本篇論文主要研究漢語兒童的否定表達，與其性別對否定表達方式之影響。使用的語料來自四位平均年齡五歲一個月的兒童，在家中與母親的日常對話。參與研究的兒童共使用八種語用策略與其組合，來對他們的母親表達七種否定。分析語料後顯示，此年齡層的兒童表達方式與成人不同，他們偏好使用單一策略做否定。此外，有別於同儕互動中主要使用間接否定來維持友誼，兒童對母親表達否定時較為直接。而他們的間接否定策略，大多出現在可能危及聽者面子的拒絕（Rejection）與否認（Denial）這兩者，也較常出現在表達自己能力與知識上的不足時（Inability & Epistemic negation）。在性別對否定表達的影響方面，女生在否定時有注重關係的傾向（care orientation）。她們拒絕或否認她們母親的次數比男生少，表達拒絕或否認時，也比男生使用更多間接策略與提供較容易理解的原因。在其他的否定語意方面，女生比男生更常表達自己在能力或知識上的不足，此外也更常述說物品的不復存在（Nonexistence）。本研究提供了漢語兒童在否定表達上的結果，也為兒童性別對否定表達的影響提供說明與證據。 / The study investigates children’s expression of negation, and how each gender expresses it to their mother. We observed 4 Mandarin-speaking children of age 5 (mean age= 5; 1) when they were having natural conversation with their mother at home. We found that children used 8 pragmatic strategies (account, nonverbal, correction, temporizing, challenge, countering move, partial agreement, and appealing) to express 7 negation meanings (Nonexistence, Non-occurrence, prohibition, rejection, denial, inability, and epistemic negation). The results showed that children preferred to use single strategy to negate, unlike adults. In contrast with peer interaction in which children preferred to use indirect strategy to maintain their friendship, the amount of direct strategy and indirect strategy were quite even in our data. Their indirect strategies tended to appear in negation meanings that are potentially face-threatening (rejection and denial) or reveal their own insufficiency (inability and epistemic negation). They also inclined to use a combination of strategies to deliver rejection, denial, and prohibition. When we further examine negation in boys and girls, we observe ‘care orientation’ in girls’ negation. They denied and rejected their mother less than boys did, mainly using indirect negation or understandable accounts while boys did the opposite. As for other negation meanings, girls revealed one’s insufficiency (Inability and Epistemic negation) and reported nonexistence of entities (Nonexistence) more often than boys did. The findings provide Mandarin children’s results and evidence of the expression of negation in mother-child interaction, and suggest gender does affect how boys and girls deliver various negation meanings.

<p>This thesis deals with the polyphonic and argumentative functions of the French negation marker, ne, in editorial texts from the daily press. The concept ‘polyphony’ relates to the presence of multiple voices within one and the same utterance. According to this view, negation triggers a subdivision of an utterance in two points of view. Thus the sentence Sweden will not be a part of the monetary union can be divided in two points of view, the underlying ‘Sweden will be a part of the monetary union’, and the explicit ‘Sweden will not be a part of the monetary union’.</p><p>First, I study the polyphonic structure of negative utterances, notably their division in two points of view, by taking into account their specific linguistic features. This is done so as to identify the relevant linguistic criteria that determine the polyphonic interpretation of the negation. The study demonstrates that contextual elements, including pragmatic connectors, presuppositions contrastive elements, and several other devices constitute the primary source of polyphonic markers.</p><p>Negation is furthermore approached from a textual perspective. I explore how the two opposite points of view that are associated with negation form polyphonic sequences with other points of view carrying the same semantic content, and how these dynamic points of view are associated to the different discourse beings that are found in the newspaper article. I found that these sequences often embrace the central polemic theme of the article and, also, that the polyphonic function is not restricted to the negative utterance but constitutes an element that ensures textual and argumentative coherence. These two analyses are carried out within Jean-Claude Anscombre’s and Oswald Ducrot’s Theory of Structural Argumentation, which has recently been formalised by Kjersti Fløttum, Coco Norén and Henning Nølke.</p><p>Finally in this thesis, I analyse the relation between the discourse beings associated with the negative utterance and real beings that exist outside the text, and then consider what rhetorical implications that correspondence or no correspondence has on the polyphonic interpretation of the negation. I also examine whether polyphonic negation can be considered to be a feature of newspaper editorials that identifies these texts as a genre. This study shows that the locuteur, the discourse being responsible for the enunciation of the negative utterance on a textual level, links to the real being, the editorial writer, who then refutes points of view associated to other discourse beings, often by use of nominalizations that refer to community voices. The locuteur also intrudes into an argument or claim, and refutes it in the name of a community or an authority.</p><p>By defining genre, as does the media researcher Patrick Charaudeau, as a correspondence between the constraints imposed by the discursive situation and the constraints imposed by the discursive features, and by considering that one of the editorial’s constraints is to persuade its readers, this study shows that the phrasal negation ne in its polyphonic function, constitutes a distinguishing feature in the genre of editorials. The refutations that are made by an editor constitute a distinctive argumentative strategy since it permits the editorial writer to present external points of view in order to refute them and thereby impose his or her own, subjective point of view.</p>

