The varying presentations of the rules for <em> nicht</em> and <em>kein</em> found in intermediate grammar books for students in North America and DaF-learners in Germany highlight the difficulty in finding sources that are both reliable and consistent as well as easily applicable. This thesis seeks to compare the explanations found in A.E. Hammer’s <em>German Grammar and Usage</em> (revised by Martin Durrell), Helbig/Buscha’s <em>Deutsche Grammatik</em>, and Hall/Scheiner’s <em>Übungsgrammatik</em>, comparing all three to the basis of their information, <em>Duden: die Grammatik</em>. In order to assess how and where these sources converge and diverge, the analysis compares the intended use of each book, followed by the underlying concepts and terms, and then finally the rules for negation. The final two chapters attempt to answer two important questions that arise from comparing these sources. First, do beginner level textbooks prepare students with sufficient declarative grammar knowledge to understand and apply negation rules successfully? An analysis of <em>Kontakte’s</em> approach to teaching grammar, most specifically how to use <em>nicht</em> and <em>kein</em>, seeks to answer the first question. Secondly, could authors use a different approach for explaining this difficult grammar topic? Professor Hardarik Blühdorn’s approach, as presented in his course <em>Negation: Syntax, Prosodie und Semantik</em> at the Universität Mannheim during the Fall semester of 2007, serves as an example of new research. His different approach might help non-native speakers of German learn how to use <em>nicht</em> and <em>kein</em> correctly. The analysis reaches three main conclusions. First of all, the rules differ primarily in the amount of detail used, as well as in the inconsistent use of common terminology across the sources. Secondly, beginner’s level textbooks do not provide students with sufficient information about general grammar or negation to help them transition to using explanations found in intermediate grammar books. In order to understand the rules of <em>nicht</em> and <em>kein</em>, these students must first work through the background material methodically. Finally, intermediate learners could not rely on Professor Blühdorn’s approach, as it focuses on the scope of <em>nicht</em>, not on the correct placement of <em>nicht</em> in order to negate an entire sentence. Appendix B provides a chart comparing the rules found in each source.

The contradiction between architecture&rsquo / s &ldquo / autonomy&rdquo / , its existence as an entity with its own &ldquo / disciplinary specificity&rdquo / - and its social &ldquo / engagement&rdquo / , its involvement in culture, ideology and economy, has been the subject of numerous discussions in architectural discourse, initially in Europe and later in North America. It is argued in this thesis that although &ldquo / autonomy&rdquo / and &ldquo / engagement&rdquo / seem contradictory to each other, architecture&rsquo / s &ldquo / critical status&rdquo / is rooted in this contradiction. Autonomy is regarded as one of the essential sides of architecture&rsquo / s dual position. This suggests that the in-between, or in Stanford Anderson&rsquo / s terms, &ldquo / quasi-autonomous&rdquo / status of architecture can only be sustained through its existence as an entity that has a certain degree of autonomy. Autonomy is an agent for architectural discourse to isolate architecture from its involvement in the external reality and increase awareness within the discipline by concentrating on its specific knowledge. Autonomy aids architecture to pretend to be &ldquo / detached&rdquo / while in reality it is &ldquo / engaged&rdquo / . To focus on the autonomous dimension of architecture, to search for architecture&rsquo / s own intrinsic qualities, helps to produce knowledge within the discipline and provides a &ldquo / critical distance&rdquo / for architecture to resist any &ldquo / external authority&rdquo / . Thus this thesis intends to explore the potentials of the conceptualization and problematization of &ldquo / autonomy&rdquo / in architecture and its employment as a critical tool by architectural discourse to re-assess architectural practice. The private house projects designed by Boran Ekinci in Turkey are exemplified and utilized for the re-conceptualization of the term and enable the transfer of the discourse related with autonomy to the local context where the issue hardly gained a popularity. By doing so, both the appreciation of autonomy in general and reappreciation of architecture in Turkey are aimed.

