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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
141

Expandindo os limites da gramática: a multifuncionalidade linguístico-discursiva da construção NÃO pré-verbal em Redações de Vestibular

Assis, Dalva Lobão 29 February 2016 (has links)
Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-08-25T11:25:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 34277584 bytes, checksum: 6fc5e0665234e0ce22ab6e264ba741fb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-25T11:25:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 34277584 bytes, checksum: 6fc5e0665234e0ce22ab6e264ba741fb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / Negation is a linguistic universal event present in all languages; each one of them reveals particular forms of manifesting the act of denying, naturally mental, human in excellence. This work aims at describing the discursive-linguistic functioning of one of the negation forms in Portuguese, the pre-verbal NO, particularly in Vestibular entrance Essays, based on the linguistic Functionalism to American side, especially in the sociocognitiva approach of the grammaticalization process (GIVÓN, 1979, 1984,1990, 2012; TRAUGOTT, 1984; HOPPER, 1987; TRAUGOTT e HEINE, 1991; HEINE et alii, 1991). We compared the traditional and functionalist approaches concerning the negation adverb NO, taking into account the possibility of the pre-verbal NO, more specifically, constituting a correlated negative construction. Then, we described the uses of the construction of the pre-verbal NO in the textual genre in focus, verifying the most and least prototypical of such uses, as well as recursive and encapsulated forms of such construction. We concluded, finally, that the discursive-linguistic functioning of the pre-verbal NO could present a synchronic path of grammaticalization in frank change, considering more connective and modalizadores-argumentative uses, given the constitution of a correlated negative construction, specifically in opinion essays, written by candidates of the 2013 Vestibular, from Universidade Estadual da Paraíba. / La negación es un universal lingüístico presente en todas las lenguas, cada una de las cuales revela formas particulares de expresar el acto de negar, mental por naturaleza, humano por excelencia. El objetivo de este estudio es describir el funcionamiento lingüístico y discursivo de una de las formas de negación en la lengua portuguesa, el NO preverbal, sobre todo en las redacciones de selectividad basado en el funcionalismo lingüístico al lado americano, especialmente en la aproximación sociocognitiva del proceso de gramaticalización (GIVÓN, 1979, 1984,1990, 2012; TRAUGOTT, 1984; HOPPER, 1987; TRAUGOTT e HEINE, 1991; HEINE et alii, 1991). Comparamos los enfoques tradicional y funcionalista en el tratamiento dado al adverbio de negación NO, teniendo en vista la posibilidad del preverbal NO, más específicamente, constituir una correlación negativa construcción. Con este fin, describimos los usos de la construcción NO preverbal en el género en cuestión, comprobando las situaciones más prototípicas y menos prototípicas de estos usos, así como las formas recursivas y encapsuladas de tal construcción. Observamos, por último, que el funcionamiento lingüístico-discursivo del NO preverbal puede presentar una trayectoria sincrónica de gramaticalización en claro cambio, a partir de los usos más conectivos y modalizadores-argumentativa, con miras a la constitución de una correlación negativa construcción, más particularmente en Artículos de opinión escritos por los candidatos para la Selectividad 2013 de la Universidad Estadual da Paraíba. / A negação é um universal linguístico presente em todas as línguas, cada uma das quais revelando formas particulares de manifestar o ato de negar, mental por natureza, humano por excelência. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o funcionamento linguístico-discursivo de uma das formas de negação em língua portuguesa, o NÃO pré-verbal, particularmente em Redações de Vestibular, com base no Funcionalismo linguístico de vertente norte-americana, em especial na abordagem sociocognitiva do processo de gramaticalização (GIVÓN, 1979, 1984,1990, 2012; TRAUGOTT, 1984; HOPPER, 1987; TRAUGOTT e HEINE, 1991; HEINE et alii, 1991). Comparamos as abordagens tradicional e funcionalista no tratamento dado ao advérbio de negação NÃO, tendo em vista a possibilidade de o NÃO pré-verbal, mais especificamente, constituir uma construção correlata negativa. Para tanto, descrevemos os usos da construção NÃO pré-verbal no gênero textual em questão, verificando as situações mais prototípicas e menos prototípicas desses usos, bem como formas recursivas e encapsuladas de tal construção. Constatamos, enfim, que o funcionamento linguístico-discursivo do NÃO pré-verbal pode apresentar uma trajetória sincrônica de gramaticalização em franca mudança, a partir de usos mais conectivos e modalizadores/argumentativos, tendo em vista a constituição de uma construção correlata negativa, mais particularmente em Artigos de opinião, escritos por candidatos ao Vestibular 2013, da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba.
142

Quem quiser comprar uma morada de casas de sobrado, Aproveite! Oportunidade única: o gênero classificados de imóveis / Quem quiser comprar uma morada de casas de sobrado, Aproveite! Oportunidade única: the genre of real estate classified ads.