Tato diplomová práce je v nována tématu v tných a lexikálních zápor v n meckém a norském jazyce. V teoretické části práce je popsán zp sob tvo ení a používání zápor v obou jazycích. V jednotlivých kapitolách o lexikálních záporech (záporných afixech) jsou popsány jejich významy a možnosti použití. V praktické části diplomové práce byla provedena analýza toho, jaké zápory se používají nejčast ji a jak se p ekládají z n mčiny do norštiny a naopak. Za tímto účelem byl vytvo en textový korpus vycházející z n kolika beletristických knih v norském a n meckém jazyce a jejich p eklad , který se nachází v p íloze. Klíčová slova: v tný a lexikální zápor, n mecké a norské negativní prefixy a sufixy, domácí a cizí prefixy Abstract The thesis is devoted to the subject of syntactical and lexical negation in German and Norwegian language. In the theoretical part of the thesis, the way of creation and application of the negations in both languages is described. In the following chapters, meanings of lexical negations (negative affixes) and possibilities of their application are depicted. In the practical part of the thesis an analysis was conducted, covering the ways of negations which are used most frequently and also the ways they are translated from German to Norwegian and vice versa. For this reason, a text...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-22T17:27:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Lia.pdf: 623190 bytes, checksum: cf71e9d15b9df582c85205d9da2e09d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-12-30 / With a theoretical basis on Michel Pêcheux s tradition of Discourse Analysis, this research has the objective of investigating the representations of English as a foreign language, identified in the student-teachers speech, through the process of discoursive negation. Such representations come from discourses that are in people s everyday lives, out of the school boundaries and constituting themselves in power that is embodied in the pedagogical practices of language teaching. The research data was organized through the observation of recorded interviews, of ten students of the Languages Course of the Federal University of Pelotas during their teaching practice period, in the year 2002. This information provided access to the representations concerning language teaching, which has supported the process of the English language teaching and learning. The discoursive sequences selected for analysis were grouped under two categories: the affection discourse and the dramaticism discourse. We have found that these sequences, under the process of discoursive negation, create an illusion of stability and cohesion desired to promote the learning of the English language. However, they are constituted of complex relations, linked to resistances among different discoursive formations and different subject-positions. We have attempted to bring light to discourse processes that are historically perpetuated under representations that shape the pedagogical and didactic procedures adopted in general, which are felt as evident, specifically those related to the teaching of the English language. / Este trabalho, que tem como base teórica os fundamentos da Análise de Discurso na tradição de Michel Pêcheux, objetiva investigar as representações de língua inglesa como língua estrangeira, presentes nos dizeres de professores em formação, através do processo de negação discursiva. Essas representações são oriundas de discursos que circulam no cotidiano das pessoas, extrapolando o espaço escolar e constituindo-se num poder que se corporifica nas práticas pedagógicas de ensino de línguas. O corpus foi organizado por meio da observação de entrevistas, gravadas em áudio, de dez alunas do Curso de Letras da Universidade Federal de Pelotas, por ocasião de seu estágio, no ano de 2002. A partir dele, foi possível ter acesso às representações concernentes ao ensino de línguas que tem sustentado o processo ensino-aprendizagem da língua inglesa. As seqüências selecionadas para análise foram agrupadas em dois blocos, designados respectivamente por: discurso da afetividade e discurso da dramaticidade. Constatamos que essas seqüências, mediante o processo de negação discursiva, criam uma ilusão de estabilidade e coesão desejadas para promover a aprendizagem da língua inglesa. No entanto, são constituídas de relações complexas, ligadas a embates entre diferentes formações discursivas e diferentes posições-sujeito. Procuramos, pois, dar visibilidade a processos discursivos historicamente perpetuados valendo-se de representações que configuram os procedimentos didático-pedagógicos adotados usualmente, e sentidos como evidentes, especificamente aqueles relacionados ao ensino de língua inglesa.

