Cette étude linguistique et didactique s’articule autour de la comparaison du système déterminatif en arabe écrit (AE) et parlé (AP) d’une part, avec le français d’autre part. Trois arguments relatifs au système déterminatif sont mis en oeuvre dans cette thèse en faveur de la théorie de la détermination progressive : la continuité de la détermination, la négativité comme moteur de la détermination, les marqueurs Dét et l’agentivité. La détermination continue se comprend au travers de la construction référentielle par deux éléments : un stable et un autre variable comme une action, un attribut ou un référent spécificateur. Or, la stabilité du référent est relative à la subjectivité de l’énonciateur. En effet, l’énonciateur utilise « la négativité » – un terme de Saussure  comme un facteur permettant au référent stable dans un énoncé d’être un variable dans un autre énoncé. La négativité est le facteur qui crée le système de différences dans la langue, une différence que nous repérons dans le comportement syntaxique des marqueurs féminins et dans le mode factuel en arabe. Les marqueurs Dét assurent la variabilité dérivationnelle sur la base de la même racine en arabe dans le cas de l’expression quantitative et du schème verbal. Ils contribuent également à la diversité en matière de rôle thématique. L’agentivité est le facteur qui véhicule la circulation de l’action via les marqueurs Dét dans le cas de la transitivité. Sur le plan didactique, cette étude s’appuie sur un corpus de dissertations écrites en français par des apprenants arabophones syriens et met brièvement la lumière sur la pédagogie de l’erreur en général et dans la pensée critique arabe. / This linguistic and pedagogical research is devoted to the comparaison of determinative systeme in both French and Arabic written and spoken. This comparaison is done through the question of written error in French and investigates three arguments related to determinative system in favor of the progressive determination’s theory : the continuity of the determination, the negativity as a motivator of the determination process, Det markers and agentivity. The continuous determination is most understood through reference’s construction by two elements : a stable one and variable one like an action, an attribute or a specifier referent. However, the stability of a referent relates to the speaker’s subjectivity. Indeed, the speaker uses “negativity” – a term by Saussure – as a factor by which a stable referent can be made variable in another sentence. Also, negativity is the principle to represent language as a difference’s system. The difference is, for example, the description of the syntactic behavior of female markers and so of factual mood in Arabic. Det markers assure the derivational variability by the same root, in Arabic, in the case of quantificational expression and verb scheme. Also They contribute to the diversity of thematic roles. Agentivity is the criteria which motivates the transmission of action’s information through Det markers in the case of transitivity. With regard to didactic approach, this analysis is based on a corpus of essays written in French by Syrian Arabic students, and it sheds some light on the pedagogy of error and the critical Arabic thinking towards it.

While current scholarship acknowledges the influence of Buddhist ideas on Julio Cortázar’s fiction, critical analysis of this element of his work does not often engage in depth with Buddhist thought. Buddhism is frequently characterised as something mystical or mythical when read in relation to the works of Cortázar. This approach leads to an insufficient reading of the highly important notion of the ‘centro’ in Rayuela (1963), whose symbolism, evoking a dynamic equilibrium, may be more successfully explored with closer reference to Buddhist philosophy. The Argentine author Marcelo Cohen has also engaged with Buddhist ideas in his works; his Buda (1990), a biography of the historical Buddha, testifies to this interest. Again, however, this aspect has not received full attention in critical scholarship. Given the importance of the use of negation in Cohen’s literature, comparing Cohen with Buddhist philosophy can enrich our understanding of many aspects of his works, such as his treatment of relationality. I have chosen to compare both Argentine authors with the Indian Buddhist philosopher Nāgārjuna, who is considered the founder of the Madhyamaka school, which is particularly associated with the theory of ‘emptiness’ (‘śūnyatā’). Nāgārjuna’s philosophy is cited directly in Cortázar’s poem ‘Canción de Gautama’ and Cohen’s Buda and informs a number of these writers’ other texts. The main body of the thesis is divided into three sections. These examine the triadic relation between time, identity and language, with each section focusing more on one of these three aspects in turn. The three chapters and three authors will be drawn together to form a new reading of the role of negation.