Renata Guimarães Palmeira 03 March 2010 (has links)
A partir da perspectiva teórica da Análise do Discurso de base enunciativa (MAINGUENEAU, 2005), com ênfase no conceito de gênero de discurso (BAKHTIN, 2000), esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os classificados de imóveis tendo como corpus classificados de imóveis para venda, recortados do jornal O Globo, do domingo, dia 22 de junho de 2008, do caderno Morar Bem, referentes a imóveis residenciais de todos os tipos, localizados no bairro de Copacabana, no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Na análise desses classificados, ao se destacar suas características recorre-se a conceitos como descrição (ADAM, 1993), argumentação (CHARAUDEAU, 2009) e negação polêmica (DUCROT, 1987). Observando os textos desses anúncios, percebe-se a baixa ocorrência de enunciados que apresentem negação, ou ausência de algum elemento, marcadas linguisticamente. Contudo, a análise torna possível identificar outras marcas linguísticas, de afirmação, que apontam para uma dissimetria entre os enunciados afirmativos e negativos, sendo que, neste caso, é a negação que é apresentada na afirmação de forma mais fundamental que a afirmação na negação. A essa afirmação se deu o nome de afirmação polêmica / From the point of view of French discourse analysis (MAINGUENEAU, 2005), focusing on the concept of discourse genre (BAKHTIN, 2000), the object of this dissertation is to analyze real estate classified ads based on a corpus formed by real estate classified ads for sale, taken from O GLOBO newspaper, on the Sunday June 22nd, 2008 edition, from the supplementary section Morar Bem. The ads refer to all kinds of home real estate, located in Copacabana, in the City of Rio de Janeiro. The analysis of these classified ads highlighted some of their characteristics which led to concepts like description (ADAM, 1993), argumentation (CHARAUDEAU, 2009) and linguistic negation (DUCROT, 1987). Observing the text of these ads it is possible to notice that only a few of them show on their enunciation the presence of negation or absence, through the linguistic marking of no, without, absence or discharge. However, the analysis allowed us to identify other linguistic markings of affirmation which point to a lack of balance between affirmative and negative utterances in this case, negation is present in affirmation more frequently than the opposite. This affirmation was named polemical affirmation
143

Igualdade substantiva, polÃtica radical e educaÃÃo: mediaÃÃes para a negaÃÃo do capital na obra de IstvÃn MÃszÃros