Nous avons argumenté, dans cette thèse, en faveur de l’idée selon laquelle l’anglais et l’arabe, deux langues très différentes, possèdent, l’une et l’autre, un système temporel et aspectuel. Ce point de vue a nécessité l’étude d’autres aspects des deux langues. C’est pour cela que nous ne nous sommes pas limitée à étudier uniquement les deux formes perfective (FP) et imperfective (FI) en arabe et les formes équivalentes en anglais. Nous avons également traité, pour les deux langues, la forme participiale, le système négatif, les adverbes temporels, le mode, et la modalité. Nous avons conclu que le temps et l’Aktionsart restent invariables d’une langue à l’autre et que seul l’aspect grammatical varie selon les langues. De fait, l’aspect morphologique détermine le temps en arabe. Nous avons essayé d’expliquer pourquoi Neg sélectionne FI et proposé que FI apparaît en bas de la structure et qu'elle est bloquée par Neg. FI est marquée pour [+Asp], contrairement à FP qui est [+ T]. Nous avons suggéré, finalement, que l’imperfectif en arabe fonctionne comme un infinitif, marqué pour les traits [-T] et [+Agr]. / Although English and Arabic are typologically two very different languages, we have argued in this thesis that both possess a temporal and an aspectual system. This view required the study of other aspects of these two languages. That's why we have not limited our study to only perfective (PF) and imperfective (IF) forms in Arabic and their equivalent in English. We also studied the participial form, the negative system, temporal adverbs, mood and modality. We concluded that tense and Aktionsart remain unchanged from one language to another and only the grammatical aspect varies according to the different languages. In fact, morphological aspect determines tense in Arabic. We tried to explain why Neg selects IF and proposed that IF appears at the bottom of the structure and it is blocked by Neg. IF is [+Asp], contrary to PF which is marked for [+T]. We suggested, finally, that the imperfective in Arabic functions like an infinitive with the ! features [-T] and [+Agr].

<p>This thesis investigates acquisition of negation and focus particles in oral L2 French. It concerns adverbs of addition (aussi, encore), restriction (seulement) and temporal contrast (déjà, encore). These items all lack independent referential value i.e. they depend on other constituents in an utterance for their interpretation, they are not structurally obligatory and they variably affect other constituents in an utterance. The learner has to capture the significance of each item, its syntactic position and its pragmatic function in a given context.</p><p>The study aims at describing the development in oral production of 24 Swedish learners, beginners to very advanced, and 6 native speakers, in all together 80 interviews, in order to postulate an acquisitional itinerary.</p><p>The analysis consists of two parts. The first one concerns negation types such as non in various functions, constituent negation (pas X), phrasal negation (ne…pas) and semi-negations (ne…aucun/jamais/personne/rien). The results show, inter alia, that non is used in different pragmatic functions at different levels of acquisition. At the initial stage, non is also used idiosyncratically as a constituent negation and as a preverbal phrasal negation. At the post-initial stage, where also the verbs are mainly finite, phrasal negation (ne) pas is post-verbal. Furthermore, the analysis showed that jamais and rien appear prior to the other semi-negations. In the second part, the use of focus particles is analyzed. The study revealed that the additive particle aussi appears first, in an initial or final position of an utterance, followed by additive encore and restrictive seulement at the post-initial stage and that the temporal adverbs encore and déjà are almost solely used by advanced learners. An acquisitional sequence was postulated, with idiosyncratic negation and additive focus particles appearing previous to post-verbal negation and restrictive particles. The temporal adverbs of contrast appear at the advanced stages.</p>

This thesis deals with the polyphonic and argumentative functions of the French negation marker, ne, in editorial texts from the daily press. The concept ‘polyphony’ relates to the presence of multiple voices within one and the same utterance. According to this view, negation triggers a subdivision of an utterance in two points of view. Thus the sentence Sweden will not be a part of the monetary union can be divided in two points of view, the underlying ‘Sweden will be a part of the monetary union’, and the explicit ‘Sweden will not be a part of the monetary union’. First, I study the polyphonic structure of negative utterances, notably their division in two points of view, by taking into account their specific linguistic features. This is done so as to identify the relevant linguistic