Partindo das narrativas de ficção Galo cantou na baía (1936), de Manuel Lopes, e Um ladrão (1939), de Graciliano Ramos, buscamos investigar as estratégias discursivas dos autores de nosso corpus quando da tentativa de se mobilizar em favor das populações que viviam em condições de extrema carência, tendo na literatura um forte meio de promover os debates urgentes daquele momento histórico, caracterizado pela opressão de regimes ditatoriais. Desta maneira, a perspectiva narrativa é um dos pontos centrais do trabalho. Em confluência com a fatia social retratada nos contos, pareceu-nos fundamental o debate sobre a fome e seus efeitos para o organismo humano, que findou por dirigir nosso trabalho. Encontramos na obra de Josué de Castro uma rica pesquisa capaz de conduzir nossas análises, levando-nos da condição de faminto dos personagens a seu desdobramento: a condição de criminoso principiante. Buscamos analisar, também, as construções ideológicas que influenciavam as consciências naquele período da história, encontrando em Louis Althusser os subsídios para tal análise. / Based on the narratives of fiction Galo cantou na baía (Rooster crowed at the bay) (1936), of Manuel Lopez, and Um ladrão (A thief) (1939), of Graciliano Ramos, we attempted to investigate the discursive strategies of the authors of our corpus, trying a mobilization in the benefit of the people living in extreme deprivation situation, taking the literature as a strong tool to promote urgent debates on that historical moment, characterized by the oppression of dictatorial regimes. Being so, the narrative perspective is one of the central points of this/our work. In confluence with the social share portrayed in the stories, it seemed crucial the debate on hunger and its effects on the human body, which turned out to direct our work.We find in the work of Josué de Castro a rich research capable of conducting our analysis, leading us from the starving condition of the characters to their deployment: the condition of a debut criminal. We also sought to analyze the ideological patterns which influenced the consciousness of that period of the History, getting from Louis Althusser subsidies for such analysis.

This thesis is concerned with both the dangers and opportunities of China’s relations with the contemporary world and with the U.S.-led West in particular. It takes an unconventional approach to these issues in critically examining mainstream Western studies of Chinese foreign policy as a particular kind of discourse. The thesis focuses, more specifically, on the two dominant Western perspectives on China, (neo)realism and (neo)-liberalism. In doing so, it engages the questions of how Western discursive practice has come to shape and dominate the ways we think of and deal with ‘China’ in international relations, and how, as a result, China has often come to formulate its foreign policy in line with the prescribed meaning given to it by Western-based China scholars. In this context, the thesis argues that to deconstruct the processes by which China is given particular ‘meanings’ by Western discourses—and by which those meanings are transformed into both Western and Chinese foreign policy—is the key to a more profound understanding of Sino-Western relations and, perhaps, a first step towards ameliorating its problems and realising its potential for long-term peace and mutual prosperity.

This thesis seeks to explore the Soviet territorial claims on Turkey during the period between 1939-1946. The main argument of this thesis is that the Soviet demands from Turkey during the World War II were expansionist in nature, as opposed to the view that they were defensive. The Soviet leadership formulated these demands before the German invasion of the Soviet territories when the Soviet Union did not have significant security concerns and maintained superiority during the war. This thesis is composed of six chapters. The first chapter is the introduction and the second chapter looks at the historical context of Turkish-Soviet relations. Chapter Three examines the Soviet demands for military bases and territorial concessions from Turkey immediately after the Second World War. The fourth chapter discusses planning of settling Armenians in Turkish territories. This chapter also examines the initial US response to the Soviet demands. Chapter Five analyzes the United States&#039 / adoption of a hard-line attitude towards the Soviet Union with respect to these demands and also how the US reaction led to the Soviet withdrawal of demands. The last chapter is the conclusion.

