O objetivo desta tese é investigar o vínculo da prosa ficcional de Carlos de Oliveira com as tradições populares. Para tanto, foram escolhidos os quatro primeiros romances do escritor: Casa na Duna (1943), Alcateia (1944), Pequenos Burgueses (1948) e Uma Abelha na Chuva (1953). Além disso, como subsídio, foi analisada uma coletânea de contos populares que Carlos de Oliveira e José Gomes Ferreira publicaram em 1957, os Contos Tradicionais Portugueses. O conto popular, fonte rica de informação interdisciplinar, anônimo e ubíquo, é um documento vivo dos costumes, idéias e mentalidades de um povo, e suas representações acabaram por impregnar a ficção de Carlos de Oliveira, artista que viveu boa parte de sua vida numa região pobre e rural, a Gândara, que teve intensos reflexos em sua obra. Entre as representações do imaginário popular que foram rastreadas em seus romances, incluem-se entidades, crenças, mitos, provérbios e ditos populares. Como se procurou evidenciar, a tradição, porém, não é simplesmente incorporada a seus romances, mas problematizada e encarada sob o viés da ironia e da crítica. Na sua escrita ficcional, a linearidade fabular, estudada por Propp, Alain Dundes e outros, é rompida e, nesse processo, desvia-se da construção esquemática dos personagens dos contos tradicionais. Conforme neste trabalho se enfatizou, na passagem do tradicional ao literário, dá-se a quebra da exemplaridade, que é importante marca do conto popular. Pela inclusão das análises de capítulos de dois romances (Casa na Duna e Pequenos Burgueses), pretendeu-se pontualmente acrescentar como, reunindo o mítico, o anedótico e o mágico, essas mininarrativas recuperam o caráter oral dos causos famosos. O resgate de contos da tradição popular lhes dá ganho da longevidade nos romances de Carlos de Oliveira, pela competência artística de, transformando-os, atualizandoos, conceder-lhes outro futuro. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the bond between the fictional prose of Carlos de Oliveira and the popular traditions. In order to do that, the first four novels of the author have been chosen: Casa na Duna (1943), Alcateia (1944), Pequenos Burgueses (1948), and Uma Abelha na Chuva (1953). In addition, as a subsidy, the Contos Tradicionais Portugueses, a collection of popular tales published in 1957 by Carlos de Oliveira and José Gomes Ferreira has been analyzed. The popular tale, a rich source of interdisciplinary information, anonymous and ubiquitous, is a living document of habits, ideas, and mentalities of people. Its representations have impregnated Carlos de Oliveira\'s fiction, an artist who lived in a poor, rural area called the Gândara, which, by its turn, ended up having an intense influence in his work. The representations of the popular imaginary that have been tracked by his novels include entities, beliefs, myths, proverbs, and popular sayings. As this work intended to unveil, tradition is not simply incorporated in his novels, but it\'s an issue and is viewed under the bias of irony and criticism. In his fictional writing, the fable linearity studied by Propp, Alain Dundes, and others is broken and the schemed construction of characters of the traditional tales is deviated in the process. As this work emphasizes, when it goes from the traditional to literary, there is a break of exemplary, which is one of the main characteristics of popular tales. Through the analyses of the chapters from two novels (Casa na Duna and Pequenos Burgueses), which connect the mythic, the anecdotal, and the enchantment, this work presents how these short narratives recover the oral character of the famous causos. The recovery of the tradition popular tales provides a gain of longevity in Carlos de Oliveira\'s novels, as his artistic competence is able to transform and update them, as well as grant them another future.