criteria that determine the polyphonic interpretation of the negation. The study demonstrates that contextual elements, including pragmatic connectors, presuppositions contrastive elements, and several other devices constitute the primary source of polyphonic markers. Negation is furthermore approached from a textual perspective. I explore how the two opposite points of view that are associated with negation form polyphonic sequences with other points of view carrying the same semantic content, and how these dynamic points of view are associated to the different discourse beings that are found in the newspaper article. I found that these sequences often embrace the central polemic theme of the article and, also, that the polyphonic function is not restricted to the negative utterance but constitutes an element that ensures textual and argumentative coherence. These two analyses are carried out within Jean-Claude Anscombre’s and Oswald Ducrot’s Theory of Structural Argumentation, which has recently been formalised by Kjersti Fløttum, Coco Norén and Henning Nølke. Finally in this thesis, I analyse the relation between the discourse beings associated with the negative utterance and real beings that exist outside the text, and then consider what rhetorical implications that correspondence or no correspondence has on the polyphonic interpretation of the negation. I also examine whether polyphonic negation can be considered to be a feature of newspaper editorials that identifies these texts as a genre. This study shows that the locuteur, the discourse being responsible for the enunciation of the negative utterance on a textual level, links to the real being, the editorial writer, who then refutes points of view associated to other discourse beings, often by use of nominalizations that refer to community voices. The locuteur also intrudes into an argument or claim, and refutes it in the name of a community or an authority. By defining genre, as does the media researcher Patrick Charaudeau, as a correspondence between the constraints imposed by the discursive situation and the constraints imposed by the discursive features, and by considering that one of the editorial’s constraints is to persuade its readers, this study shows that the phrasal negation ne in its polyphonic function, constitutes a distinguishing feature in the genre of editorials. The refutations that are made by an editor constitute a distinctive argumentative strategy since it permits the editorial writer to present external points of view in order to refute them and thereby impose his or her own, subjective point of view.

This thesis investigates acquisition of negation and focus particles in oral L2 French. It concerns adverbs of addition (aussi, encore), restriction (seulement) and temporal contrast (déjà, encore). These items all lack independent referential value i.e. they depend on other constituents in an utterance for their interpretation, they are not structurally obligatory and they variably affect other constituents in an utterance. The learner has to capture the significance of each item, its syntactic position and its pragmatic function in a given context. The study aims at describing the development in oral production of 24 Swedish learners, beginners to very advanced, and 6 native speakers, in all together 80 interviews, in order to postulate an acquisitional itinerary. The analysis consists of two parts. The first one concerns negation types such as non in various functions, constituent negation (pas X), phrasal negation (ne…pas) and semi-negations (ne…aucun/jamais/personne/rien). The results show, inter alia, that non is used in different pragmatic functions at different levels of acquisition. At the initial stage, non is also used idiosyncratically as a constituent negation and as a preverbal phrasal negation. At the post-initial stage, where also the verbs are mainly finite, phrasal negation (ne) pas is post-verbal. Furthermore, the analysis showed that jamais and rien appear prior to the other semi-negations. In the second part, the use of focus particles is analyzed. The study revealed that the additive particle aussi appears first, in an initial or final position of an utterance, followed by additive encore and restrictive seulement at the post-initial stage and that the temporal adverbs encore and déjà are almost solely used by advanced learners. An acquisitional sequence was postulated, with idiosyncratic negation and additive focus particles appearing previous to post-verbal negation and restrictive particles. The temporal adverbs of contrast appear at the advanced stages.