Wildiana KÃtia Monteiro Jovino 31 July 2015 (has links)
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Esta Tese de Doutorado, fundamentada no pensamento do filÃsofo marxista IstvÃn MeszÃros, defende que a construÃÃo do âmodo de controle reprodutivo socialâ, qualificado de socialista, nÃo se separa da negaÃÃo ontolÃgica do modo de controle metabÃlico social do capital. Para tanto, faz-se necessÃrio, por um lado, redefinir as condiÃÃes de vida impostas pelo conjunto de âmediaÃÃes antagÃnicas de segunda ordem do capitalâ, como a famÃlia nuclear, a produÃÃo alienada, o dinheiro, os objetivos fetichistas da produÃÃo, o trabalho assalariado, o Estado e o mercado mundial, e, por outro, reivindicar a transformaÃÃo econÃmica e social radical que deve ser realizada, segundo a nossa interpretaÃÃo do autor, atravÃs de mediaÃÃes, tais como: 1) a igualdade substantiva como princÃpio primus inter pares a gerir as relaÃÃes sociais, haja vista que a superaÃÃo definitiva do sistema do capital depende da adoÃÃo de uma estrutura de reproduÃÃo social fundamentalmente diferente, na qual a âuniversalizaÃÃo do trabalhoâ e os frutos positivos da atividade produtiva devem ser igualmente repartidos; 2) a polÃtica radical que, em expresso e claro combate à polÃtica burguesa, exercida por uns em nome de variadas formas de dominaÃÃo sobre os outros, deve restituir à base social o poder de controle e a tomada de decisÃo polÃtica, dos quais a classe trabalhadora foi mantida sempre alheia; e 3) a educaÃÃo, que, embora se encontre refÃm do poder mercadolÃgico que a classifica como um campo inesgotÃvel de rendimentos para o capital, se adequadamente engajada no projeto socialista de sociedade, à uma prÃtica social integrante da teia de mediaÃÃes que rejeita o domÃnio do capital e à capaz de dar amparo à formaÃÃo/autoformaÃÃo crÃtica dos sujeitos em prol da emancipaÃÃo humano-social. Nessa perspectiva, percebe-se, portanto, que nÃo serà a mera substituiÃÃo do poder polÃtico, de uma classe por outra, ou a âexpropriaÃÃo dos expropriadoresâ por decreto, que irà alterar a base material das mediaÃÃes antagÃnicas de segunda ordem do sistema do capital. A crenÃa na onipotÃncia do Estado como agente da promoÃÃo social, como promoveram, por exemplo, a experiÃncia do Welfare State e a do sistema soviÃtico, desconsidera o papel decisivo exercido por ele na preservaÃÃo das estruturas alienadas e desumanas que envolvem a trÃplice relaÃÃo capital, trabalho e Estado, como, tambÃm, relativiza a forÃa contundente dos imperativos da expansÃo e acumulaÃÃo do capital sobre o desejo polÃtico de controle do sistema. Metodologicamente guiados pelo materialismo histÃrico-dialÃtico, à possÃvel concluir que o desfecho vital da superaÃÃo da ordem do capital requer transformaÃÃes histÃricas e estruturais na relaÃÃo de subordinaÃÃo do trabalho ao capital, de modo a instituir a verdadeira igualdade, a participaÃÃo associada dos produtores e a educaÃÃo contÃnua do sujeito emancipatÃrio.
144

Aspectos da historia gramatical do portugues : interpolação, negação e mudança / Aspects of portuguese historical grammar : interpolation, negation and change