Esta tese se propõe discutir a questão da alegoria histórica em romances do naturalismo brasileiro (Adolfo Caminha e Aluisio Azevedo) e em três romances (Caetés, Angústia, Vidas secas) de Graciliano Ramos. Partindo do princípio de que a alegoria histórica só pode ser efetuada a partir de um narrador interessado, ou seja, de um narrador que, através de sua narrativa, construa sua história para defender suas posições políticas, tentei comprovar que, na tensão entre o que é dito pelo narrador e as contradições deste discurso interessado postas no romance pelo autor do romance, é possível vislumbrar uma posição autoral, dando ao relato, por esse hibridismo, a função de discussão e tomada de posição dos fatos políticos e processo sócio-histórico. A obra literária aqui teria a função de discutir, no momento exato dos fatos, a situação política, mesmo que outros fatores literários devam ser levados em conta em sua leitura. / This work aims to discuss the issue of historical allegory in the novel of Brazilian naturalism (Adolfo Caminha and Aluisio Azevedo) and in three novels (Caetés, Angústia, Vidas secas) of Graciliano Ramos. Assuming that the historical allegory can only be performed from a person narrator, or of a narrator who, through his narrative, build its history to defend their political views, I tried to prove that in the tension between what is said by the narrator and the contradictions of this discourse interested in the novel made by the author of the novel, it is possible to discern an authorial position, giving the report for that hibridismo, the role of discussion and adoption of a position of political events and socio-historical process. The literary work here would have the task of discussing the exact timing of events, the political situation, even if other factors literary should be taken into account in their reading.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to analyze China-EU trade relations with focus on the period after 1975, when the diplomatic relations between China and EU developed. The research questions are (i) what is the driver in the development of China-EU trade relations? This question is subdivided into two questions: how do economic factors impact on China-EU trade relations and how do political factors influence China-EU trade relations? (ii) what are the existing problems in the current China-EU relations? (iii) what are the future prospects? </p><p>To carry out the research questions and fulfill the aim of the paper, a qualitative and quantitative method has been chosen in order to interpret and understand China-EU traderelations. The theoretical framework of this study is neo-realism and neo-liberalism with particular attention focusing on political issues and economic issues respectively. </p><p>A number of conclusions can be drawn from research. First, China-EU trade has developed very rapidly. Trade relations between the two sides are good. They are the third largest traders with each other. Secondly, the momentum for the development of China-EU trade relations is rooted in their common interests in both the political and economic fields. Thirdly, the prospect of China-EU trade relations is promising. These factors include (i) the establishment of a foundation to promote the healthy development of China-EU trade (for example, a set of legal framework provides both sides with the legal basis for their economic relations); and (ii) the prediction of future political and economic environment as favorable to the development of China-EU trade relations. </p><p>All factors show optimistically that China-EU trade will continue to prosper. The China-EU trade relationship is not without friction and the author theorizes that there are some potential danger factors; such as the Taiwan issue and trade disputes that may shadow the future development of China-EU trade relations and cannot be overlooked. At the end the author puts forward four suggestions to promote the further development of China-EU trade relations: (i) maintain the existing high-level of exchanges such as the annual EU-China summit; (ii) set up a warning mechanism to prevent trade disputes escalating; (iii) provide a method for establishing negotiations; (iv) prevent the politicizing of trade relations, for example, do not connect human right issue with trade relations. Unrelated issues should be addressed separately.</p>

The aim of this thesis is to analyze China-EU trade relations with focus on the period after 1975, when the diplomatic relations between China and EU developed. The research questions are (i) what is the driver in the development of China-EU trade relations? This question is subdivided into two questions: how do economic factors impact on China-EU trade relations and how do political factors influence China-EU trade relations? (ii) what are the existing problems in the current China-EU relations? (iii) what are the future prospects? To carry out the research questions and fulfill the aim of the paper, a qualitative and quantitative method has been chosen in order to interpret and understand China-EU traderelations. The theoretical framework of this study is neo-realism and neo-liberalism with particular attention focusing on political issues and economic issues respectively. A number of conclusions can be drawn from research. First, China-EU trade has developed very rapidly. Trade relations between the two sides are good. They are the third largest traders with each other. Secondly, the momentum for the development of China-EU trade relations is rooted in their common interests in both the political and economic fields. Thirdly, the prospect of China-EU trade relations is promising. These factors include (i) the establishment of a foundation to promote the healthy development of China-EU trade (for example, a set of legal framework provides both sides with the legal basis for their economic relations); and (ii) the prediction of future political and economic environment as favorable to the development of China-EU trade relations. All factors show optimistically that China-EU trade will continue to prosper. The China-EU trade relationship is not without friction and the author theorizes that there are some potential danger factors; such as the Taiwan issue and trade disputes that may shadow the future development of China-EU trade relations and cannot be overlooked. At the end the author puts forward four suggestions to promote the further development of China-EU trade relations: (i) maintain the existing high-level of exchanges such as the annual EU-China summit; (ii) set up a warning mechanism to prevent trade disputes escalating; (iii) provide a method for establishing negotiations; (iv) prevent the politicizing of trade relations, for example, do not connect human right issue with trade relations. Unrelated issues should be addressed separately.