Cette thèse porte sur l'acquisition et le développement de la négation chez deux enfants monolingues anglaise et française, filmées entre 10 mois et 4 ans et 2 mois (66h) en interactions naturelles avec leur mère. Nous adoptons une perspective constructiviste et fonctionnaliste de la langue (Tomasello 2003) en tissant des liens avec la théorie des opérations énonciatives, la socialisation langagière et avec les études sur la gestualité. Notre définition du langage est large car nous analysons toutes les ressources sémiotiques dont le locuteur dispose pour se positionner en interaction. À l'aide d'un système de codage multimodal qui repose sur l'utilisation de logiciels compatibles, nous menons des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives de l'usage des modalités verbales et non-verbales pour l'expression de la négation chez l'enfant avant 4 ans.Après avoir présenté l'ancrage théorique (partie 1) et notre méthode (partie 2), nous montrons que la négation correspond à un grand nombre de fonctions pragmatiques qui sont exprimées à l'aide de la synchronisation de modalités distinctes (partie 3). Les résultats indiquent que distinguer le rôle des modalités dans la construction de l’énoncé permet de travailler sur la complexité du langage. Concernant la négation, nous observons qu’il s’agit d’une opération énonciative qui ne repose pas systématiquement sur les mêmes formes selon la fonction exprimée.Cette recherche montre que l'usage synchronisé de plusieurs modalités en contexte de négation est une compétence linguistique et cognitive. En outre, les formes négatives s’enrichissent et se spécialisent après 3 ans pour permettre l’expression d’intentions communicatives variées. / This research focuses on the acquisition and the development of negation in two monolingual French and English children filmed from 10 months to 4 years and 2 months old (66 hours) in natural mother-child dyadic interactions.We use a functionalist and constructivist theoretical approach (Tomasello 2003) but we also bring together French utter-centred approach to language, language socialisation and gesture studies. Our definition of language encompasses all verbal and non-verbal means of expression speakers use to position themselves within interaction. We developed a multimodal coding system relying on the use of several compatible programs to combine qualitative and quantitative analyses. This method offers the opportunity to investigate the expression of negation in verbal and non-verbal modalities in children under 4.After laying the theoretical background (Part 1), we will present our methodology (Part 2). Results show that negation refers to a vast range of pragmatic functions whose expression is fully embodied because it is conveyed through the synchronisation of several modalities of expression (Part 3). Our analysis of the interplay of modalities in the construction of meaning happens to be a great locus to account for the complexity of language. We also observe that negation is a meta-category which can be expressed by a variety of forms.Our research shows that the usage of synchronised modalities in negative contexts can be considered a linguistic and cognitive skill. Moreover, the set of forms for negation develops and specialises after 3 years and helps the child express various communicative intentions linked to negation.

本文旨在探討英語人士在中文否定句的習得過程中，是否呈現系統性發展。本研究以訪問的方式進行語料的收集，以比較性問題引導語者產製否定句型。受訪者中八位在國立政治大學語言視聽中心學習中文，二位為長期居住在台灣之英語語者。十位語者的語言表現將視為一個整體，以Implicational Scaling的方法進行結果分析。 中文最主要的否定詞為「不」與「沒」。中文否定句不同於英文否定句在於中文否定句除必需考量句法結構之因素外，否定詞的選用尚必需考量語意因素。除傳統所認為「沒」乃由「不」所衍生出來，且「沒」適用於變化後的（inflected）動詞外，根據石毓智（1992）的分析，「不」與「沒」的使用，具有清楚的分工，「不」用來否定具「連續量」的字詞（word of continuous quantity），而「沒」用來否定具「離散量」的字詞（word of separate quantity）。此外，否定詞的使用，尚受限於被否定的字詞，其定量（fixed quantity）與非定量（non-fixed quantity）的約束。 就表面結構而言，受訪者總共產製了四十二個句型。將這些句型歸納成深層結構而後進行Implicational Scaling。研究結果顯示，英語人士依一系統性的發展順序習得中文之否定句。同時結果亦顯示學習乃由易到難，由普遍到特殊的發展順序。 / The present study aims to explore the developmental sequences of Chinese negation by adult English speakers. The study collects data by interviewing and uses comparative questions to elicit negative structures. Ten adult English speakers are interviewed in which eight study Chinese in The Language Center in Chengchi University and two work in Taiwan over ten years. It is hypothesized that most learners develop a language in a common sequence of steps even though there are deviations of individual speakers. Therefore, the ten informants are regarded as a whole to explore the developmental sequence of Chinese negation by Implicational Scaling. Two main negators in Mandarin Chinese are bu and mei. Traditionally, it is proposed that the two negators are in complementary distribution. Bu becomes to mei when the following verb is you or as an "inflected verb." Besides, according to Shi (1992), the two negators have definitely different functions: bu is used to negate words of continuous quantity and mei words of separate quantity. In addition, whether a word or a phrase is fixed-quantity one or non-fixed-quantity one also influences the occurrence with the negators. Accordingly, It is obviously that Chinese negative structures differ from English and is much more complicated than English. There are 42 surface structures of negation produced by the informants which are generalized into eighteen ones based on the rules of deep structures. And then they are scaled into an implicational ordering. The results are valid and we can infer the development of negation into several stages. Furthermore, it shows that negative structures which are specifically used in Chinese are acquired latter. Therefore, it is proposed that adult English speakers acquire Chinese negation in a common sequence, developing from general structures to specific ones.