[pt] Dentro do grande espectro de obras e escritores que constituem o Neorealismo português, é de fácil percepção que o movimento, em sua raiz, não se estabeleceu como uma estética uniforme. Apesar de uma linha marxista nortear claramente os caminhos e desígnios dos escritores, diferentes concepções e interpretações do que se deveria construir artisticamente se estabeleceu. Deparamo-nos com escritores muito singulares, que trabalham a temática, o pano de fundo neo-realista, de formas absolutamente distintas. A maneira como cada artista apreende a realidade e a reconsidera em suas obras é extremamente particular, fazendo da pesquisa em torno do que caracterizou o Neo-realismo uma enorme colcha de retalhos, em que, das diferentes e improváveis partes, retiramos um todo complexo e coeso. A forma como cada autor utiliza a palavra é, sem dúvida, o reflexo de como cada um deles interpreta a realidade. Nessa direção, pela maneira como as trabalha, utilizando uma precisão cirúrgica em cada vocábulo e ainda pela forma como introduz e engendra uma força vital a cada fato narrado, vemos destacar-se a figura de Manuel da Fonseca. Assim, este trabalho visa investigar, primordialmente, as estratégias de escrita desse autor, e, através do estudo de sua ficção, demonstrar como, a partir de personagens complexos, Manuel da Fonseca cria uma perspectiva que trabalha o ideal neo-realista de maneira extremamente particular e nos insere em um mundo de descobertas, onde o reconhecimento e o aprendizado são as chaves que possibilitam a abertura de uma zona de transformação eminente. / [en] Within the wide range of works and writers that make up the Portuguese Neo-Realism, is an easy to understand the movement, at its root, it has established itself as an aesthetic standard. Although a Marxist line guide clearly the ways and thoughts of the writers, different conceptions and interpretations of what we should build ourselves artistically. We face very unique writers, who work the theme, the background of neo-realist, absolutely distinct ways. The way each artist captures the reality and reconsiders in his works is very particular, doing research about what characterized the Neo-realism a huge patchwork quilt, in which the different and unlikely parts, removed a complex whole and cohesive. The way each author uses the word is undoubtedly a reflection of how each interprets reality. In this direction, by the way it works, using surgical precision in each word and also introduces the way and engenders a life force every event narrated, we highlight the figure of Manuel da Fonseca. This work aims to investigate primarily the writing strategies of the author, and, through the study of his fiction, showing how, from complex characters, Manuel da Fonseca creates a perspective that works the ideal neo-realist in an extremely and in particular enter into a world of discovery, where the recognition and learning are the keys that enable the opening of an imminent transformation zone.

Submitted by ROGÉRIO CORRÊA DA SILVA null (rogercor54@gmail.com) on 2016-12-14T15:20:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rogério Corrêa da Silva Mestrado versão final.pdf: 22222088 bytes, checksum: 579c0f0bf11b904702c593a12d8bcbc5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-12-20T15:10:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rc_me_ia.pdf: 22222088 bytes, checksum: 579c0f0bf11b904702c593a12d8bcbc5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-20T15:10:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_rc_me_ia.pdf: 22222088 bytes, checksum: 579c0f0bf11b904702c593a12d8bcbc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-02 / O presente relatório teve como objetivo fazer uma reflexão sobre o meu trabalho de cineasta, tendo como referência as escolas cinematográficas que me inspiraram: Neo-realismo italiano e Cinema Novo brasileiro. Com uma carreira iniciada aos 15 anos de idade, na bitola Super 8, e desenvolvida profissionalmente a partir do curso de Cinema da Escola de Comunicações e Artes da USP, analisei os processos e procedimentos artísticos de meus filmes, como forma de dar um testemunho sobre quarenta e sete anos de atividade, com a finalidade de oferecer uma pequena contribuição ao estudo da história do cinema brasileiro. / This report aimed to reflect on my filmmaker's work, with reference to the film schools that inspired me: Italian Neo-Realism and Brazilian Cinema Novo. With a career started at the age of 15, the gauge Super 8, and developed professionally from the course Film School of Communications and Arts at USP, I analyzed the processes and artistic procedures of my films, as away to give testimony over forty-seven years of activity, in order to offer a small contribution to the study of the history of Brazilian cinema.