Zugl.: Regensburg, Univ., Habil.-Schr., 2007

Em português, existem diferentes possibilidades de expressão da negação sentencial. Reconhece-se que o português brasileiro (PB) apresenta três estratégias de negação: (1) Negação pré-verbal (Neg1): Não gosto dele. (2) Dupla Negação (Neg2): Não gosto dele não. (3) Negação pós-verbal (Neg3): Gosto dele não. Os motivos para o surgimento dessas formas alternativas de negação têm sido o objetivo de algum debate na Pragmática. Para alguns autores (Hoeksema, 2009; Auwera, 2009; etc.) a Neg2 aparece como uma estratégia discursiva para expressar ênfase. Em uma série de trabalhos, Schwenter (2005, 2006) defendeu a hipótese de que a dupla negação (DN) surge como uma estratégia para indicar conteúdo ativado no discurso. Lima (2013), elaborando as ideias de Schwenter, considera que a dupla negação no Sul do Brasil cumpre a função pragmática de sinalizar a manutenção de tópico. Seixas e Alkmin (2013) encontraram outra função pragmática na ascensão da Neg2 nos séculos VIII e XIX: a denegação. Este estudo investiga as possíveis funções pragmáticas e tipos de oração da Neg2 e Neg1 encontradas em 36 entrevistas sociolinguísticas com falantes nativos provenientes de três cidades representativas do Sul do Brasil (Curitiba, Florianópolis e Porto Alegre) nos anos 90. Os resultados mostraram que a dupla negação do Sul do Brasil se encontra, em seus primeiros estágios de desenvolvimento, uma vez que foram encontradas entre 1% e 2% de ocorrências de Neg2 no corpus. Além disso, os enunciados com dupla negação foram utilizados para sinalizar duas funções pragmáticas principais: denegação e manutenção tópica. Ambas apresentam a condição de uso de ativação proposta por Schwenter (2005, 2006). Verificou-se, também, que a DN ocorre, principalmente, em orações simples. Em conclusão, observou-se que há um corte pragmático entre as duas estratégias negativas, Neg1 e Neg2. Ou seja, a negação canônica não é restrita pelos mesmos contextos pragmáticos que a dupla negação em PB. / In Portuguese, there are different possibilities of sentential negation expression. It is acknowledged that Brazilian Portuguese (BP) presents three strategies of denial: (1) Pre-verbal negation (Neg1); e.g: Não gosto dele. I do not like him. (2) Double negation (Neg2); e.g.: Não gosto dele não. I do not like him (not). (3) Post-verbal negation (Neg3). e.g.: Gosto dele não. I do not like him. The reasons for the emergence of those alternative forms of negation have been the objective of some debate in Pragmatics. For some authors (Hoeksema, 2009; Auwera, 2009; etc.) Neg2 appears as a discursive strategy to express emphasis. In a series of papers, Schwenter (2005, 2006) has defended the hypothesis that the double negation (DN) arises as a strategy to indicate activated content in the discourse. Lima (2013), elaborating on the Schwenter ideas, takes the view that, in its early stages of use, the double negation in Southern Brazil meets the pragmatic function of signaling sentence topic maintenance. Seixas & Alkmin (2013) found a pragmatic function of denial on the rising of Neg2 in the 18th and 19th centuries This study investigates the possible pragmatic functions and sentence types of double negation and Neg1 utterances found in 36 sociolinguistics interviews of native speakers from three representative cities from South Brazil (Curitiba, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre) in the 90s. The results showed that Southern Brazilian double negation in its first stages of development, since it was found between 1% and 2% of Neg2 occurrences in the corpus. Moreover, double negation utterances were used to signal two main pragmatic functions named denial and topic maintenance that present the use condition of activation proposed by Schwenter (2005, 2006). It was also found that DN occurs, mainly, in simple clauses. Therefore, there is a pragmatic cut between the two negative strategies, Neg1 and Neg2, i.e. the canonical negation is not constrained by the same pragmatic contexts as Neg2 is.

