 permet d’interpréter son inachèvement précisément à partir de sa structure de traité – c’est-à- dire à partir d’un projet méréologique de détermination qui, parce qu’il culmine dans la découverte d’une indétermination constitutive, n’autorise plus aucune articulation du tout et des parties, et qui, pourtant, ne peut ou ne veut abandonner la structure de traité qu’il avait initialement adoptée. / “Sein und Zeit” is a Abhandlung, a “treatise”. Even though it never gives an express definition of this status, which it claims yet explicitly, “Sein und Zeit” founds it nevertheless on its own mereological structure, in other words on the articulation of a whole and its parts. This structure isn’t limited to a textual division of the work into parts, sections, chapters and paragraphs. At a deeper level, it implies the concordance of these textual divisions and those of the thing itself, that is to say those of the Dasein, whose structure: being-in-the-world, is itself the object of a tripartition. As a result, there’s a risk of fragmentation, both textual and ontological, which turns out to be inherent in the very act of determination. Thus, it would be the problematic act of determining the Dasein, which, by going deeper into the mereological problem, would give to “Sein und Zeit” its treatise structure. Consequently, our purpose is to show that the treatise of 1927 allows to interpret its incompletion precisely on the basis of its treatise structure – that is to say on the basis of a merelogical project of determination which doesn’t authorize an articulation of a whole and of its parts because it reaches its highest point with the discovery of a constituent indetermination, and which nevertheless can’t or doesn’t want to abandon the treatise structure it had initially adopted.

Ancrée dans une perspective interactionnelle, cette thèse présente une analyse du phénomène de refus. À partir de sa caractérisation en tant que deuxième partie de paire adjacente, nous avons constitué une collection d’occurrences, issues de corpus audiovisuels documentant plusieurs types d’interaction (conversations entre amis, préparations de repas, interactions en site commercial, visites guidées). Nous avons proposé une transcription détaillée des extraits retenus, qui rend compte des productions verbales ainsi que de la multimodalité. Sous le double angle de vue de la linguistique interactionnelle et de la macrosyntaxe aixoise, nous avons mené une analyse combinée afin de proposer des caractérisations à la fois séquentielles et syntaxiques des actions initiatives et réactives dans les échanges comportant un refus. La première partie analytique de la thèse porte sur le refus d’un objet, la deuxième partie examine le refus d’une réponse incorporée dans la formulation d’une demande de confirmation. Nous avons ainsi fait dialoguer dans une démarche opérationnelle deux approches qui opèrent dans le champ de la langue parlée en interaction. Les analyses multimodales et interactionnelles nous ont conduit à l’individuation de motifs séquentiels, pour lesquels nous avons également pu dégager une caractérisation macrosyntaxique. Dans ce travail, la négation est étroitement liée à la réalisation du refus, elle est considérée à la fois à travers les ressources verbales qui permettent de l’exprimer et dans ses manifestations physiques (secouements de tête, gestes manuels, expressions mimiques). / Our research focuses on rejection in conversation, from an interactional linguistic perspective. Rejection is sequentially characterized as a second pair part. Our analysis is based on a collection of instances from naturally occurring video data (ordinary conversations, dinner conversations, interactions in commercial settings, meal preparations, guided tours). We propose a fine-grained transcription of conversational excerpts, taking into account multimodal and verbal resources. From a perspective relying on interactional linguistics and Aix macrosyntax, we carry out a mixed analysis in order to study both sequential and syntactic characterizations of initiative and reactive actions in sequences involving rejection.The first part of our study focuses on the rejection of concrete offers dealing with objects, the second part concerns rejections of candidate answers dealing with confirmation requests. Our research is grounded in talk-in-interaction and we mobilize two approaches that operate in this field. The multimodal and interactional analysis allows us to highlight sequential patterns, which can also be characterized in macrosyntactic terms. In our data, negation is closely connected to the realization of rejection: it is considered both through the verbal resources that enable it to be expressed and in its physical manifestations (head shakes, hand gestures, facial expressions).