Partindo das narrativas de ficção Galo cantou na baía (1936), de Manuel Lopes, e Um ladrão (1939), de Graciliano Ramos, buscamos investigar as estratégias discursivas dos autores de nosso corpus quando da tentativa de se mobilizar em favor das populações que viviam em condições de extrema carência, tendo na literatura um forte meio de promover os debates urgentes daquele momento histórico, caracterizado pela opressão de regimes ditatoriais. Desta maneira, a perspectiva narrativa é um dos pontos centrais do trabalho. Em confluência com a fatia social retratada nos contos, pareceu-nos fundamental o debate sobre a fome e seus efeitos para o organismo humano, que findou por dirigir nosso trabalho. Encontramos na obra de Josué de Castro uma rica pesquisa capaz de conduzir nossas análises, levando-nos da condição de faminto dos personagens a seu desdobramento: a condição de criminoso principiante. Buscamos analisar, também, as construções ideológicas que influenciavam as consciências naquele período da história, encontrando em Louis Althusser os subsídios para tal análise. / Based on the narratives of fiction Galo cantou na baía (Rooster crowed at the bay) (1936), of Manuel Lopez, and Um ladrão (A thief) (1939), of Graciliano Ramos, we attempted to investigate the discursive strategies of the authors of our corpus, trying a mobilization in the benefit of the people living in extreme deprivation situation, taking the literature as a strong tool to promote urgent debates on that historical moment, characterized by the oppression of dictatorial regimes. Being so, the narrative perspective is one of the central points of this/our work. In confluence with the social share portrayed in the stories, it seemed crucial the debate on hunger and its effects on the human body, which turned out to direct our work.We find in the work of Josué de Castro a rich research capable of conducting our analysis, leading us from the starving condition of the characters to their deployment: the condition of a debut criminal. We also sought to analyze the ideological patterns which influenced the consciousness of that period of the History, getting from Louis Althusser subsidies for such analysis.

The system changed after the Cold War and the bipolar structure ended and left the USA as the only superpower. The question of the 21st century what is the current structure and how the emerging powers are becoming more important and how it can change the structure and rise their dominance in the multipolar world. The analyzed actors Brazil, China and Russia through their strategies are offering the possible system changes and configurations for the near future from the realist/neorealist perspective.

美國可稱為新現實主義的實踐者。在1970年代美國藉由透過拉攏中華人民共和國(中共)形成戰略三角來維持國家安全的最佳位置。蘇聯解體後，中共成為威脅美國的新興強權。約翰•米爾斯海默(John J. Mearsheimer)於1990年代提出了攻勢現實主義(Offensive Realism)，米氏認為在無政府的國際體制下，權力極大化才能確保國家安全，中共勢必也將會為了國家安全，擴張其軍事實力，成為具區域影響力的強權，掌握亞太區域事務的主導權。 歐巴馬(Barack Obama)政府在2009年順利執政後，其任命的國務卿希拉蕊•柯林頓(Hillary Clinton)於Foreign Policy發表了一篇《America’s Pacific Century》，文中定調亞太地區為未來美國政府在外交政策、國際政治經營以及全球戰略的核心，為歐巴馬的亞太政策鋪路，隨後歐巴馬在2012年公佈《維繫美國全球領導地位：21 世紀國防優先事項》(Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century)的戰略報告，正式宣告將全球戰略佈局重心移至亞太地區，即是現今國際間熟知的亞太再平衡(Asia Pacific Rebalancing)戰略，而此一戰略的目標就是對中共在亞太地區進行新世紀的區域圍堵。中共與美國競合的過程中，中華民國(臺灣)扮演著關鍵第三者，臺灣執政當局在歐巴馬推動「亞太再平衡」戰略期間所扮演的角色與立場，也將會影響兩岸關係的現狀與未來發展。 / The United States can be called Neo-Realism practitioners, and in the 1970s the United States was the best place to maintain national security by forming a strategic triangle with the People's Republic of China (PRC). After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the PRC became an emerging power threatening the United States. John J. Mearsheimer, who introduced Offensive Realism in the 1990s, argues that state’s power should be maximized, in order to ensure national security in the anarchistic international relationship. PRC is also seeking its own safety position at the national security level. Therefore, PRC has to expand its military strength and have the capability to influence regional affairs. The end state of PRC, is to master the Asia-Pacific regional affairs of the initiative. After the Barack Obama administration took office in 2009, his secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, published an article “America’s Pacific Century” on Foreign Policy website. This article elaborates center of gravity of U.S.’s foreign policy, management of international politics and global strategy in the near future. Obama administration had an announcement “Sustaining U.S. Global Leadership: Priorities for 21st Century” in 2012. And it became a well-known strategy “Asia-Pacific Rebalance”, and the goal of this strategy is to create a strategic containment for PRC in a new era of global competition. The Republic of China (Taiwan) plays a key role during Sino-American competition. Roles and behaviors of Taiwan's administration will affect Cross-Strait relationship when Obama’s administration execute the strategy of “Asia-Pacific Rebalancing”