Namiuti, Cristiane 25 February 2008 (has links)
Orientador: Charlotte Marie Chambelland Galves / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-11T00:29:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Namiuti_Cristiane_D.pdf: 2882252 bytes, checksum: f27f36bb3b5572d80ce034194a24db53 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esta tese tem como objetivo central a investigação do fenômeno da interpolação em textos de autores portugueses nascidos entre os séculos 15 e 19, que compõem o Corpus Anotado do Português Histórico ¿ Tycho Brahe. As reflexões, bem como a metodologia de classificação e a análise de dados têm como pano de fundo o quadro teórico de Princípios e Parâmetros da Gramática Gerativa (cf. Chomsky, 1995). Na comparação com o mesmo fenômeno no português antigo, observei que a interpolação da negação se estende a novos contextos: encontrei o 'não¿ interpolado em orações raízes sem que algum operador proclisador introduzisse a oração e em orações infinitivas que não contextualizavam a próclise categórica. As primeiras ocorrências de interpolação da negação nestes novos contextos foram encontradas em textos do século 15, e são freqüentes nos séculos 16 e 17 (português clássico, de acordo com a periodização tradicional). Atestamos que a interpolação dos constituintes do VP desaparece dos textos no século 16, no mesmo período encontramos um padrão proclítico nas orações raízes 'XP-verbo¿ (remeto a Galves, Britto e Paixão de Sousa 2005). Também notamos que a não adjacência entre o complementizador e o pronome clítico se torna mais comum neste mesmo período. Argumento que a preferência pela próclise verbal nas orações matrizes nos séculos 16 e 17 está relacionada com a perda da interpolação de XPs. E, proponho que os novos contextos de interpolação da negação são derivados deste padrão proclítico nas orações raízes. Mais tarde, quando a ênclise se torna a regra nas orações raízes 'XP-verbo¿ a interpolação da negação neste contexto desaparece. Assim, os resultados evidenciam um estado gramatical intermediário entre o português antigo (séculos 13 e 14) e o português europeu moderno (a partir do século 18). Denominado de português médio por Galves (2004). Adotamos a proposta de Martins (1994) da existência de um Sintagma funcional de polaridade na estrutura da oração ¿ _P ¿ situado entre CP e IP. E propomos que a gramática do português antigo teria um pronome clítico capaz de se hospedar no núcleo mais alto da estrutura frasal (C°). A gramática intermediária terá resultado da perda da propriedade de subida do clítico para este núcleo, mantendo-se em _°. Na gramática moderna o clítico não sobe além de I°. Quanto à variação na colocação pronominal átona encontrada nos domínios negativos, em todas as épocas, mas, sobretudo no português médio e no português europeu moderno, defendo a hipótese de que esta está relacionada com o caráter de núcleo funcional e de clítico do operador de negação 'NÃO¿. Sendo o operador de negação sentencial a instanciação negativa do núcleo _° em português, a incorporação de _-Neg° ao verbo é obrigatória. E, como os clíticos pronominais obedecem a restrições de domínio morfo-fonológico, derivamos as três gramáticas no quadro teórico da Morfologia Distribuída por melhor capturar processos como a inversão prosódica, e a incorporação do 'não¿ ao verbo / Abstract: In this Dissertation I present and discuss the phenomenon of interpolation in texts of Portuguese authors born from the 15th to the 19th Century, drawn from the Annotated Corpus of Historical Portuguese - Tycho Brahe. The theory Principles and Parameters of Generative Grammar is the analysis¿ background (cf. Chomsky, 1995). In comparison with the same phenomenon in Old Portuguese, we can see that the interpolation of negation extends to new contexts: we find ¿não¿ interpolated in root clauses without any proclitic operator before the clitic as well as in non-finite contexts in which proclisis is not categorical. The first occurrences appearing in those new contexts are found in texts written at the end of the 15th Century and they are frequent in the texts of the 16th and 17th Centuries (Classical Portuguese, according to traditional periodization). I show that the interpolation of VP constituents disappeared from the texts from the 16th Century on. At the same time we find a strong proclitic pattern in root neutral clauses 'XP-verb¿ (see Galves, Britto and Paixão de Sousa 2005). We can also see that the non adjacency of the complementizer and the clitic became more common at the same period. I argue that the proclitic pattern found in matrix clauses during the 16th and the 17th Century is correlated with the loss of XP¿s interpolation. The new contexts of neg-interpolation derive from this proclitic pattern in root clauses. Later, when enclisis becomes the rule, this kind of neg-interpolation is lost. Therefore, these results evidence an intermediate state of grammar in the history of Portuguese, between Old Portuguese (13th and 14th Centuries) and Modern Portuguese (18th Century on). Galves (2004) called it Middle Portuguese. Following Martins (1994), I assume the existence of a polarity functional category in clause¿ structure - called _P - located between CP and IP. And, I hypothesize that Old Portuguese grammar has a clitic that it can move to Cº, while Middle Portuguese grammar has a clitic that it can not move to C° head, it needs to stop in _° head. In Modern European Portuguese, the clitic can¿t move above I°. About the variation in the position of pronominal clitics in negative sentences on diachronical Portuguese texts, especially on Middle and Modern Portuguese, I defend the hypothesis that it can be explained by the clitic nature of the negative operator. Being the negative operator the realization of the negative polarity of _°, the incorporation of _-Neg° and verb is obligatory. And, since pronominal clitics obey morpho-phonological restrictions, I explain the three grammars into Distribute Morphology theory to get better the prosodic invertion processes and the incorporation / Doutorado / Linguistica / Doutor em Linguística
145

Finns det dubbelnegation i svenska dialekter? : -inte...e i två Hälsingemål / Is there double negation in swedish dialects? : A synchronic study of the syntactic distribution of inte.. e in two swedish dialects