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-05-16T11:43:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rerisson Cavalcante.pdf: 1013646 bytes, checksum: a31317ea0d0e1bee07b4138382af28af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Alda Lima da Silva(sivalda@ufba.br) on 2013-05-27T21:28:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Rerisson Cavalcante.pdf: 1013646 bytes, checksum: a31317ea0d0e1bee07b4138382af28af (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-27T21:28:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rerisson Cavalcante.pdf: 1013646 bytes, checksum: a31317ea0d0e1bee07b4138382af28af (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Esta Dissertação investiga, a partir do quadro teórico da gramática gerativa, a estrutura de sentenças negativas do Português Brasileiro (PB), com foco sobre aquelas em que a partícula NÃO aparece em posição pós-verbal, co-ocorrendo com outra pré-verbal [Não V não] ou como o único marcador de negação da oração [V não]. A análise é baseada em um levantamento e descrição dos usos das negativas, realizado de acordo com a metodologia de quantificação de dados da Sociolingüística Variacionista, em um corpus de três comunidades afro-brasileiras do interior da Bahia, e na comparação dos resultados com os de trabalhos sobre outras variedades do PB. São utilizados, também, dados de introspecção. A análise apresentada aponta para restrições sintáticas para a ocorrência de [V não] que não se aplicam a [Não V não], contestando, portanto, estudos já realizados, seja em uma perspectiva gerativista, variacionista ou funcionalista, por assumirem os seguintes pressupostos: (i) a posição da partícula negativa final é a mesma nos dois tipos de sentença; (ii) as sentenças se diferenciam tão somente pelo apagamento da partícula pré-verbal no segundo tipo de construção, mesmo que ambas tenham usos discursivos distintos. Diferentemente de [Não V não], a estrutura [V não] não ocorre em sentenças encaixadas, sejam elas substantivas, adverbiais ou relativas, bem como em construções que envolvem topicalização de objeto, o que sugere a existência de alguma diferença na posição do marcador final nos dois tipos de negativas, em função da ativação da categoria do sistema CP. Embora os trabalhos sobre o português, em geral, assumam que o marcador final está alojado sobre alguma categoria funcional do tipo PolP responsável pela checagem da polaridade (positiva ou negativa) da sentença, esta pesquisa defende que o marcador final ocupa uma posição mais alta na sentença, uma projeção funcional responsável pela codificação de relações discursivas, DenP. Discute também os contextos que desfavorecem [V não], apontando a impossibilidade de se manter a mesma estrutura para os dois tipos de negativas em sentenças subordinadas. / Salvador

A partir da perspectiva teórica da Análise do Discurso de base enunciativa (MAINGUENEAU, 2005), com ênfase no conceito de gênero de discurso (BAKHTIN, 2000), esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os classificados de imóveis tendo como corpus classificados de imóveis para venda, recortados do jornal O Globo, do domingo, dia 22 de junho de 2008, do caderno Morar Bem, referentes a imóveis residenciais de todos os tipos, localizados no bairro de Copacabana, no Município do Rio de Janeiro. Na análise desses classificados, ao se destacar suas características recorre-se a conceitos como descrição (ADAM, 1993), argumentação (CHARAUDEAU, 2009) e negação polêmica (DUCROT, 1987). Observando os textos desses anúncios, percebe-se a baixa ocorrência de enunciados que apresentem negação, ou ausência de algum elemento, marcadas linguisticamente. Contudo, a análise torna possível identificar outras marcas linguísticas, de afirmação, que apontam para uma dissimetria entre os enunciados afirmativos e negativos, sendo que, neste caso, é a negação que é apresentada na afirmação de forma mais fundamental que a afirmação na negação. A essa afirmação se deu o nome de afirmação polêmica / From the point of view of French discourse analysis (MAINGUENEAU, 2005), focusing on the concept of discourse genre (BAKHTIN, 2000), the object of this dissertation is to analyze real estate classified ads based on a corpus formed by real estate classified ads for sale, taken from O GLOBO newspaper, on the Sunday June 22nd, 2008 edition, from the supplementary section Morar Bem. The ads refer to all kinds of home real estate, located in Copacabana, in the City of Rio de Janeiro. The analysis of these classified ads highlighted some of their characteristics which led to concepts like description (ADAM, 1993), argumentation (CHARAUDEAU, 2009) and linguistic negation (DUCROT, 1987). Observing the text of these ads it is possible to notice that only a few of them show on their enunciation the presence of negation or absence, through the linguistic marking of no, without, absence or discharge. However, the analysis allowed us to identify other linguistic markings of affirmation which point to a lack of balance between affirmative and negative utterances in this case, negation is present in affirmation more frequently than the opposite. This affirmation was named polemical affirmation