In this thesis we study completeness properties of infinitary propositional logics from the perspective of abstract algebraic logic. The goal is to under- stand how the basic tool in proofs of completeness, the so called Linden- baum lemma, generalizes beyond finitary logics. To this end, we study few properties closely related to the Lindenbaum lemma (and hence to com- pleteness properties). We will see that these properties give rise to a new hierarchy of infinitary propositional logic. We also study these properties in scenarios when a given logic has some (possibly very generally defined) connectives of implication, disjunction, and negation. Among others, we will see that presence of these connectives can ensure provability of the Lin- denbaum lemma. Keywords: abstract algebraic logic, infinitary logics, Lindenbaum lemma, disjunction, implication, negation

Em português, existem diferentes possibilidades de expressão da negação sentencial. Reconhece-se que o português brasileiro (PB) apresenta três estratégias de negação: (1) Negação pré-verbal (Neg1): Não gosto dele. (2) Dupla Negação (Neg2): Não gosto dele não. (3) Negação pós-verbal (Neg3): Gosto dele não. Os motivos para o surgimento dessas formas alternativas de negação têm sido o objetivo de algum debate na Pragmática. Para alguns autores (Hoeksema, 2009; Auwera, 2009; etc.) a Neg2 aparece como uma estratégia discursiva para expressar ênfase. Em uma série de trabalhos, Schwenter (2005, 2006) defendeu a hipótese de que a dupla negação (DN) surge como uma estratégia para indicar conteúdo ativado no discurso. Lima (2013), elaborando as ideias de Schwenter, considera que a dupla negação no Sul do Brasil cumpre a função pragmática de sinalizar a manutenção de tópico. Seixas e Alkmin (2013) encontraram outra função pragmática na ascensão da Neg2 nos séculos VIII e XIX: a denegação. Este estudo investiga as possíveis funções pragmáticas e tipos de oração da Neg2 e Neg1 encontradas em 36 entrevistas sociolinguísticas com falantes nativos provenientes de três cidades representativas do Sul do Brasil (Curitiba, Florianópolis e Porto Alegre) nos anos 90. Os resultados mostraram que a dupla negação do Sul do Brasil se encontra, em seus primeiros estágios de desenvolvimento, uma vez que foram encontradas entre 1% e 2% de ocorrências de Neg2 no corpus. Além disso, os enunciados com dupla negação foram utilizados para sinalizar duas funções pragmáticas principais: denegação e manutenção tópica. Ambas apresentam a condição de uso de ativação proposta por Schwenter (2005, 2006). Verificou-se, também, que a DN ocorre, principalmente, em orações simples. Em conclusão, observou-se que há um corte pragmático entre as duas estratégias negativas, Neg1 e Neg2. Ou seja, a negação canônica não é restrita pelos mesmos contextos pragmáticos que a dupla negação em PB. / In Portuguese, there are different possibilities of sentential negation expression. It is acknowledged that Brazilian Portuguese (BP) presents three strategies of denial: (1) Pre-verbal negation (Neg1); e.g: Não gosto dele. I do not like him. (2) Double negation (Neg2); e.g.: Não gosto dele não. I do not like him (not). (3) Post-verbal negation (Neg3). e.g.: Gosto dele não. I do not like him. The reasons for the emergence of those alternative forms of negation have been the objective of some debate in Pragmatics. For some authors (Hoeksema, 2009; Auwera, 2009; etc.) Neg2 appears as a discursive strategy to express emphasis. In a series of papers, Schwenter (2005, 2006) has defended the hypothesis that the double negation (DN) arises as a strategy to indicate activated content in the discourse. Lima (2013), elaborating on the Schwenter ideas, takes the view that, in its early stages of use, the double negation in Southern Brazil meets the pragmatic function of signaling sentence topic maintenance. Seixas & Alkmin (2013) found a pragmatic function of denial on the rising of Neg2 in the 18th and 19th centuries This study investigates the possible pragmatic functions and sentence types of double negation and Neg1 utterances found in 36 sociolinguistics interviews of native speakers from three representative cities from South Brazil (Curitiba, Florianópolis and Porto Alegre) in the 90s. The results showed that Southern Brazilian double negation in its first stages of development, since it was found between 1% and 2% of Neg2 occurrences in the corpus. Moreover, double negation utterances were used to signal two main pragmatic functions named denial and topic maintenance that present the use condition of activation proposed by Schwenter (2005, 2006). It was also found that DN occurs, mainly, in simple clauses. Therefore, there is a pragmatic cut between the two negative strategies, Neg1 and Neg2, i.e. the canonical negation is not constrained by the same pragmatic contexts as Neg2 is.