Skirgard, Hedvig January 2010 (has links)
I den här uppsatsen beskrivs den syntaktiska distributionen av en andra negator, e i två svenska dialekter. Det finns tidigare belägg för att e förekommer i slutet av negerade satser i icke-standarddialekter. Uppsatsen redogör också för tidigare forskning om ett relaterat rikssvenskt fenomen (inte... inte), dialektforskning om e samt språktypologisk forskning som relaterar till negation och i synnerhet dubbelnegation. Uppsatsen baseras på en parallell\-korpusundersökning med material från två svenska dialekter, Forsamål och Jarssemål. I undersökningen studeras syntaktiska mönster som är relevanta för distributionen av en andra negator, såsom satstyp, underordning, upprepning av subjekt med mera. Huvudresultatet är att e är mycket frekvent, särskilt efter huvudsatser. E är mycket ovanligt i bisatser, men annars finns det få tendenser till andra syntaktiska mönster i materialet. Olika teorier om vad denna andra negator skulle kunna ha eller ha haft för funktion presenteras. Vidare forskning om den syntaktiska distributionen av e i fler dialekter såväl som dess funktion i desamma behövs. / This bachelor thesis is a description of the syntactic distribution of a second negator, e, in two Swedish dialects. Previous research establishes the occurence of this e in clase-final position in non-standard dialects of Swedish, but does rarely provide in-depth analysis of e as a second negator. A background of previous research on a related phenomena in standard Swedish (inte... inte), research in swedish dialects and the linguistic field of negation and double negation is presented and used in the understanding of e. The data used is from a parallel corpus of Swedish dialects called ''Mormors katt'', the two dialects are Jarrsemål and Forsamål. This data is analyzed for syntactic patterns in the distribution on e, such as subordination, clause type, repeated subject etc. The most important finding is that e is very frequent in the data and that it is especially frequent in main clauses. Different theories on why this is and what function e has are put forward. Futher research on the distribution of e in even more dialects is required.
146

Omöjlig, olycklig, oönskad : O-prefigerade adjektiv och particip i svensk blogg- och nyhetstext / Unachievable, Unhappy, Unwanted

Couturier Kaijser, Vilma January 2016 (has links)
Negationsaffigering av adjektiv förekommer i flera indoeuropeiska språk. Tidigare studier visar på tydliga mönster, som att den affigerade stammen ofta är avledd och har positivt värde. Affigeringen skapar en negativ antonym till det affigerade ordet. Syftet med denna korpusstudie är att undersöka o-prefixet i dagens svenska. I första delen undersöks prefigerade stammars form och värde. Studiens resultat visar att 91,5 % av de 563 mest frekventa orden har en avledd stam, många av dessa är deverbala. Bland de 100 mest frekventa orden har stammen främst positivt värde. Det förekommer asymmetri i prefixets användning. 11,2 % av studiens prefigerade stammar har inte en icke-prefigerad form. 48 av de 100 mest frekventa orden tillhör den semantiska typen MÄNSKLIG BENÄGENHET. Studiens andra del undersöker antonymförhållanden mellan prefigerade och icke-prefigerade ord. I de få fall där det inte råder ett direkt antonymförhållande har det prefigerade ordet ofta en mer generell och abstrakt betydelse än det icke-prefigerade. Det prefigerade ordet kan också ha en äldre, inaktuell betydelse av stammen. Denna studie visar inga tydliga mönster i generalitet eller abstrakthet i betydelse mellan prefigerade ord och lexikala antonymer till den icke-prefigerade stammen. / Affixal negation of adjectives occur in several Indo-European languages. Previous studies show recurring patterns: the affixed stem is derived and has a positive value. The affixation creates a negative antonym. This corpus-based study examines the prefix o- in modern Swedish. The form and value of prefixed stems are investigated. The results of this study show that 91.5 % of the 563 most frequent prefixed words have a derived stem and many are deverbal. Among the 100 most frequent words, the stems have a positive value. Asymmetry in the use of the prefix occurs. 11.2 % of the study’s prefixed stems do not have a non-prefixed form. 48 of the 100 most frequent words belong to the semantic type HUMAN PROPENSITY. The second part of this study investigates the antonymic relationship between prefixed and non-prefixed words. The prefixed word often has a more general and abstract meaning when there is no direct antonymic relationship. The prefixed word may also have an older meaning, which is no longer used today. This study shows no clear patterns in differences in generality and abstractness in meaning between the prefixed word and the lexical antonym to the non-prefixed word.
147

Counterfactuals in Context

Buschbom, Dirk 03 June 2013 (has links)
No description available.
148

La négation dans le fragment moraliste (La Rochefoucauld, Pascal, Vauvenargues, Chamfort) / Negation in Moralist Fragments