[pt] Diferente do modo como costuma ser reduzida por parte da crítica especializada, o estudo pretende mostrar que a obra de António Alves Redol tem a marca da mudança, da variedade e da diversidade. Observar-se-á que a homogeneidade que se costuma impor nas análises sobre a obra do autor não se justifica nem da perspectiva da profundidade do conteúdo narrativo, nem da perspectiva da superfície das formas de expressão. Em relação a esta última, parece haver um cuidado estético especial no que tange à concisão, à precisão e ao impacto dimensionados na simplicidade narrativa dos documentários humanos explorados por Alves Redol. Nesse sentido, a obra de Redol representa a heterogeneidade de formas, conteúdos, narrativas e conceitos do neo-realismo, simbolizando, no seu microcosmo, a história e os processos de todo o movimento. Ao eleger a palavra-pele para conceituar o modo de escrever de António Alves Redol, mostrando em que medida a sua narrativa incide ao mesmo tempo nas dimensões política e estética, a tese também procura refletir sobre como tal ideia de palavra-ação poderia auxiliar numa melhor compreensão da escrita neo-realista em Portugal. / [en] This study aims to highlight variety, diversity and change as important qualities that can be noticed in the books of the Portuguese writer António Alves Redol. Whereas the critics tend to analyze his work under the characteristic of homogeneity, this thesis discusses the contradictions of this point of view by focusing on the deep of the narrative content and the surface of the narrative form. In what concerns the surface of the narrative, one of the objectives of this research is to analyze the aesthetic specificities of the writing expression of Alves Redol and the impact of his narrative simplicity. Hence, this thesis aims to discuss the concept of the word-skin, which will be used to define his writing. The idea of the word-skin contains the politic and aesthetic aspects of literary narrative as well as it discusses how word can be associated to action. Therefore the work of Alves Redol represents the heterogeneity of the Neorealism, an essential characteristic of this artistic expression in Portugal, and also symbolizes, in its micro cosmos, the entire history of the movement. Finally, this study develops the relations between a different approach to the analysis of the work of Alves Redol and the enlargement in the comprehension of the Portuguese Neorealism.

Esta tese se propõe discutir a questão da alegoria histórica em romances do naturalismo brasileiro (Adolfo Caminha e Aluisio Azevedo) e em três romances (Caetés, Angústia, Vidas secas) de Graciliano Ramos. Partindo do princípio de que a alegoria histórica só pode ser efetuada a partir de um narrador interessado, ou seja, de um narrador que, através de sua narrativa, construa sua história para defender suas posições políticas, tentei comprovar que, na tensão entre o que é dito pelo narrador e as contradições deste discurso interessado postas no romance pelo autor do romance, é possível vislumbrar uma posição autoral, dando ao relato, por esse hibridismo, a função de discussão e tomada de posição dos fatos políticos e processo sócio-histórico. A obra literária aqui teria a função de discutir, no momento exato dos fatos, a situação política, mesmo que outros fatores literários devam ser levados em conta em sua leitura. / This work aims to discuss the issue of historical allegory in the novel of Brazilian naturalism (Adolfo Caminha and Aluisio Azevedo) and in three novels (Caetés, Angústia, Vidas secas) of Graciliano Ramos. Assuming that the historical allegory can only be performed from a person narrator, or of a narrator who, through his narrative, build its history to defend their political views, I tried to prove that in the tension between what is said by the narrator and the contradictions of this discourse interested in the novel made by the author of the novel, it is possible to discern an authorial position, giving the report for that hibridismo, the role of discussion and adoption of a position of political events and socio-historical process. The literary work here would have the task of discussing the exact timing of events, the political situation, even if other factors literary should be taken into account in their reading.