Grâce à une étude exhaustive de la notion de vie dans l'œuvre d'Arthur Schopenhauer, la thèse répond à la question de la vie et du vivre-encore. Il s'agit de montrer comment la métaphysique schopenhauerienne de la volonté explique et justifie le phénomène de la vie ainsi que celui de la persistance dans le vivre. D'emblée, la thèse propose d'établir la définition ultime et métaphysique de la vie. C'est alors que le phénomène de la vie se trouve défini de part en part comme volonté de vivre et alors, comme un phénomène qui cherche à vivre et à vivre encore. La thèse explique aussi comment les différentes approches de la vie proposées par Schopenhauer permettent de définir cette notion selon une perspective biologique, philosophique, existentielle et métaphorique, mais toujours relativement à la définition métaphysique de la vie. Une étude du sentiment de vie révèle l'épreuve de la vie comme volonté de vivre, c'est-à-dire d'une vie qui se veut toujours elle-même. C'est alors que la vie s'impose en soi comme une nécessité de vivre, mais aussi comme une nécessité de souffrir parce que vivre c'est aussi toujours souffrir. La négation de la volonté comme solution à la douleur de vivre se trouve alors critiquée et remise en cause par un examen des tensions entre le besoin d'affirmation de la volonté dans le phénomène de la vie et l'intention de négation de la volonté chez le sujet qui cherche son salut. Il apparait donc clairement qu'en ayant placé au cœur du sujet une volonté de vivre aveugle et puissante Schopenhauer a fait de la vie un phénomène quasi incorruptible : l'affirmation de la volonté s'impose comme un impératif et ainsi s'impose la vie comme nécessité de vivre. / The thesis answers the question of life and further living by means of an exhaustive study of the concept of life in Arthur Schopenhauer's work. The principal concern is to demonstrate how Schopenhauer's metaphysics explains and justifies the phenomenon of life as well as the phenomenon of the persistence into the living. From the beginning the thesis establishes the ultimate and the metaphysical definition of life. Therefore the phenomenon of life is defined throughout as Will-to-live and then, as a phenomenon that seeks for life and further living. The thesis also shows how Schopenhauer's different approaches to the concept of life allow one to define life from a biological, philosophical, existential and a metaphorical perspective, but which is always related to the metaphysical definition of life. A study of the feeling of life reveals that what is always felt is the Will-to-live i.e. a life that always wants itself. Then life imposes itself into itself as a necessity to live, but also as a necessity to suffer because living always entails suffering. The negation of the will as a solution for existential pain and suffering is therefore criticized and reconsidered by an examination of all the existing tensions between the need of the phenomenon of life to affirm the will and the intention to negate the will in the subject looking for salvation. Subsequently it appears evident that by putting a blind and powerful Will-to-live into the heart of the subject Schopenhauer has rendered life into an almost incorruptible phenomenon: the affirmation of the will imposes itself as an imperative and so life imposes itself as a necessity to live.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-12T14:01:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdilsonSS.pdf: 597258 bytes, checksum: 79d980c19e3207e41177afaf39d3043a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-12 / The general aim of this work is to verify the occurence of variant forms of negation in spoken English with the purpose of making a comparative study between the English and the Portuguese languages. As for Portuguese, we used as a matter of reference a study already made on negation. As for English, we analized a corpus of the North American English variant organized by a university in the United States. This study is based on the North American Functional Linguistics theoretical perspective, which considers relevant the study of language used in real situations of communicative interaction. The data analisys proved that there is at least one form of negative variant in spoken English which is not allowed by prescriptive grammar. This phenomenon turns out to be similar to Portuguese, which includes three variant strategies. According to the data obtained, it was possible to verify that the variant strategy used in English, from a contrastive point of view, corresponds to a negative strategy ruled by Portuguese prescriptive grammar. Finally, we discussed about the different conceptions of language, grammar and teaching, giving suggestions to colaborate to a productive and reflexive teaching