Riocreux, Ingrid 23 November 2013 (has links)
Fait de langue omniprésent et multiforme (impliquant des données morpho-syntaxiques et lexicales), la négation constitue véritablement un stylème de la moralistique classique. Focalisation, incidence, forclusion, négation uniceptive, implicite, préfixale, lexématique, problèmes de polarité et de scalarité : le statut central de la négation permet de saisir un positionnement énonciatif commun aux quatre auteurs du corpus autant qu’une prise de position philosophique spécifique à chacun d’eux. L’ambiguïté pragmatique communément associée à la négation est levée, dès lors que l’on admet la possibilité d’une lecture à plusieurs niveaux : la négation descriptive correspond à la représentation traditionnelle du discours moraliste comme une parole solitaire, isolée entre deux blancs typographiques. Mais précisément, lorsqu’on considère cette parole comme un discours adressé, la dimension polémique de la négation apparaît pleinement, plus précisément sa portée contre-doxique et métalinguistique. Les moralistes dénoncent le caractère faussé du discours commun ; ils conçoivent la négation comme un moyen de rompre le lien de référentialité abusif établi par celui-ci entre des concepts moraux et des comportements qui n’ont de vertueux que l’apparence. De l’héritage apophatique, sensible chez Pascal, jusqu’au prénihilisme chamfortien, en passant par l’anthropologie négative de La Rochefoucauld et l’immanentisme anti-artificialiste de la morale chez Vauvenargues, la négation offre une grille de lecture nouvelle pour étudier l’évolution du genre moraliste. / Based on quantitative data, this study shows how essential negation is in the understanding of moralistique as a literary genre that can be identified as such through precise formal elements. I examine many aspects of negation, including the questions of scope, internal and external negations, restricted negation, forclusion, implicit negation, prefixal and lexematic negation and polarity scales. Not only is negation a linguistic scheme (involving various morpho-syntactic as well as lexical patterns) but it also works as a stylistic device which the moralists make a constant and specific use of. Whereas it is commonly held that negation is pragmatically ambiguous, I argue that, in focusing on the moralist as a spectator of society, the critiques have implicitly considered negation to be mostly descriptive. While correct, this interpretation should be qualified. The main aspect of the moralists’ negation rests in its polemical power. The moralists intend to rectify a biased use of words resulting from a false conception of moral values. Therefore, these writers do not say what things are as much as what they are not. From Pascal’s apophatic views, through La Rochefoucauld’s negative anthropology and Vauvenargues’ refusal of artificial morality, to Chamfort’s prenihilistic philosophy, negation appears as a new way to get a better understanding of the evolution of moralistique.
149

Enseigner les concepts logiques en début d'université dans l'espace mathématique francophone : aspects didactiques épistémologiques et langagiers. Une étude de cas au Cameroun / Teaching of the concepts of logic in francophone mathematics’ area : epistemological, didactic and language aspects. Case study in Cameroon