<p>In this thesis we use the syntactic-semantic method of constructive type theory to give meaning to classical logic, in particular Gentzen's LK.</p><p>We interpret a derivation of a classical sequent as a derivation of a contradiction from the assumptions that the antecedent formulas are true and that the succedent formulas are false, where the concepts of truth and falsity are taken to conform to the corresponding constructive concepts, using function types to encode falsity. This representation brings LK to a manageable form that allows us to split the succedent rules into parts. In this way, every succedent rule gives rise to a natural deduction style introduction rule. These introduction rules, taken together with the antecedent rules adapted to natural deduction, yield a natural deduction calculus whose subsequent interpretation in constructive type theory gives meaning to classical logic.</p><p>The Gentzen-Prawitz inversion principle holds for the introduction and elimination rules of the natural deduction calculus and allows for a corresponding notion of convertibility. We take the introduction rules to determine the meanings of the logical constants of classical logic and use the induced type-theoretic elimination rules to interpret the elimination rules of the natural deduction calculus. This produces an interpretation injective with respect to convertibility, contrary to an analogous translation into intuitionistic predicate logic.</p><p>From the interpretation in constructive type theory and the interpretation of cut by explicit substitution, we derive a full precision contraction relation for a natural deduction version of LK. We use a term notation to formalize the contraction relation and the corresponding cut-elimination procedure.</p><p>The interpretation can be read as a Brouwer-Heyting-Kolmogorov (BHK) semantics that justifies classical logic. The BHK semantics utilizes a notion of classical proof and a corresponding notion of classical truth akin to Kolmogorov's notion of pseudotruth. We also consider a second BHK semantics, more closely connected with Kolmogorov's double-negation translation.</p><p>The first interpretation reinterprets the consequence relation while keeping the constructive interpretation of truth, whereas the second interpretation reinterprets the notion of truth while keeping the constructive interpretation of the consequence relation. The first and second interpretations act on derivations in much the same way as Plotkin's call-by-value and call-by-name continuation-passing-style translations, respectively.</p><p>We conclude that classical logic can be given a constructive semantics by laying down introduction rules for the classical logical constants. This semantics constitutes a proof interpretation of classical logic.</p>

In this thesis we use the syntactic-semantic method of constructive type theory to give meaning to classical logic, in particular Gentzen's LK. We interpret a derivation of a classical sequent as a derivation of a contradiction from the assumptions that the antecedent formulas are true and that the succedent formulas are false, where the concepts of truth and falsity are taken to conform to the corresponding constructive concepts, using function types to encode falsity. This representation brings LK to a manageable form that allows us to split the succedent rules into parts. In this way, every succedent rule gives rise to a natural deduction style introduction rule. These introduction rules, taken together with the antecedent rules adapted to natural deduction, yield a natural deduction calculus whose subsequent interpretation in constructive type theory gives meaning to classical logic. The Gentzen-Prawitz inversion principle holds for the introduction and elimination rules of the natural deduction calculus and allows for a corresponding notion of convertibility. We take the introduction rules to determine the meanings of the logical constants of classical logic and use the induced type-theoretic elimination rules to interpret the elimination rules of the natural deduction calculus. This produces an interpretation injective with respect to convertibility, contrary to an analogous translation into intuitionistic predicate logic. From the interpretation in constructive type theory and the interpretation of cut by explicit substitution, we derive a full precision contraction relation for a natural deduction version of LK. We use a term notation to formalize the contraction relation and the corresponding cut-elimination procedure. The interpretation can be read as a Brouwer-Heyting-Kolmogorov (BHK) semantics that justifies classical logic. The BHK semantics utilizes a notion of classical proof and a corresponding notion of classical truth akin to Kolmogorov's notion of pseudotruth. We also consider a second BHK semantics, more closely connected with Kolmogorov's double-negation translation. The first interpretation reinterprets the consequence relation while keeping the constructive interpretation of truth, whereas the second interpretation reinterprets the notion of truth while keeping the constructive interpretation of the consequence relation. The first and second interpretations act on derivations in much the same way as Plotkin's call-by-value and call-by-name continuation-passing-style translations, respectively. We conclude that classical logic can be given a constructive semantics by laying down introduction rules for the classical logical constants. This semantics constitutes a proof interpretation of classical logic.