of first or second language / O objetivo geral deste trabalho ? verificar a ocorr?ncia de formas negativas variantes no ingl?s falado no intuito de realizar um estudo comparativo entre as l?nguas inglesa e portuguesa. Em rela??o ao portugu?s, tomamos como refer?ncia um estudo realizado sobre o fen?meno da nega??o. Em rela??o ao ingl?s, procedemos ? an?lise de um corpus da variante americana organizado por uma universidade nos Estados Unidos. Este estudo baseia-se na perspectiva te?rica da ling??stica funcional de vertente norte-americana, que considera relevante o estudo da l?ngua atrav?s da an?lise de situa??es reais de comunica??o interativa. A an?lise dos dados mostrou que existe na l?ngua inglesa falada pelo menos uma forma negativa n?o prevista pela gram?tica prescritiva, semelhantemente ao que acontece na l?ngua portuguesa, que disp?e de tr?s estrat?gias variantes. De acordo com os dados obtidos, foi poss?vel verificar, inclusive, que a estrat?gia de nega??o variante encontrada no corpus do ingl?s, em termos comparativos, corresponde a uma estrat?gia de nega??o prevista pela gram?tica prescritiva do portugu?s. Por fim, discorremos sobre as diferentes concep??es de l?ngua, gram?tica e ensino, fazendo sugest?es que possam colaborar para um ensino de l?ngua (tanto materna quanto estrangeira) de forma produtiva e reflexiva

Orientador: Marcelo Esteban Coniglio / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T00:21:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sanz_WagnerdeCampos_D.pdf: 2570437 bytes, checksum: 15352759879927665653f4fc165c3703 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: O objetivo desta tese é o de propor uma elucidação da negação e do absurdo no âmbito dos sistemas de dedução natural para as lógicas intuicionista e clássica. Nossa investigação pode ser vista como um desenvolvimento de uma proposta apresentada por Russell há mais de cem anos e a qual ele parece ter abandonado posteriormente. Focaremos a atenção, em primeiro lugar, sobre a negação e, depois, como conseqüência das propostas para a negação, sobre a constante de absurdo. Nosso ponto de partida é, na verdade, um problema de natureza conceitual. Questionaremos a correção e a adequação da análise da negação e do absurdo atualmente predominante no meio-ambiente de dedução natural de estilo gentzeniano. O questionamento dessas análises adota como ponto focal o conceito de hipótese. O conceito de hipótese é uma noção central para os sistemas de dedução natural e a nossa proposta de análise desse conceito servirá de esteio para a formulação das propostas elucidatórias para a negação e o absurdo dentro dos sistemas de dedução natural / Abstract: The purpose of this thesis is to present an elucidation of negation and absurd for intuitionist and classical logics in the range of natural deduction systems. Our study could be seen as a development of a proposal presented by Russell over a hundred years ago, which he presumably abandoned later on. First, we will focus on negation and then on the absurd constant, as a consequence of the claims we are making for negation. As a matter of fact, our starting point is a problem of a conceptual nature. We will question the correctness and the adequacy of the analysis of negation and absurd, prevailing nowadays in the Gentzen-style natural deduction circle. The concept of hypothesis is the focus point in questioning these analyses. The concept of hypothesis is a central notion for natural deduction systems and the purpose of our analysis of this concept is to support the formulation of elucidative propositions for negation and absurd in natural deduction systems / Doutorado / Doutor em Filosofia

Is the ne explétif on the way to disappearing?  To find an answer we have searched in the French literature from about 800 in A.D., the Chant of Roland, to present times. The subject of this essay is the ne expletif, its frequency and development in relation to the conjunctions avant que, à moins que, sans que and their gradual equivalents. Our inquiries prove that this phenomenon exists since the era of our occidental literature, contrasting the ideas of some grammarians (Plattner and Togeby).  In our essay we have not only described the aspects of the above mentioned conjunctions, but have also found three another exemples of à moins que in the Tales of La Fontaine and not only one “ Un lièvre en son gîte songeait … “ according to Togeby (1965:789). The editions of Grevisse from 1949 and 1955 but not the followings only refer to this tale as an exemple of à moins que. We have, among other things, criticized Damourette et Pichon (1911:5:532-533) for their selection of examples regarding avant que … ne. We have given some possible answers to our opening question and some future visions for the ne expletif.