This dissertation investigates the balance of power theory of international relations in the works of Jonathan Swift and his mentor Sir William Temple. Both Temple and Swift are known to have championed balance-of-power foreign policy, yet no sustained study of the subject exists. To begin, I argue that Temple used balance as a metaphor for division or separation. His policy of preserving the “Balance of Christendom” translates to sowing division among European states, and for the same reason he rejects balance of power at home. Proceeding to Swift, while commentators have long known that he advocated the classical theory of constitutional balance, they have neglected his engagement with international balance. Swift assimilates Temple’s positions into a universal theory based on classical authors; he sees balance of power as an element in the broader quarrel of ancients and moderns. The ancient view posits an independent agent who operates within the constraints of a system; the modern, by contrast, either exaggerates agency to the point of divine-right absolutism or minimizes it to the extent that only an impersonal, clockwork-like system remains. In both cases, the moderns pursue material power at each other’s expense, neglecting the intangible benefits of due separation. This theory has important ramifications for Swift’s international writings. For years scholars have emphasized Swift’s conspiracy theorizing in the Conduct of the Allies, but I argue that he discredits the Whig war cry of “Balance of Europe,” which sought military power (the balance of forces) as an end in itself, and reasserts balance as a policy of slicing Europe into as many separate kingdoms as possible. Ultimately, however, Swift’s most lasting contribution appears in Gulliver’s Travels. Here he depicts maritime power as the quintessential means by which moderns pursue absolute power, and intimates a political “Balance of Earth” as a satirical correction. This study, the first to focus on the international dimension of Swift’s political theory, offers a corrective to literary studies that favor domestic politics and yields insights into the evolution of balance-of-power theory and the intersection of culture and foreign policy at the dawn of the British empire. / text

This thesis explores the location and nature of the power that is deepening and broadening the revolution in modern biotechnologies, and which is inherent in the global governance of one type of genetic resource — plant genetic resources. Plant genetic resources are of increasing importance within the global political economy and ecology because of the power/knowledge networks contributing to, and responding to developments in the biotechnology sector, and concerned with the rampant erosion of biological diversity. The thesis argues that transnational norms, values and knowledge are important aspects of power. Discursive power, and particularly the power inherent in discourses of sustainable development, security and human rights, are a central focus of the thesis. The thesis challenges realist, neo-realist and other structural analyses of power which focus on relative distributions of power at the level of individual states or at the global level.

This thesis explores the location and nature of the power that is deepening and broadening the revolution in modern biotechnologies, and which is inherent in the global governance of one type of genetic resource — plant genetic resources. Plant genetic resources are of increasing importance within the global political economy and ecology because of the power/knowledge networks contributing to, and responding to developments in the biotechnology sector, and concerned with the rampant erosion of biological diversity. The thesis argues that transnational norms, values and knowledge are important aspects of power. Discursive power, and particularly the power inherent in discourses of sustainable development, security and human rights, are a central focus of the thesis. The thesis challenges realist, neo-realist and other structural analyses of power which focus on relative distributions of power at the level of individual states or at the global level.

A presente Dissertação tem por objetivo abordar questões que envolvem tanto a geografia cultural quanto os estudos sobre o Neo-Realismo português. Através da análise de dois contos de Manuel da Fonseca, Campaniça e Aldeia Nova, ambos vinculados à literatura neo-realista, procura-se estabelecer a importância da geografia na análise da constituição dos espaços presentes nos textos aqui abordados. Esta análise permite ratificarmos, no par de contos a que nos referimos, a existência de dois espaços que se configuram de modo distinto: o espaço da opressão, associado à paisagem de Valgato, presente no conto Campaniça e o espaço da liberdade, representado pelo cenário que constitui a Aldeia Nova, no conto homônimo / This thesis aims to address issues involving both the cultural geography as the studies on the Portuguese Neo-Realism. Through the analysis of two stories of Manuel da Fonseca, Campaniça and Aldeia Nova, both linked to the neo-realistic literature, seeks to establish the importance of geography in the analysis of the formation of these spaces in the text addressed here. This analysis allows ratify, in the pair of stories that we talk, the existence of two spaces that are up so distinct: the space of oppression, coupled with the scenery of Valgato, present in the story Campaniça and space of freedom, represented by the scenario hat is the Aldeia Nova, in the homonym tale