This thesis is concerned with adult L1 attrition in the case of highly-educated long-term Polish immigrants in Sweden. The study sheds light on two classical issues pertaining to L1 attrition, namely what happens to a fully developed mature language system in an immigrant context, and why it happens. Specifically we aim to answer the following questions: (1) Are Polish speakers in Sweden different from comparable individuals in Poland with respect to (i) judgement and use of a number of Polish linguistic features (se keywords below), and (ii) hesitation phenomena, i.e. ability to be quick and easy and linguistic insecurity? (2) Is the variation in linguistic results dependent on how often and in what context the Polish language is used and/or which attitudes the individuals have towards it as well as how long they have been living in Sweden? One of the main contributions of the study regards methodology. The data is analysed in three steps: an initial focus on group comparisons shifts to the analysis of individual results in relation to the variation observed in the comparison group, and finally to a holistic view of the attrition effects or their absence. It is suggested that in studies on adult L1 attrition, where the effects are expected to be relatively cosmetic, the range of the linguistic behaviour in the comparison group as a reference point as well as a holistic perspective on individual results gives a more truthful picture of the attrition process. In addition the study shows that attrition effects are present in some individuals (60 %) to a different degree. The most common effect overall is linguistic insecurity followed by the overuse of 1st person pronouns as explicit subjects and to a lesser degree by the overuse of 3rd person pronouns. Surprisingly there is a scanty effect on the other hesitation phenomenon, i.e. the ability to be quick and easy. No or limited effects are observed in other structural areas which basically supports previous findings on L1 adult attrition. Finally, the presence versus absence of the attrition effect can not be straightforwardly related either to language use, attitudes or length of residence, with one exception being linguistic insecurity.

La nouvelle « Bartleby The Scrivener. A Story of Wall-Street » pose des questions de lecture et d’interprétation littéraire. Grâce à des approches ayant le discours pour objet ou moyen de connaissance (rhétorique, étymologie, psychanalyse, pragmatique) de même qu’aux écrits de Herman Melville, il s’agit de cerner ce que représente Bartleby, qualifié d’« unaccountable » (inexplicable). Ce mot organise l’étude. Entier ou décomposé en morphèmes, dans une première partie, il met en évidence des univers de sens où Bartleby se montre marginal et court-circuite les systèmes : l’univers du langage (« unaccountable » : inénarrable), celui de la loi (« count » : chef d’accusation) et celui des chiffres (« account, count » : compte, compter). Une seconde partie rattache les pistes de lecture implicites ainsi dégagées aux thématiques de l’« inexplicable », explicites dans le texte, permettant une interprétation touchant l’univers des lettres, leur pérennité et leur circulation par le biais de la lecture et de l’interprétation. / The short story “Bartleby The Scrivener. A Story of Wall Street” raises questions about reading and literary interpretation. Using approaches where language is the object or means of knowledge (rhetoric, etymology, psychoanalysis, pragmatics) along with writings from Herman Melville, we aim to consider what is represented by Bartleby, who is often described as unaccountable. This very word structures the study. The first part of the thesis examines this word, taken as a whole or broken down into morphemes, as conveying universes of meaning in which Bartleby appears as marginal, short-circuiting diverse systems: the universe of language (unaccountable), the universe of the law (count) and the universe of the numbers (account, count). The second part links the implicit threads of meaning thus revealed to the theme of the strange and unexplainable (unaccountable), explicit in the text, allowing for interpretations bearing on the world of literary texts, their conveyance and circulation through reading and interpretation.

No description available.

Nombreux sont les études consacrées ces dernières années au sujet de la réfutation. La plupart des ces études visent à remettre en lumière la réfutation dans sa structure logico-sémantique. Cette thèse tente par ailleurs à souligner que la réfutation est un art à part entier, au même titre que l’art d’argumenter, étant fondé sur la résistance aux paroles des autres interlocuteurs dans le dialogue théâtral où s’enchaînent les dimensions logique, dialogique, sémantique, rhétorique et pragmatique. L’analyse du texte théâtral nous a permis d’établir que la réfutation, malgré l’évolution sémantique du terme, est associée à la violation de la doxa sociale et son usage à travers les topoï, les figures et preuves du discours dérivé. Elle est également associée à la négation et appuyée par des connecteurs marquant l’opposition entre les points de vue du partenaire du dialogue. Cette étude aimerait donc à contribuer au débat actuel en proposant une piste de recherche dont nous avons la présomption de croire qu’elle est des plus fécondes. / Of the numerous studies devoted in recent years to the study of refutation, most have aimed to shed light on refutation in its logical-semantic structure. This thesis aims to show that refutation is a full-fledged art based, like the art of argumentation, on resistance to the words of other interlocutors in theatrical dialogue, in which the logical, dialogical, semantic, rhetorical and pragmatic dimensions combine. The analysis of theatre texts has allowed us to establish that refutation, in spite of the semantic evolution of the term, is associated with the violation of social doxa and its use via topoï, figures and proofs of derived discourse. It is also associated with negation and is supported by connectors that mark opposition among the points of view of the partners in dialogue. This study seeks to contribute to the current debate by proposing a research path that appears to have borne fruit.