Sadja kam, Judith 29 November 2013 (has links)
L’objet de notre étude porte sur la logique et le langage à la transition entre le lycée et l’université dans le contexte camerounais. Au Cameroun, dans l’enseignement secondaire, les concepts de logique sont très peu explicités en classe de mathématiques, du fait que leur enseignement n’est pas prescrit par les nouveaux programmes1 officiels. Ce n’est pas le cas de l’enseignement supérieur où un cours de logique formelle sous forme de rappel, est souvent donné en début d’année. Ce cours n’est pas prescrit par les programmes, mais certains enseignants en voient la nécessité. Les résultats de plusieurs travaux ont montré que certaines des difficultés que les étudiants rencontrent dans la pratique des mathématiques proviennent d’une mauvaise maîtrise des concepts de logique. Nous faisons l’hypothèse qu’ils sont insuffisamment pris en charge pa rles enseignants dans la classe de mathématiques, qui pensent qu’ils sont disponibles chez les étudiants, du fait de leur utilisation dans la vie courante d’une part, et progressivement dans l’activité mathématique. La thèse que nous soutenons est que, pour rendre opératoire les concepts de logique chez lesétudiants nouvellement arrivés à l’université, un minimum d’explicitation de ces concepts en relation avec leur usage dans l’activité mathématique est nécessaire pour les apprentissages en mathématiques à tout le moins dans l’enseignement supérieur. Pour défendre notre thèse, nous avons divisé notre travail en deux parties. Dans la première partie, nous présentons des éléments théoriques et analytiques nécessaires à notre travail, et une revue des travaux antérieurs en relation avec notre problématique. La deuxième partie porte sur les résultats d’une expérimentation que nous avons menée avec des élèves de terminale C d’un lycée de Yaoundé 2, et des étudiants de première année de licence de mathématiques de l’Ecole Normale Supérieure de Yaoundé. Elle s’est déroulée en deux temps : nous avons fait passer un questionnaire portant sur la logique et le langage aux élèves et aux étudiants, et à la suite de ce questionnaire, nous avons organisé un module de suivi avec huit étudiants ayant passé ce questionnaire. Le questionnaire nous a permis de repérer certaines conceptions des élèves et des étudiants concernant les concepts de logique,et le module de suivi a permis de provoquer des débats qui permettaient dans certains cas d’affiner nos analyses et nous donnaient des éléments permettant d’identifier des occasions pour expliciter certaines notions. / Our study focuses on logic and language at the transition between high school and university in the Cameroonian context. In Cameroon secondary education, the concepts of logic are paid little attention in mathematics classes, due to the fact that their teaching is not prescribed in the new official syllabuses3. This is not the case of higher education, where a course on formal logic is oftengiven at the beginning of the year to first year university students, with a refreshing purpose. That course is not required in the syllabus, but some teachers see the need. Several scientific studies have shown that some of the difficulties encountered by studentswhile practicing mathematics come from their poor familiarity with concepts of logic. We assume that these students are insufficiently attended to by their teachers who think that the concepts are at their reach, since they are used in everyday life on the one hand, and they are gradually used in mathematical activities, on the other hand. In this thesis, we stand for the point that, for the concepts of logic to become real operational tools to a student who begins university studies, some teaching of these concepts which should address the connections with mathematical activities is necessary, at least as a starting point in higher education studies. To defend our thesis, we have divided our work into two parts which are as follows : In the first part, we present theoretical material necessary to our work as well as other technical tools that will be needed. We also provide a review of previous studies related to our issue. The second part is on an experiment we carried out with students from the Upper Sixth class - science option - of a high school in Yaoundé (Cameroon), and with first year university students of mathematics of the Yaoundé Higher Teachers’ Training College. This experiment had two stages : Firstly, the high school students and the university students filled out a questionnaire on logic and language. Following this, we organized a follow-up module involving 8 students purposely selected from their answers to the questionnaire. This questionnaire enabled us to detect meaningful points on how high school and university students grasp the concepts of logic, and the module helped to start debates which enabled in some cases to refine our analysis, and also provided us with strategic approaches forexplaining certain concepts of logic.
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Finding conflicting statements in the biomedical literature

Sarafraz, Farzaneh January 2012 (has links)
The main archive of life sciences literature currently contains more than 18,000,000 references, and it is virtually impossible for any human to stay up-to-date with this large number of papers, even in a specific sub-domain. Not every fact that is reported in the literature is novel and distinct. Scientists report repeat experiments, or refer to previous findings. Given the large number of publications, it is not surprising that information on certain topics is repeated over a number of publications. From consensus to contradiction, there are all shades of agreement between the claimed facts in the literature, and considering the volume of the corpus, conflicting findings are not unlikely. Finding such claims is particularly interesting for scientists, as they can present opportunities for knowledge consolidation and future investigations. In this thesis we present a method to extract and contextualise statements about molecular events as expressed in the biomedical literature, and to find those that potentially conflict each other. The approach uses a system that detects event negations and speculation, and combines those with contextual features (e.g. type of event, species, and anatomical location) to build a representational model for establishing relations between different biological events, including relations concerning conflicts. In the detection of negations and speculations, rich lexical, syntactic, and semantic features have been exploited, including the syntactic command relation. Different parts of the proposed method have been evaluated in a context of the BioNLP 09 challenge. The average F-measures for event negation and speculation detection were 63% (with precision of 88%) and 48% (with precision of 64%) respectively. An analysis of a set of 50 extracted event pairs identified as potentially conflicting revealed that 32 of them showed some degree of conflict (64%); 10 event pairs (20%) needed a more complex biological interpretation to decide whether there was a conflict. We also provide an open source integrated text mining framework for extracting events and their context on a large-scale basis using a pipeline of tools that are available or have been developed as part of this research, along with 72,314 potentially conflicting molecular event pairs that have been generated by mining the entire body of accessible biomedical literature. We conclude that, whilst automated conflict mining would need more comprehensive context extraction, it is feasible to provide a support environment for biologists to browse potential conflicting statements and facilitate data and knowledge consolidation.

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