A presente Dissertação tem por objetivo abordar questões que envolvem tanto a geografia cultural quanto os estudos sobre o Neo-Realismo português. Através da análise de dois contos de Manuel da Fonseca, Campaniça e Aldeia Nova, ambos vinculados à literatura neo-realista, procura-se estabelecer a importância da geografia na análise da constituição dos espaços presentes nos textos aqui abordados. Esta análise permite ratificarmos, no par de contos a que nos referimos, a existência de dois espaços que se configuram de modo distinto: o espaço da opressão, associado à paisagem de Valgato, presente no conto Campaniça e o espaço da liberdade, representado pelo cenário que constitui a Aldeia Nova, no conto homônimo / This thesis aims to address issues involving both the cultural geography as the studies on the Portuguese Neo-Realism. Through the analysis of two stories of Manuel da Fonseca, Campaniça and Aldeia Nova, both linked to the neo-realistic literature, seeks to establish the importance of geography in the analysis of the formation of these spaces in the text addressed here. This analysis allows ratify, in the pair of stories that we talk, the existence of two spaces that are up so distinct: the space of oppression, coupled with the scenery of Valgato, present in the story Campaniça and space of freedom, represented by the scenario hat is the Aldeia Nova, in the homonym tale

O objetivo desta tese é investigar o vínculo da prosa ficcional de Carlos de Oliveira com as tradições populares. Para tanto, foram escolhidos os quatro primeiros romances do escritor: Casa na Duna (1943), Alcateia (1944), Pequenos Burgueses (1948) e Uma Abelha na Chuva (1953). Além disso, como subsídio, foi analisada uma coletânea de contos populares que Carlos de Oliveira e José Gomes Ferreira publicaram em 1957, os Contos Tradicionais Portugueses. O conto popular, fonte rica de informação interdisciplinar, anônimo e ubíquo, é um documento vivo dos costumes, idéias e mentalidades de um povo, e suas representações acabaram por impregnar a ficção de Carlos de Oliveira, artista que viveu boa parte de sua vida numa região pobre e rural, a Gândara, que teve intensos reflexos em sua obra. Entre as representações do imaginário popular que foram rastreadas em seus romances, incluem-se entidades, crenças, mitos, provérbios e ditos populares. Como se procurou evidenciar, a tradição, porém, não é simplesmente incorporada a seus romances, mas problematizada e encarada sob o viés da ironia e da crítica. Na sua escrita ficcional, a linearidade fabular, estudada por Propp, Alain Dundes e outros, é rompida e, nesse processo, desvia-se da construção esquemática dos personagens dos contos tradicionais. Conforme neste trabalho se enfatizou, na passagem do tradicional ao literário, dá-se a quebra da exemplaridade, que é importante marca do conto popular. Pela inclusão das análises de capítulos de dois romances (Casa na Duna e Pequenos Burgueses), pretendeu-se pontualmente acrescentar como, reunindo o mítico, o anedótico e o mágico, essas mininarrativas recuperam o caráter oral dos causos famosos. O resgate de contos da tradição popular lhes dá ganho da longevidade nos romances de Carlos de Oliveira, pela competência artística de, transformando-os, atualizandoos, conceder-lhes outro futuro. / The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the bond between the fictional prose of Carlos de Oliveira and the popular traditions. In order to do that, the first four novels of the author have been chosen: Casa na Duna (1943), Alcateia (1944), Pequenos Burgueses (1948), and Uma Abelha na Chuva (1953). In addition, as a subsidy, the Contos Tradicionais Portugueses, a collection of popular tales published in 1957 by Carlos de Oliveira and José Gomes Ferreira has been analyzed. The popular tale, a rich source of interdisciplinary information, anonymous and ubiquitous, is a living document of habits, ideas, and mentalities of people. Its representations have impregnated Carlos de Oliveira\'s fiction, an artist who lived in a poor, rural area called the Gândara, which, by its turn, ended up having an intense influence in his work. The representations of the popular imaginary that have been tracked by his novels include entities, beliefs, myths, proverbs, and popular sayings. As this work intended to unveil, tradition is not simply incorporated in his novels, but it\'s an issue and is viewed under the bias of irony and criticism. In his fictional writing, the fable linearity studied by Propp, Alain Dundes, and others is broken and the schemed construction of characters of the traditional tales is deviated in the process. As this work emphasizes, when it goes from the traditional to literary, there is a break of exemplary, which is one of the main characteristics of popular tales. Through the analyses of the chapters from two novels (Casa na Duna and Pequenos Burgueses), which connect the mythic, the anecdotal, and the enchantment, this work presents how these short narratives recover the oral character of the famous causos. The recovery of the tradition popular tales provides a gain of longevity in Carlos de Oliveira\'s novels, as his artistic competence is able to transform and update them, as well as grant them another future.